Time poverty, health and health-related behaviours in a Southern European city: a gender issue.

BACKGROUND: Despite its growing interest, time poverty is a neglected issue in public health analysis and policies. The objectives of this study were: (1) to analyse gender differences in paid, unpaid and total working time; (2) to identify gender differences in the factors related to time poverty; and (3) to examine gender differences in the relationship between time poverty, health and health-related behaviours in the city of Barcelona (Spain). METHODS: Cross-sectional study based on salaried workers aged 16-64 years interviewed in the 2021 Barcelona Health Survey (695 men and 713 women). Time poverty was defined as the top tercile of the total paid and unpaid work. Dependent variables were self-perceived health status, mental health, sleep time, sleep quality and leisure time physical activity. RESULTS: Women were more likely to be time poor. In both sexes, time poverty was related to the number of children. Whereas among men time poverty was not associated with any health indicators, among women it was related to poor mental health status (aOR=2.11, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.20), short sleep (aOR=1.54, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.25), poor sleep quality (aOR=1.83, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.68) and low leisure time physical activity (aOR=1.50, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.26). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that time use can be an important social determinant of health and of gender inequalities in health. At the local level, in many European cities, time poverty could be reduced, among other interventions, by increasing affordable and good quality public services for the care of dependent persons.

The relationship of obesity with lifestyle and dietary exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

Phytoestrogens are natural components of plants, including numerous foods that form part of the habitual diet of humans and animals. They have similar estrogenic effects to those of synthetic endocrine disrupters such as monomers of plastic materials, e.g., polycarbonates and epoxy resins. The most frequently used monomer is bisphenol A (BPA), which has been found to migrate from drink and food packaging, plastic baby bottles, and the coating of cans. Numerous studies have associated exposure to endocrine disrupters with obesity, classifying them as obesogens. The objectives of this study were to estimate the dietary exposure to phytoestrogens and BPA in a group of Spanish schoolchildren and to estimate their potential obesogenic effects. The diet of this population of healthy Spanish children was estimated to have a mean total estrogenic capacity of 5.10-12 M eq.E2 (5 pmol/day). The effects of this additional estrogenic burden are highly controversial, and no definitive conclusion has been reached. Thus, some authors consider exposure to these substances with estrogenic activity to be positive at certain stages of life, whereas others regard it as posing a risk at any age. In the present population of children, the likelihood of normal weight versus obesity was significantly related to the total proliferative effect (OR = 0.51, p = 0.026) as well as to the energy expenditure on physical activity, with lesser activity implying a greater risk of obesity (OR = 13.54, p = 0.001). Further research is warranted on the obesogenic effects of exposure to endocrine disruptors present in foods.

Is Being Employed Always Better for Mental Wellbeing Than Being Unemployed? Exploring the Role of Gender and Welfare State Regimes during the Economic Crisis.

The growth of poor jobs related to economic crisis adds to its increase since the mid-1970s as a result of new forms of flexible employment. In Europe, there is no clear evidence on whether working in a poor-quality job is better for mental wellbeing than being unemployed. The objectives of this study were to compare mental wellbeing between the unemployed and those working in jobs with different quality levels and to examine gender and welfare state differences in Europe. We selected 8324 men and 7496 women from the European Social Survey, 2010. Hierarchical multiple logistic regression models were fitted, separated by sex and country group. No significant differences in mental wellbeing were shown between unemployed-non-active, unemployed-active, and those working in low-quality jobs in either sex. Only men from Conservative countries in low-quality jobs had better mental wellbeing than unemployed (non-active) men. Only having a good-quality job reduced the likelihood of poor mental wellbeing compared with being unemployed (non-active) among men in all countries (except Social-Democratic) and among women in Eastern and Southern European countries. No differences were observed among men or women in Social-Democratic countries, while strong gender differences were found in Conservative and Liberal countries. Our study indicates the need to take job quality into account, in addition to creating jobs during economic crises. The main mechanisms to explain the strong gender and welfare state differences identified could be social protection for unemployed, labor market regulations, and family models.

Carta al director / No disponible

No disponible

Root caries analysis in working population of 35-44 years of age (Spain).

