Analysis of the prognostic value of emergency blood tests in ischaemic stroke.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of emergency blood test results in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. METHODS: We evaluated 592 prospectively patients with neuroimaging-confirmed ischaemic stroke admitted to our stroke unit between 2015 and 2018. We gathered emergency blood test results and calculated the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and the neutrophil-to-platelet ratio (neutrophils × 1.000/platelets). The association between blood test results and functional prognosis (as measured with the modified Rankin Scale) and such complications as haemorrhagic transformation was evaluated by logistic regression analysis. The additional predictive value of blood test parameters was assessed with receiver operating characteristic curves and the net reclassification index. RESULTS: An neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥ 3 at admission was associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of functional dependence at 3 months (OR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.35-3.71) and haemorrhagic transformation (OR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.09-4.05), while an neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥ 3.86 resulted in an increase of 2.4 times in the risk of mortality at 3 months (OR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.37-4.26) after adjusting for the traditional predictors of poor outcomes. Patients with neutrophil-to-platelet ratio ≥ 32 presented 3 times more risk of haemorrhagic transformation (OR: 3.17; 95% CI: 1.70-5.92) and mortality at 3 months (OR: 3.07; 95% CI: 1.69-5.57). Adding these laboratory parameters to standard clinical-radiological models significantly improved discrimination and prognostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Basic blood test parameters provide important prognostic information for stroke patients and should therefore be analysed in combination with standard clinical and radiological parameters to optimise ischaemic stroke management.

Paresia del VI par craneal tras anestesia epidural / VI cranial nerve palsy following epidural anaesthesia

No disponible

[Stroke in the XXI century. Emergency care]. / El ictus en el siglo XXI. Tratamiento de urgencia.

Cerebrovascular diseases have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. They are the major cause of mortality in developed countries, accounting for over one-quarter of worldwide documented deaths, and the leading cause of severe disability in adults. Given that Spain will become one of the countries most affected by population ageing, an increase in the incidence of these diseases is expected in coming years. Several studies have reported that public levels of awareness of stroke warning signs, symptoms and risk factors are relatively low. Information campaigns aimed at increasing these levels of awareness and considering stroke as a neurological emergency are needed. The stroke code is a system which allows rapid identification, notification, and transfer of stroke patients to the emergency units. Technological advances in stroke diagnosis, and the development of effective therapeutic measures, such as thrombolytics, require a coordinated multidisciplinary approach. Treating patients in Stroke Units is the most effective and efficient approach in acute ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke management. In coming years research advances will provide new and better strategies in acute stroke treatment.

[Reperfusion in acute ischaemic stroke: present and future]. / Reperfusión en el ictus isquémico agudo: estado actual y futuro.

Cerebral ischaemia is a dynamic process triggered when an intracranial artery is acutely occluded, normally due to an embolism from the heart or from arteriolosclerotic lesions of more proximal arteries. Urgent rerouting of these arteries and early reperfusion of the cerebral tissue, neuroprotector therapies that intervene in the ischaemic cascade and prevention of recurrence are the therapeutic aims in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke. Thrombolytic treatment pursues the lysis of the dot occluding the intracranial artery. At present, the only approved thrombolytic treatment is the intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (rtPA). Its safety and efficacy within the first three hours of evolution of the ischaemic stroke have been demonstrated. Establishment of this treatment involves a profound change in the health structures and the training of the personnel responsible. The small therapeutic window and the limitations of this medicine in daily practice have led to the urgent exploration of new strategies: we review the reconsideration of exclusion criteria (especially in the elderly and in minor neurological deficits or those of rapid improvement), the widening of the therapeutic window beyond 3 hours with the selection of patients by multimodal image, the possibility of thrombolysis combined with antithrombotic drugs or with enhancement through ultrasound. We also review the new thrombolytics that are appearing and the intra-arterial thrombolysis approach and therapies of endovascular mechanical reperfusion.

