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1.
Epileptic Disord ; 25(5): 758-768, 2023 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37584565

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia (EEM) is a rare epileptic syndrome classified within the Genetic Generalized Epilepsies of childhood. It is characterized by a high drug resistance, and little is known about prognostic factors and neurodevelopmental comorbidities. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features, cognitive profile, and prognostic factors in a series of children with EEM. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study of patients diagnosed with EEM from 2012 to 2022 in a tertiary pediatric hospital. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were analyzed (mean age at symptom onset 5.8 years). Neuropsychiatric comorbidities were present in 76.4% (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 58.8%, behavioral disorder 11.8%, autism spectrum disorder 11.8%, and psychotic outbreaks 11.8%). Neurocognitive assessment was performed in 75%, revealing cognitive impairment in 66.6% (62.5% with borderline intellectual function and 37.5% with -IQ <70-), with predominant difficulties in executive functions, comprehensive language, and motor skills. Cognitive deterioration was observed in one patient in parallel onset with psychotic symptoms. High refractoriness to antiseizure medication (ASM) was observed, with only 23.5% of the patients being seizure-free after a mean follow-up of 7 years. The most effective ASM was valproic acid, and two of them received ketogenic diet with good response. Regarding prognostic factors, psychotic symptoms were associated with a greater number of antiseizure medication (p < .05) implying a more drug-resistant epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE: In our study, we found a high rate of cognitive and psychiatric comorbidities and high refractoriness. These data support the concept of EEM as an intermediate entity between idiopathic generalized epilepsy and epileptic and/or neurodevelopmental encephalopathy. Making a proper diagnosis and management of these comorbidities is necessary to improve prognosis and quality of life in EEM.

3.
Pediatr. catalan ; 81(1): 21-24, ene.-mar. 2021.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-202631

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓ: La síndrome d'hiperèmesi per cannabinoides (SHC) és una entitat de prevalença creixent en pediatria a causa de l'augment del consum de cànnabis en aquesta població, particularment en l'adolescència, durant els últims anys. Per això és rellevant conèixer-la I tenir-la present en el diagnòstic diferencial davant d'una clínica compatible. OBSERVACIÓ CLÍNICA: En aquest article es presenten dos casos diagnosticats d'SHC, amb diferents formes de presentació, ja que el primer té una evolució més llarga I va acompanyat d'alteracions hidroelectrolítiques importants, mentre que el segon té una presentació més aguda, amb menys repercussió homeostàtica. Ambdós casos presenten una resolució progressiva en retirar el consum de la substància. COMENTARIS: La fisiopatologia de l'SHC és poc coneguda. Es tracta d'una reacció paradoxal del cànnabis, que a baixes dosis té activitat antiemètica però que en aquests pacients provoca l'efecte contrari. Es manifesta clínicament en forma d'episodis cíclics de vòmits I abdominàlgia que característicament milloren amb banys d'aigua calenta. En ocasions, el quadre pot ser greu I anar acompanyat de deshidratació I alcalosi importants, fet pel qual alguns pacients són sotmesos a nombroses exploracions complementàries abans d'arribar al diagnòstic d'exclusió d'SHC. L'únic tractament curatiu és l'abstinència, però sovint necessiten fluïdoteràpia o antiemètics, tot I que aquests últims són poc efectius. És fonamental el tractament multidisciplinari (pediàtric, psicològic/psiquiàtric I social) per aconseguir suprimir-ne el consum


INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome de hiperemesis por cannabinoides (SHC) constituye una entidad de prevalencia creciente en pediatría a causa del aumento del consumo de cannabis en esta población, particularmente en la adolescencia, durante los últimos años. Por este motivo es relevante conocerla y tenerla presente en el diagnóstico diferencial ante una clínica compatible. OBSERVACIÓN CLÍNICA: En este artículo se presentan dos casos diagnosticados de SHC con diferentes formas de presentación: el primero, de larga evolución, muestra al diagnóstico alteraciones hidroelectrolíticas importantes mientras que el segundo, de presentación más aguda, asocia menor repercusión homeostática. Ambos presentan una mejoría progresiva con resolución completa al conseguir la abstinencia. COMENTARIOS: La fisiopatología del SHC es poco conocida. Se trata de una reacción paradójica al cannabis, que a dosis bajas posee un efecto antiemético, pero que actúa en estos pacientes como emetizante. Se manifiesta clínicamente en forma de episodios cíclicos de vómitos y abdominalgia que característicamente mejoran con baños de agua caliente. En ocasiones puede ser grave, acompañándose de deshidratación y alcalosis importantes, por lo que algunos pacientes son sometidos a numerosas exploraciones complementarias para descartar otras etiologías antes de llegar al diagnóstico de exclusión de SHC. El único tratamiento curativo es la abstinencia, si bien precisan frecuentemente de fluidoterapia o de antieméticos, aunque los últimos sean poco efectivos. Resulta fundamental un abordaje multidisciplinar (pediátrico, psicológico/psiquiátrico y social) indispensable para conseguir suspender el consumo


INTRODUCTION: Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), although uncommon in the field of Pediatrics, has recently experienced an increase in prevalence due to the rise in cannabinoid use among the pediatric population, particularly adolescents. It is thus important to be aware of this entity and to include it in the differential diagnosis of recurrent vomiting. CLINICAL OBSERVATION: The current article discusses two cases of CHS with different clinical presentation: the first patient consulted with important electrolyte imbalance due to its long-term evolution, while the second, with more acute presentation, showed no homeostatic disturbance. Both were hospitalized and evolved satisfactorily until complete recovery once cannabis use was discontinued. COMMENTS: While its pathophysiology is unclear, CHS seems to be a paradoxical reaction to cannabis, a drug that in low doses acts as an antiemetic but can also induce vomiting. CHS consists of bouts of cyclic vomiting and abdominal pain that characteristically improve with hot water showers or baths. Occasionally, the clinical presentation may be severe, with dehydration and metabolic alkalosis, making patients with CHS undergo many unnecessary tests before an exclusion diagnosis can be made. Abstinence constitutes the only effective treatment. Intravenous fluid therapy may be required, and antiemetic drugs are often administered with poor results. It is therefore essential to offer psychological assistance alongside medical intervention to stop substance abuse


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Cannabinoids/adverse effects , Vomiting/chemically induced , Behavior, Addictive/complications , Nausea/chemically induced , Nausea/therapy , Vomiting/therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Substance-Related Disorders/complications , Abdominal Pain/etiology , Nausea/etiology , Fluid Therapy/methods , Antiemetics/therapeutic use , Cannabis/adverse effects
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