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of socio-demographic variables, toothbrushing frequency, frequency of snacking between meals, and tobacco and alcohol consumption, in root caries in the Spanish working population of Valencia and Murcia regions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross sectional study of 458 workers 35-44 years of age, who underwent a routine work-related check-up, from June 2009 to April 2010, and were also examined, following the WHO methodology, by a calibrated dentist. Stratified random sampling. Participants fulfilled a questionnaire comprising demographic data, toothbrushing frequency, snacking frequency and tobacco and alcohol consumption. RESULTS: The DFS index (root caries) in the employed population of 35-44 years was 0.45 ± 1.3, with a root caries prevalence of 18.6% and an active root caries prevalence of 13.5%. Higher root caries prevalence and active root caries prevalence were associated with male gender, manual occupations, foreign country of origin, lower levels of education and income, lower brushing frequency and higher frequency of snacking between meals. The DFS index was associated with all studied socio-demographic variables, but gender, and it was also associated with brushing frequency. The mean number of root decayed teeth was associated with all socio-demographic variables, but country of origin, and it was also associated with brushing frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Adult workers 35-44 years of age showed worse root condition in regard to caries than general population of this age cohort. In this study, the frequency of toothbrushing and snacking between meals were the variables that influenced more in root caries.

Time-to-positivity, type of culture media and oxidase test performed on positive blood culture vials to predict Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with Gram-negative bacilli bacteraemia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of oxidase test and time-to-positivity (TTP) in aerobic and anaerobic blood culture vials to detect the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) bacteraemia. METHODS: TTP was recorded for each aerobic and anaerobic blood culture vial of monomicrobial bacteraemia due to GNB. Oxidase test was performed in a pellet of the centrifuged content of the positive blood culture. An algorithm was developed in order to perform the oxidase test efficiently taking into account TTP and type of vial. RESULTS: A total of 341 episodes of GNB bacteraemia were analysed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the oxidase test performed on positive vials with GNB to predict P. aeruginosa were 95%, 99%, 91%, and 99%, respectively. When growth was first or exclusively detected in anaerobic vials, P. aeruginosa was never identified hence the performance of the oxidase test could be avoided. When growth was only or first detected in aerobic vials, a TTP≥8h predicted P. aeruginosa in 37% or cases (63 of 169), therefore oxidase test is highly recommended. CONCLUSIONS: Oxidase test performed onto positive blood culture vials previously selected by TTP and type of vials is an easy and inexpensive way to predict P. aeruginosa. In most cases, this can lead to optimization of treatment in less than 24 hours.

Comparison between urine culture profile and morphology classification using fluorescence parameters of the Sysmex UF-1000i urine flow cytometer.

AIMS: To determine the usefulness of the fluorescence parameters generated by Sysmex UF-1000i flow cytometer for the rapid diagnosis of urinary tract infection by bacilli or cocci. METHODS AND RESULTS: Urine samples (n = 1924) were studied by culture and microbiology and subsequently by cytometry, using BACT-Morph software and considering forward-scattered light (FSC) and fluorescent light scatter fluorescence parameters. BACT-Morph software showed moderate diagnostic accuracy (78·4%) to detect rod-shaped bacteria, with sensitivity of 82·4% and specificity of 62·5%. Forward-scattered (B_FSC) values of the bacterial channel were significant higher for the Gram-positive cocci category (P < 0·001). A cut-off of B_FSC ≥24·2, expressed in arbitrary units (analytical channel, ch), provided higher sensitivity (90·0%) but lower specificity (38·9%), and the diagnostic accuracy for Gram-positive cocci classification reached 62·0%. CONCLUSIONS: Utilization of BACT-Morph software and bacterial channel fluorescence parameters (B_FSC ≥24·2 ch) offered an approximate discrimination of bacilli and cocci but the specificity was low, especially for FSC. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Further research is needed to establish the usefulness of flow cytometry for aetiological diagnosis.