El ictus en el siglo XXI. Tratamiento de urgencia / Stroke in the XXI Century. Emergency care

La enfermedad vascular, una verdadera epidemia, es la primera causa de muerte en los países desarrollados, responsable de más de una cuarta parte de las muertes documentadas a nivel mundial y la primera causa de discapacidad grave en el adulto. Las tres cuartas partes de los ictus afectan a pacientes mayores de 65 años, y debido a las previsiones de población en las que España será en el 2050 de las poblaciones más envejecidas del mundo, se prevé un incremento de la incidencia de esta patología en los próximos años. Numerosos estudios describen el escaso conocimiento de la población, sobre los signos y síntomas de presentación del ictus. Se recomienda elaborar campañas informativas orientadas a la población general para aumentar su conocimiento sobre los factores de riesgo, facilitar la identificación de los signos y síntomas de alarma y fomentar entre los pacientes el concepto del ictus como urgencia neurológica. El Código Ictus permite un rápido proceso de identificación, notificación y traslado de los pacientes a los servicios de urgencia hospitalarios. Los avances tecnológicos en el diagnóstico y la aparición de medidas terapéuticas eficaces, trombolíticos, hacen necesaria la organización coordinada y multidisciplinar. La Unidad de Ictus es la aproximación más eficaz y eficiente en el manejo de la fase aguda del ictus isquémico o hemorrágico. Los progresos en la investigación permitirán disponer de nuevas y mejores oportunidades para el tratamiento agudo del ictus (AU)

Cerebrovascular diseases have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. They are the major cause of mortality in developed countries, accounting for over one-quarter of worldwide documented deaths, and the leading cause of severe disability in adults. Given that Spain will become one of the countries most affected by population ageing, an increase in the incidence of these diseases is expected in coming years. Several studies have reported that public levels of awareness of stroke warning signs, symptoms and risk factors are relatively low. Information campaigns aimed at increasing these levels of awareness and considering stroke as a neurological emergency are needed. The stroke code is a system which allows rapid identification, notification, and transfer of stroke patients to the emergency units. Technological advances in stroke diagnosis, and the development of effective therapeutic measures, such as thrombolytics, require a coordinated multidisciplinary approach. Treating patients in Stroke Units is the most effective and efficient approach in acute ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke management. In coming years research advances will provide new and better strategies in acute stroke treatment (AU)

Reperfusión en el ictus isquémico agudo: estado actual y futuro / Reperfusion in acute ischaemic stroke: present and future

La isquemia cerebral es un proceso dinámico desencadenado al ocluirse una arteria intracraneal de forma aguda, habitualmente por un embolismo, desde el corazón o desde lesiones arterioescleróticas de arterias más proximales. La recanalización urgente de dichas arterias y reperfusión precoz del tejido cerebral, las terapias neuroprotectoras que intervengan en la cascada isquémica y la prevención de la recurrencia son los objetivos terapéuticos en la fase aguda del ictus isquémico. El tratamiento trombolítico persigue la lisis del coágulo que ocluye la arteria intracraneal. En la actualidad, el único aprobado es el activador tisular del plasminógeno (rtPA) por vía intravenosa. Se ha demostrado su seguridad y eficacia dentro de las tres primeras horas de evolución del ictus isquémico. La instauración de este tratamiento implica una profunda modificación de las estructuras sanitarias y entrenamiento del personal responsable. La pequeña ventana terapéutica y las limitaciones que este fármaco tiene en la práctica diaria han urgido a abrir caminos para explorar nuevas estrategias: se revisan la reconsideración de los criterios de exclusión (especialmente en ancianos y déficits neurológicos menores o de rápida mejoría), la expansión de la ventana terapéutica mas allá de las 3 horas con selección de pacientes por imagen multimodal, la posibilidad de trombolisis combinada con fármacos antitrombóticos o con potenciación por ultrasonidos. Se revisan asimismo nuevos trombolíticos que van surgiendo y el abordaje intraarterial trombolisis intraarterial y terapias de reperfusión endovascular mecánica (AU)

Cerebral ischaemia is a dynamic process triggered when an intracraneal artery is acutely occluded, normally due to an embolism from the heart or from arteriolosclerotic lesions of more proximal arteries. Urgent rerouting of these arteries and early reperfusion of the cerebral tissue, neuroprotector therapies that intervene in the ischaemic cascade and prevention of recurrence are the therapeutic aims in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke. Thrombolytic treatment pursues the lysis of the dot occluding the intracranial artery. At present, the only approved thrombolytic treatment is the intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (rtPA). Its safety and efficacy within the first three hours of evolution of the ischaemic stroke have been demonstrated. Establishment of this treatment involves a profound change in the health structures and the training of the personnel responsible. The small therapeutic window and the limitations of this medicine in daily practice have led to the urgent exploration of new strategies: we review the reconsideration of exclusion criteria (especially in the elderly and in minor neurological deficits or those of rapid improvement), the widening of the therapeutic window beyond 3 hours with the selection of patients by multimodal image, the possibility of thrombolysis combined with antithrombotic drugs or with enhancement through ultrasound. We also review the new thrombolytics that are appearing and the intra-arterial thrombolysis approach and therapies of endovascular mechanical reperfusion (AU)

[Involuntary movements in brainstem ischemic lesions]. / Movimientos involuntarios en lesiones isquémicas del tronco cerebral.