Hábitos alimentarios de escolares y calidad de la dieta en un entorno mediterráneo / Dietary habits and diet quality in schoolchildren from a Mediterranean setting

Fundamentos: Unos hábitos alimentarios correctos durante la infancia son de vital importancia para prevenir enfermedades futuras. El objetivo fue estudiar los hábitos alimentarios y la calidad de la dieta de escolares dentro del contexto de la unidad familiar. Métodos: La muestra incluyó 74 escolares de Granada (3-14 años). El cuestionario incluyó preguntas sobre la unidad familiar y hábitos de vida, un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria (FFQ) y dos test recordatorios de 24 horas (R24h). La calidad de la dieta fue evaluada con el índice de calidad del desayuno (BQI) e índice de adherencia a la Dieta Mediterránea para niños y adolescentes (KidMed). El análisis estadístico incluyó los test Kruskal-Wallis y Chi-cuadrado, la regresión por pasos y la regresión logística. Resultados: La ingesta de macronutrientes fue desequilibrada y la mayoría de los micronutrientes superaron la recomendación. El BQI y KidMed alcanzaron valores medios de 5,17 (1,57) sobre 10 y de 5,91 (1,83) sobre 12, respectivamente. Los factores que influyeron en la calidad del desayuno fueron: edad de las madres (OR=0,71, IC95%:0,50-0,94), consumo de golosinas (OR=5,40, IC95%:2,30-8,67) y práctica de actividad física extraescolar (OR=3,21; IC95%:1,02-5,81). Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de mejorar el patrón alimentario entre los escolares, a través de programas de educación nutricional en centros educativos y sanitarios (AU)

Background: Correct dietary habits during childhood are of vital importance to prevent future diseases. This study analyzed the dietary habits and diet quality of schoolchildren in the context of the family unit. Methods: The sample included 74 schoolchildren aged 3 to 14 yrs from Granada (Southern Spain). The questionnaire included questions on the family unit and life habits, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and two questionnaires of 24-h recalls (R24h). Diet quality was evaluated using the Breakfast Quality Index (BQI) and the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Adolescents (KidMed). The statistical analyses used were Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests, and stepwise and logistic regression analyses. Results: Macronutrient intake was imbalanced, and most micronutrients exceeded recommendations. The mean (standard deviation) BQI value was 5.17/10 (1.57) and the mean KidMed value was 5.91/12 (1.83). Breakfast quality was influenced by maternal age (OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.50-0.94), sweet consumption (OR=5.40, 95%CI: 2.30-8.67) and out-of-school physical activity (OR=3.21, 95%CI: 1.02-5.81). Conclusions: These results demonstrate the need to improve dietary patterns among schoolchildren by implementing nutritional education programs in schools and health centres (AU)

Gender differences in the duration of non-work-related sickness absence episodes due to musculoskeletal disorders.

BACKGROUND: There is wide evidence that women present longer duration of sickness absence (SA) than men. Musculoskeletal disorders are influenced by gender due to the sexual division of work. METHODS: 354 432 episodes of non-work-related SA due to musculoskeletal disorders, which were registered in Catalonia between 2005 and 2008, were selected. The outcome variable was the duration of SA. Frailty survival models, stratified by sex and adjusted for explanatory variables (age, employment status, case management, economic activity and repeated episode), were fitted to study the association between each variable and the duration of SA, obtaining HRs. RESULTS: Women presented longer SA episodes than men in all variable categories. A trend from shorter to longer duration of SA with increasing age was observed in men, whereas in women, it had a fluctuating pattern. Analysing most frequent diagnostic subgroups from the sample, only 'non-specific lumbago' and 'sciatic lumbago' showed these age patterns. Frailty survival models applied to these 2 subgroups confirmed the described age patterns in SA duration. CONCLUSIONS: Women have longer non-work-related SA due to musculoskeletal disorders than men. However, while men have longer absences as their age increases, in women some older groups have shorter absences than younger ones. These findings could be explained by gender differences in the interaction between paid work and family demands. Our results highlight the need for continued research on SA from a gender perspective, in order to improve management of SA in terms of clinical practice and public policies.

Effects of maternal diet and environmental exposure to organochlorine pesticides on newborn weight in Southern Spain.

An appropriate eating pattern is essential during childbearing years and pregnancy to ensure a healthy pregnancy and newborn. Our group developed a Mediterranean Diet Score for Pregnancy (MDS-P) based on the MD and the specific need of pregnant women for Fe, Ca, and folic acid. Humans are daily exposed to endocrine disruptors, which may alter body weight and hormone system regulation. This study analyzed the relationship of maternal diet and in utero exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) with newborn weight in mothers and newborns from Southern Spain. Higher MDS-P score, folic acid supplementation, and greater in utero exposure to endosulfan-diol and endosulfan-1 were related to higher newborn weight. MDS-P score was not associated with maternal weight gain during pregnancy (above or below 12 Kg). Residues from one or more OCPs were detected in 96.5% of umbilical cord serum samples from 320 newborns. The most frequent residues were endosulfans (96.5%). The presence of endosulfan-diol, endosulfan-I, p-p´DDT, folic acid supplementation, and a higher MDS-P (>8) were predictive factors for newborn overweight (>3500 g). Conversely, smoking during pregnancy, shorter gestation time (32-36 vs. 37-39 weeks), and lesser maternal weight gain during pregnancy predicted lower newborn weight (<2500 g). These results indicate prenatal exposure to OCPs in Southern Spain and its possible impact on the weight of healthy full-term newborns. Further studies are warranted to interpret the consequences of this exposure and identify preventive measures. Adherence to the MD and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy emerged as predictive factors for overweight in newborns.

Efecto de 8 semanas de corriente TENS modificada y la corriente rusa, sobre la fuerza muscular y la composición corporal / Efeito de 8 semanas de corrente TENS modificada e corrente russa sobre a força e composição corporal / Effects of 8 weeks of modified TENS current and russian current, on muscle strength and body composition

Objetivo. Comparar el efecto de 2 métodos de electroestimulación en las siguientes variables: fuerza y antropometría. Método. Se realizó una investigación experimental, aleatoria y simple ciego. Se evaluó a 18 sujetos, distribuidos en: Grupo Corriente TENS Modificada (CTM: n = 6), Grupo Corriente Rusa (CR: n = 6) y Grupo Control (TC: n = 6, sometido a corriente TENS Convencional, considerada en la presente investigación como placebo). Resultados. Al cabo de 8 semanas, solo CTM incrementó la fuerza máxima (p < 0.035) y redujo el grosor del pliegue subcutáneo de la pierna derecha (p < 0.03). Conclusiones. La técnica de electroestimulación con corriente TENS Modificada es efectiva para el entrenamiento muscular (AU)

Objetivo. Comparar o efeito de 2 métodos de eletroestimulação nas seguintes variáveis: força e antropometria. Método. Um estudo experimental, randomizado, cego simples. Foram avaliados 18 indivíduos, distribuídos em: grupo de corrente TENS modificada (CTM: n = 6), grupo corrente russa (CR: n = 6) e grupo controle (TC: n = 6, submetido a corrente TENS convencional, considerada nesta investigação como placebo). Resultados. Após 8 semanas, CTM aumentou a força máxima (p < 0,035) e reduziu a espessura de pregas subcutâneas da coxa direita (p < 0,03). Conclusões. A técnica de eletroestimulação com corrente TENS modificada é eficaz para treinamento muscular (AU)

Objective. To compare the effect of two methods of electrostimulation on the following variables: strength and anthropometry. Method. An experimental, randomized, and simple blind investigation was performed. Eighteen subjects were evaluated distributed into a Modified TENS Current Group (CTM: n = 6), Russian Current Group (CR: n = 6), and a Control Group (TC: n = 6, submitted to traditional TENS current, considered as placebo in this research). Results. After 8 weeks, only CTM obtained an increase in maximal strength (p < 0.035), and a reduction in the subcutaneous fat thickness of the right thigh (p < 0.03). Conclusions. A Modified TENS Current is effective for muscular training (AU)

¿Puede un mensaje de teléfono móvil incrementar la participación en programas de cribado poblacional de cáncer de mama? / Can a mobile phone short message increase participation in breast cancer screening programmes?

Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto del mensaje de teléfono móvil sobre la participación de las mujeres en un programa de detección precoz de cáncer de mama. Métodos. Se seleccionaron las 703 mujeres de un área básica de salud de Barcelona, invitadas a participar en un programa de detección precoz de cáncer de mama entre el 25 de enero de 2011 y el 22 de marzo de 2011 y con número de teléfono móvil registrado. Aleatoriamente se asignaron a grupo control (n = 470), que siguió el circuito habitual de citación, y grupo de intervención (n = 233), el cual recibió además un mensaje de texto recordatorio, tras la primera carta de invitación. Se compararon las tasas de participación entre ambos grupos según la edad, el nivel educativo y el comportamiento en ronda anterior, el número de llamadas de recitación según la participación, la edad y el nivel educativo y las diferencias en los porcentajes de exclusiones. Resultados. Globalmente el grupo de intervención presentó mayor participación (78,1 vs. 72,3%), tendencia que obtuvo significación estadística en las mujeres de 55-59 años (p = 0,036) y con nivel educativo medio (p = 0,014). El grupo de intervención presentó una media de llamadas de recitación significativamente menor (0,41 vs. 0,65), patrón observado en todas las categorías de las variables independientes y significativo en las franjas de edad más jóvenes, niveles educativos bajo y medio y mujeres previamente participantes (0,09 vs. 0,19, p = 0,012). Conclusiones. La incorporación del mensaje de teléfono móvil en un programa de detección precoz de cáncer de mama puede suponer un aumento de las tasas de participación y una mejora en la gestión del mismo (AU)