INTRODUCTION: The appearance of movement disorders in vascular disease of the brainstem has hardly been described in the literature. Its frequency is probably underestimated due to their briefness and that they are often misinterpreted as epileptic seizures. Their pathophysiological mechanism is uncertain. Several mechanisms, such as the existence of a seizure-generating brainstem center, capable of generating epileptic activity or the interruption of the corticospinal tracts due to ischemia, have been proposed. CLINICAL CASES: We present three patients with disease of the basilar artery and extensive brainstem infarction who have the presentation of sudden, involuntary movements in limbs in the initial phase, in paroxysms of short duration and of varied semiology in common. We described this in all of them. An electroencephalographic functional study during these episodes was done in one of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: Preservation of conscious level, its variability of presentation, the null response to antiepileptic drugs and normality of the electroencephalogram in one of them leads us to ratify the hypothesis of failure of the cortical inhibitory projections as subcortical centers in trunk or spinal cord as pathophysiological origin of these involuntary movements. We stress the importance of recognizing these clinical manifestations of appearance in the initial phases of the disease, that permit a rapid diagnosis with the help of the transcranial Doppler to establish an early and aggressive treatment of this disease having known seriousness and bad prognosis. Further prospective studies would be interesting to know what the real incidence of these movements is, and functional ones to clarify the pathophysiological nature of this phenomenon.

Movimientos involuntarios en lesiones isquémicas del tronco cerebral / Involuntary movements in brainstem ischemic lesions

Introducción. La aparición de trastornos del movimiento en patología vascular del tronco del encéfalo ha sido escasamente descrita en la literatura existente y es probable que su frecuencia esté siendo subestimada por su breve duración y la confusión con movimientos clónicos de origen epiléptico. Su fisiopatología se mantiene incierta y se han propuesto varios mecanismos como la existencia de un centro infratentorial capaz de generar actividad epiléptica o la interrupción por isquemia de los tractos corticoespinales. Casos clínicos. Presentamos tres pacientes con enfermedad de la arteria basilar e infarto extenso del tronco del encéfalo que tienen en común la presentación en la fase inicial de movimientos bruscos involuntarios en extremidades, en paroxismos de duración breve y de semiología variada, que describimos en todos ellos. En uno de los casos se realizó un estudio funcional electroencefalográfico durante estos episodios. Conclusiones. La preservación de la conciencia, su variabilidad de presentación, la nula respuesta a fármacos antiepilépticos y la normalidad del electroencefalograma en uno de ellos nos inclinan a ratificar la hipótesis del fallo de las proyecciones inhibitorias corticales sobre centros subcorticales en tronco o médula espinal como origen fisiopatológico de estos movimientos involuntarios. Queremos destacar la importancia de reconocer estas manifestaciones clínicas de aparición en fases iniciales de la enfermedad que permitirán un rápido diagnóstico con ayuda del doppler transcraneal para instaurar un tratamiento precoz y agresivo de esta patología de conocida gravedad y mal pronóstico. Serían interesantes estudios prospectivos para conocer la incidencia real de estos fenómenos, así como estudios funcionales que nos ayuden a aclarar su naturaleza (AU)

Introduction. The appearance of movement disorders in vascular disease of the brainstem has hardly been described in the literature. Its frequency is probably underestimated due to their briefness and that they are often misinterpreted as epileptic seizures. Their pathophysiological mechanism is uncertain. Several mechanisms, such as the existence of a seizure-generating brainstem center, capable of generating epileptic activity or the interruption of the corticospinal tracts due to ischemia, have been proposed. Clinical cases. We present three patients with disease of the basilar artery and extensive brainstem infarction who have the presentation of sudden, involuntary movements in limbs in the initial phase, in paroxysms of short duration and of varied semiology in common. We described this in all of them. An electroencephalographic functional study during these episodes was done in one of the cases. Conclusions. Preservation of conscious level, its variability of presentation, the null response to antiepileptic drugs and normality of the electroencephalogram in one of them leads us to ratify the hypothesis of failure of the cortical inhibitory projections as subcortical centers in trunk or spinal cord as pathophysiological origin of these involuntary movements. We stress the importance of recognizing these clinical manifestations of appearance in the initial phases of the disease, that permit a rapid diagnosis with the help of the transcranial Doppler to establish an early and aggressive treatment of this disease having known seriousness and bad prognosis. Further prospective studies would be interesting to know what the real incidence of these movements is, and functional ones to clarify the pathophysiological nature of this phenomenon (AU)

[Rhombencephalitis caused by Listeria: clinical-radiological correlation]. / Rombencefalitis por Listeria: correlación clínico-radiológica.