Objective. To evaluate the impact of a mobile phone short message on women's uptake in a breast cancer screening programme. Methods. A total of 703 women from a Basic Health Area of Barcelona, and with a mobile phone number registered, were invited to participate in a breast cancer screening programme between 25 January 2011 and 22 March 2011. The control group (n = 470) followed the usual appointment track, and the intervention group (n = 233) received, after the first letter of invitation, a mobile phone short message reminder. The differences between the two groups were analysed, comparing the uptake rates according to age, educational level, and participation in previous round, as well as the number of re-invitation calls to non-attenders according to uptake, age and level of education;and the percentages of exclusions of both groups. Results. The intervention group had a greater uptake than the control group (78.1% vs. 72.3%), with a significant trend observed in the 55-59 years age group (P = .036) and the low secondary educational level (P = .014).The intervention group mean of re-invitation calls of non-attenders lower than the control group (.41 vs. .65, P < .05), a pattern observed in all the categories of the independent variables, and among younger age groups, lower and middle educational levels, and previously participating women (.09 vs. .19, P = .012). Conclusions. The inclusion of a mobile phone short message in a breast cancer screening programme may increase uptake rates and lead to a management improvement (AU)

[Can a mobile phone short message increase participation in breast cancer screening programmes?]. / ¿Puede un mensaje de teléfono móvil incrementar la participación en programas de cribado poblacional de cáncer de mama?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a mobile phone short message on women's uptake in a breast cancer screening programme. METHODS: A total of 703 women from a Basic Health Area of Barcelona, and with a mobile phone number registered, were invited to participate in a breast cancer screening programme between 25 January 2011 and 22 March 2011. The control group (n=470) followed the usual appointment track, and the intervention group (n=233) received, after the first letter of invitation, a mobile phone short message reminder. The differences between the two groups were analysed, comparing the uptake rates according to age, educational level, and participation in previous round, as well as the number of re-invitation calls to non-attenders according to uptake, age and level of education;and the percentages of exclusions of both groups. RESULTS: The intervention group had a greater uptake than the control group (78.1% vs. 72.3%), with a significant trend observed in the 55-59 years age group (P=.036) and the low secondary educational level (P=.014).The intervention group mean of re-invitation calls of non-attenders lower than the control group (.41 vs. .65, P<.05), a pattern observed in all the categories of the independent variables, and among younger age groups, lower and middle educational levels, and previously participating women (.09 vs. .19, P=.012). CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of a mobile phone short message in a breast cancer screening programme may increase uptake rates and lead to a management improvement.

Estimation of dietary folic acid intake in three generations of females in Southern Spain.

An adequate folic acid intake has been related to female fertility. The recommended intake of this vitamin was recently increased to 400µg/day, with an additional 200µg/day during pregnancy. The Mediterranean Diet includes sources of folate such as pulses, green-leaf vegetables, fruit, cereals, and dried fruits; other foods of interest are liver and blue fish. The objectives were to determine the foods that contribute most to folate intake and analyze the factors that influence their consumption by three generations in a female population (n=898; age, 10-75yrs) from Southern Spain: 230 adolescents (10-16yrs), 296 healthy pregnant women (19-45yrs), and 372 menopausal women (>45yrs). Participants completed a previously validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Over 90% of their folate intake was supplied by cereals, fruit, natural juice, pulses, and cooked and raw vegetables. The mean (SD) daily intake of folate was 288.27(63.64) µg. A higher Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) was significantly related to a greater folate intake. The daily folate intake was not significantly influenced by educational level, number of children, or place of residence (rural vs. urban). In logistic regression analysis, the factors related to an adequate folate intake (>2/3 of recommendations) were higher age, higher MDS, and lower BMI.

Assessment of the estrogenicity of the diet of a healthy female Spanish population based on its isoflavone content.

Phytoestrogens are natural components of plants consumed by humans. The hormonal activity of these substances has long been known. Various in vitro tests have demonstrated the agonistic or antagonistic estrogenic activity of some phytoestrogens. The objective of this study was to estimate the supply of isoflavones in the diet of a healthy adult female population and to assess its estrogenic effect. The diet was assessed by questionnaire and the estrogenicity of the estimated isoflavone content was tested by E-screen, finding a mean total estrogenic capacity of 0.129 × 10⁻¹° eq.E2 (12.9 pmol day⁻¹), corresponding to a daily isoflavone intake of 265.8 µg day⁻¹. This study offers a preliminary insight into the phytoestrogen content of the diet of a healthy active population of Spanish women. The effects of this additional hormonal burden are highly controversial, and this approach to estimating dietary phytoestrogen intake of specific populations may help to elucidate its implications for human health.

Analysis of the drinks that contribute to the hydration of andalusian sportspeople / Análisis de bebidas que contribuyen a la hidratación de deportistas andaluces

Objectives. To estimate the water balance in a healthy population of sportspeople from Southern Spain and determine the sources of their fluid intake, evaluating the contribution of different types of drink and comparing the results by sex and province of residence. Methods. Three hundred eighty-six sportspeople (231 males, 152 females) were enrolled in the study. A questionnaire was administered to calculate nutrient intake through diet and physical activity, and anthropometric measures were taken according to ISAK standards. SPSS-15 was used for data analyses. Results. Fruit juice, tap water, bottled water, processed fruit juice, carbonated drinks, and isotonic drinks comprised 96% of the total water intake. Simple sugar consumption represented 4.44% of daily calorie intake. Significant differences were found between sexes and between professionals and amateurs. The amount of drinks consumed varied as a function of the quality of the drinking water, which significantly differed among the eight Andalusian provinces. Conclusion. This study population did not fully meet fluid intake recommendations, compliance with hydration recommendations varied as a function of the sex and the amateur or professional status of these sportspeople. The pattern of drinks consumption also differed according to their place of residence(AU)

Objetivos. Estimar el balance hídrico en deportistas sanos del sur de España. Determinar los principales aportes de agua y la contribución de los diferentes tipos de bebidas en la hidratación de los sujetos de estudio y comparar los resultados teniendo en cuenta el sexo y la provincia de residencia. Métodos. Se reclutaron 386 individuos, (231 hombres y 152 mujeres), a través de los Centros Andaluces de Medicina del Deporte (CAMD) y el CAR de Sierra Nevada. Mediante la realización de un cuestionario se calculó la ingesta de nutrientes a través de la dieta y la actividad física. Así mismo se tomaron medidas antropométricas de acuerdo con las normas ISAK. Los datos fueron procesados usando SPSS-15. Resultados. Los zumos naturales, el agua del grifo, el agua embotellada, los zumos envasados, las bebidas carbonatadas y las bebidas isotónicas contribuyen en un 96% a la ingesta total de agua. La media de consumo diario de azúcares simples fue del 4,44% de la energía diaria. Existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre sexos y entre profesionales y aficionados. Teniendo en cuenta la calidad del agua de consumo de las ocho provincias andaluzas encontramos diferencias en el patrón de ingesta de líquidos. Conclusión. En este estudio la población no cumple las recomendaciones de ingesta de líquidos. Las recomendaciones de hidratación varían en función del sexo y de si son o no profesionales o aficionados. El patrón de ingesta de líquidos es diferente dependiendo del lugar de residencia de nuestros deportistas(AU)

Gender inequalities in the association between demands of family and domestic life and health in Spanish workers.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to analyse gender inequalities in the relationship between family demands and health in working and cohabiting population. METHODS: A total of 9108 men and women aged 25 to 64 years who were employed and cohabiting were selected from the 2006 National Health Survey of Spain. Outcome variables were self-perceived health status, mental health, daily sleeping hours and leisure time sedentarism. Explanatory variables were household size, living with children <15 years, living with adults between 65 and 74 years, living with adults >74 years and having a hired person for housework. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted, stratified by gender and social class and adjusted for age. RESULTS: Household size was related to poor self-perceived health status, poor mental health and leisure time sedentarism in both men and women manual workers. Moreover, it was also related to sleeping 6 h or less a day amog manual worker women. Having a hired person for housework was protective for self-perceived health status in both men and women. CONCLUSION: Family demands are mainly related to manual workers' health, among both men and women. Whereas the association between family demands and poor health status among women could be explained by their greater housework and caregiver demands compared with men, among men, given their role as the main breadwinner in the home, it could be due to financial problems. The relationship between family demands and health should be studied in a combined framework of gender and social class.