Rhombencephalitis due to Listeria is a serious and infrequent infection of the brainstem. It principally affects subjects who were previously healthy. It shows itself clinically in two phases: the first with unspecific symptoms, which could last one week, and the second with the appearance of focal neurologic signs at the level of the brainstem. We present the case of a patient with rhombencephalitis due to Listeria that began initially with headache, nauseas and fever and after ten days the patient showed an asymmetrical affection of cranial nerves, cerebellar signs and sensory deficits in the left hemibody. Subsequently this became complicated with acute respiratory insufficiency, requiring admission to the Intensive Care Unit, and with episodes of urinary retention that required exploration. The early magnetic resonance image showed hypertense patch lesions that were objectified in T2 sequences at the level of the bulb and the pons. Facing a clinical-radiological suspicion of rombencephalitis due to Listeria, treatment was begun with ampicillin and tombramycin. After some days a positive haemoculture for Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4B resistant to ampicilin was detected, therefore it was replaced with vancomycin. The patient survived and on discharge he had oculomotor disorder and micturition problems as sequels. We would like to emphasise the importance of early recognition of the clinical signs of the disease and the early permormance of magnetic resonance, with diagnostic support, to be able to start a suitable antibiotic treatment as quickly as possible.

Rombencefalitis por Listeria: correlación clínico-radiológica / Rhombencephalitis caused by Listeria: clinical-radiological correlation

La rombencefalitis por Listeria es una infección grave e infrecuente del tronco cerebral. Afecta principalmente a sujetos previamente sanos. Clínicamente se manifiesta en dos fases: la primera con síntomas inespecíficos, de una semana aproximadamente de duración y la segunda con aparición de signos de focalidad neurológica a nivel del tronco cerebral. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con rombencefalitis por Listeria que inicialmente debutó con cefalea, náuseas y fiebre y a los diez días comenzó con afectación de pares craneales asimétrica, signos cerebelosos y alteraciones sensitivas en hemicuerpo izquierdo. Posteriormente se complicó con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda que precisó ingreso en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y con episodios de retención urinaria que requirieron sondaje. En la resonancia magnética cerebral realizada de forma precoz se objetivaron lesiones parcheadas hiperintensas en secuencias T2 al nivel de bulbo y protuberancia. Ante la sospecha clínico-radiológica de rombencefalitis por Listeria se inició tratamiento con ampicilina y tobramicina. A los días se detectó hemocultivo positivo para Listeria monocytogenes serotipo 4B resistente a ampicilina, por lo que se sustituyó por vancomicina. El paciente sobrevivió quedando al alta como secuelas trastorno oculomotor y molestias miccionales. Como conclusión destacamos la importancia del reconocimiento temprano de los signos clínicos de la enfermedad y de la realización de forma precoz de resonancia magnética, como apoyo diagnóstico, para poder instaurar lo antes posible el tratamiento antibiótico adecuado (AU)

[Internal carotid stenosis and giant cell arteritis]. / Estenosis de arteria carótida interna y arteritis de células gigantes.

We report on the case of a 69-year-old man admitted with a transient ischemic attack preceded by a two months history of severe headache. Giant cell arteritis was diagnosed by means of temporal artery biopsy. Angiography showed an intra- and extracranial stenosis of the left internal carotid artery. The possible relationship between this stenosis and vasculitis is discussed and stroke as a clinical manifestation of the giant cell arteritis is reviewed.

Acute carotid obliteration: a new vascular manifestation in POEMS syndrome.

The case of a 65-year-old woman with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, skin changes and monoclonal gammopathy of IgG-lambda type is described. This patient developed an acute carotid obliteration during oral anticoagulation and despite absence of vascular risk factors. Macroangiopathy has been described as a rare systemic manifestation of POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal spike and skin changes), affecting the coronary and lower limbs arteries. To our knowledge, this is the second case of POEMS syndrome with a cerebrovascular manifestation.

Neurosonología e ictus / Neurosonology and stroke

No disponible

Ictus lacunar / Lacunar stroke

No disponible

Hemorragia intracerebral / The intracerebral haemorrhage

No disponible