Association between dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQs) and bone mineral density in Spanish women / Asociación entre el índice de calidad antioxidante de la dieta y la densidad mineral ósea en mujeres españolas

Background: Several lines of evidence suggest a tight association between oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in humans. The intake of antioxidants may influence Bone Mineral Density by acting as free radical scavengers, preventing oxidation-induced damage to bone cells. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association between the Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score and bone mineral density in a sample of healthy women. Methods: A total of 280 women were grouped into three major groups: women aged ≤ 35 years; women aged 36-45, and finally women aged >45 years. Calcaneous Bone Mineral Density (g/cm2) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Data on the eating habits of each participant were collected with a structured 24-hour diet recall questionnaire. A Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score was used to calculate antioxidant-nutrient intake. Results: A significant and positive association was observed among Bone Mineral Density and dietary intake of vitamin C and selenium. Zinc intake was significantly related to Bone Mineral Density in the youngest group. Low antioxidant consumers were considered individuals whose Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score was lower or equal than the median (3.5), and high antioxidant consumers were those whose Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score were higher than 3.5. Bone Mineral Density was higher in the participants defined as high antioxidant consumers in all aged groups. Conclusion: The study showed that there is an association between Bone Mineral Density and the Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score in all the women studied. Therefore, new therapies for osteoporosis based on higher dietary antioxidant intakes might be developed basing on the results obtained in this study (AU)

Antecedentes: Varias líneas de evidencia sugieren que existe una estrecha relación entre el estrés oxidativo y la patogénesis de la osteoporosis en humanos. La ingesta de nutrientes antioxidantes puede influenciar la densidad mineral ósea al neutralizar los radicales libres, previniendo el daño oxidativo a las células de hueso. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio es establecer la asociación entre un Índice de Calidad Antioxidante de la Dieta y la densidad mineral ósea en una muestra de mujeres sanas. Métodos: Un total de 280 mujeres participaron en el estudio. Las participantes fueron agrupadas por edad en tres categorías: edad ≤ 35 años; edad entre 36 y 45 años y con edad superior a 45 años. Las medidas de la densidad mineral ósea (g/cm2) del calcáneo fueron realizadas por absorciometría dual de rayos X. Los datos sobre los hábitos alimentarios de cada participante fueron recogidos mediante recordatorios de 24 horas. El Índice de Calidad Antioxidante de la Dieta se utilizó para calcular la ingesta total de nutrientes antioxidantes. Resultados: La ingesta de vitamina C y selenio está asociada significativamente a la densidad mineral ósea. En el grupo de mujeres de edad inferior, la ingesta de zinc está relacionada con la masa ósea. Los individuos cuyo Índice de Calidad Antioxidante de la Dieta es inferior o igual a la mediana (3,5) son considerados de bajo consumo antioxidante, y aquellos individuos cuyo Índice de Calidad Antioxidante de la Dieta es superior a 3,5 se consideran de alto consumo antioxidante. En todos los grupos estudiados, la densidad mineral ósea fue significativamente superior en los sujetos cuya dieta tiene un alto consumo de nutrientes antioxidantes. Conclusión: El trabajo muestra que existe una asociación entre la densidad mineral ósea y el Índice de Calidad Antioxidante de la Dieta en todos los grupos de mujeres estudiadas. Por lo tanto, basándose en los resultados de este estudio, se pueden desarrollar nuevas terapias para la osteoporosis basadas en una ingesta elevada de nutrientes antioxidantes (AU)

Incidencia de un programa de actividad física sobre los parámetros antropométricos y la condición física en mujeres mayores de 60 años / Effect of a physical activity program on the anthropometric and physical fitness of women over 60 years

El presente trabajo quiere determinar la incidencia de doce semanas de actividad física sobre la capacidad física y morfología de mujeres mayores de 60 años sin discapacidad de la comuna de Iquique, Chile. Antes y después del periodo de intervención se determinaron las características antropométricas y el estado de condición física de la muestra. Las variables antropométricas evaluadas fueron el peso, talla y perímetros de cintura y cadera. El índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y de Cintura Cadera (ICC) fue determinado. Para la evaluación del estado de la condición física se empleó el test de dinamometría manual, de salto vertical con contramovimiento y de sentarse y levantarse para la evaluación del estado de la fuerza. El equilibrio se testó mediante el test de equilibrio monopodal con referencia visual y la flexibilidad, mediante el test de flexión anterior del tronco (sit and reach test). Los resultados obtenidos muestran un efecto positivo del programa de intervención sobre el rendimiento de todos los test físicos (p < 0,05). Los parámetros antropométricos mostraron una reducción en el índice cintura-cadera (p = 0,029) y del perímetro de cintura (p=0,014), sin que el resto de las variables analizadas mostraran cambios de interés. De entre las asociaciones observadas, el test de salto vertical mostró una correlación negativa con el test de equilibrio y con el test de de sentarse y levantarse tanto antes como después del tratamiento (R = -0,495; R = -0,699 en el PREtest y R = -0,373; R= -0,463 en el POST para la relación CMJ y Equilibrio y CMJ y Ln S-L test respectivamente, P < 0,05). Se puede concluir que un Programa de actividad física de 12 semanas de duración, mejora la capacidad física (equilibrio, fuerza de prensión manual, fuerza de piernas y flexibilidad anterior de tronco) y los parámetros antropométricos (índice cintura-cadera y perímetro de cintura), en mujeres sanas mayores de 60 años de la comuna de Iquique, Chile (AU)

This paper wants to determine the incidence of twelve weeks of physical activity on physical capacity and morphology of women over 60 yrs without disabilities in the district of Iquique, Chile. Before and after the intervention period was determined anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness status of the sample. Anthropometric variables were weight, height and waist and hip circumferences. The Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Hip was determined. To evaluate the status of the physical condition was used handgrip dynamometry test, countermovement vertical jump and get in and out. The balance was tested through the test of visual reference monopodal balance and flexibility through the test of trunk flexion (sit and reach test). Results show a positive effect of the intervention program on the performance of every physical test (p < 0.05). Anthropometric parameters showed a reduction in waist-hip ratio (p = 0.029) and waist circumference (p = 0.014), without rest of the variables analyzed showed changes of interest. Among the observed associations, vertical jump test showed a negative correlation with balance test and getting in and out test, both before and after treatment (R = -0.495, R = -0.699 in PREtest and R = -0.373, R = -0.463 at the POSTtest for the CMJ relation and balance and CMJ and Ln S-L test respectively, P < 0.05). In conclusion, a program of physical activity lasting 12 weeks, improves physical capacity (balance, grip strength, leg strength and flexibility) and anthropometric parameters (waist-hip ratio and waist circumference), in healthy women over 60yrs of the district of Iquique, Chile (AU)

[Effect of a physical activity program on the anthropometric and physical fitness of women over 60 years]. / Incidencia de un programa de actividad física sobre los parámetros antropométricos y la condición física en mujeres mayores de 60 años.

This paper wants to determine the incidence of twelve weeks of physical activity on physical capacity and morphology of women over 60 yrs without disabilities in the district of Iquique, Chile. Before and after the intervention period was determined anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness status of the sample. Anthropometric variables were weight, height and waist and hip circumferences. The Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Hip was determined. To evaluate the status of the physical condition was used handgrip dynamometry test, countermovement vertical jump and get in and out. The balance was tested through the test of visual reference monopodal balance and flexibility through the test of trunk flexion (sit and reach test). Results show a positive effect of the intervention program on the performance of every physical test (p < 0.05). Anthropometric parameters showed a reduction in waist-hip ratio (p = 0.029) and waist circumference (p = 0.014), without rest of the variables analyzed showed changes of interest. Among the observed associations, vertical jump test showed a negative correlation with balance test and getting in and out test, both before and after treatment (R = -0.495, R = -0.699 in PREtest and R = -0.373, R = -0.463 at the POSTtest for the CMJ relation and balance and CMJ and Ln S-L test respectively, P < 0.05). In conclusion, a program of physical activity lasting 12 weeks, improves physical capacity (balance, grip strength, leg strength and flexibility) and anthropometric parameters (waist-hip ratio and waist circumference), in healthy women over 60yrs of the district of Iquique, Chile.