ABSTRACT
Obesity has emerged as one of the most serious public health concerns in the 21st century. Obese children tend to become obese adults. The dramatic rise in pediatric obesity closely parallels the rapid increase in the prevalence of adult obesity. As overweight children become adults they face the multitude of health problems associated with obesity at younger ages. The morbidity and mortality associated with obesity continue to increase. Obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable death. Complications of obesity include cardiovascular risks, hypertension, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance, acanthosis nigricans, hepatic steatosis, premature puberty, hypogonadism and polycystic ovary syndrome, obstructive sleep disorder, orthopedic complications, cholelithiasis and pseudotumor cerebri. Genetic and molecular and environmental factors play an important role in the assessment and management of obesity.
Subject(s)
Obesity/diagnosis , Obesity/genetics , Adipose Tissue , Adolescent , Body Mass Index , Child , Child, Preschool , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology , Environment , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/genetics , Models, Biological , Obesity/complications , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/etiologyABSTRACT
The alarming increase in obesity in children has become a major health problem in the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes as well as other complications including cardiovascular diseases, hepatic disorders, skeletal abnormalities, malignancies and in particular psychological disorders. Mechanisms of appetite and energy metabolism are mediated through hormones leptin and ghrelin, and neuropeptide-Y neurons as well as genetic factors. Control of obesity is largely through appetite control and physical exercise.
Subject(s)
Obesity/diagnosis , Obesity/genetics , Adolescent , Age Factors , Appetite Regulation/physiology , Child , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology , Exercise/physiology , Humans , Incidence , Obesity/complicationsSubject(s)
Pediatrics/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Societies, Medical/history , United StatesABSTRACT
Fetal dysrhythmias are usually transient. Abnormal fetal rates and rhythms during labor are "functional." Fetal dysrhythmias may be associated with congenital heart disease and fetal hydrops. Bradycardia is usually related to fetal distress; supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation may be associated with severe congestive heart failure. Ventricular fibrillation is rare in the fetus and infant and is usually associated with myocardial necrosis with perimembranous septal defect; the nonbranching atrioventricular (AV) bundle may have an aberrant position and result in cardiac arrhythmia. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with conduction abnormalities and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is due to an accessory pathway that bypasses the AV sulcus and results in faster conduction. Carnitine deficiency may be primary or secondary and may result in cardiac arrhythmia. Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy is characterized by cardiomegaly, incessant ventricular tachycardia, and frequently sudden death. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) results in ventricular tachycardia and left bundle branch block. Noncompaction of the left ventricle predisposes to potentially fatal arrhythmias. Long Q-T syndromes (LQTS) are a heterogeneous group of disorders with many genetic mutations. Brugada syndrome is an autosomal dominant trait with right bundle branch block and ST elevation. Barth syndrome is an X-linked disorder with dilated cardiomyopathy, cyclic neutropenia and skeletal myopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in infancy may be related to metabolic diseases, particularly glycogen storage diseases; the familial form predisposes to sudden death. Arrhythmias following cardiac surgery may occur after closure of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) or damage to the conduction system.
Subject(s)
Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/genetics , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/pathology , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/genetics , Carnitine/deficiency , Female , Heart Block/congenital , Heart Block/genetics , Heart Conduction System/pathology , Heart Conduction System/physiopathology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Long QT Syndrome/genetics , Pregnancy , SyndromeABSTRACT
Inborn metabolic errors, which are not common, may have significant implications for patients. Those patients with such errors who have acute life-threatening symptoms must be treated immediately, and specimens for analysis should be obtained and saved for later analysis during the critical stage. Many infants and children seen with acute symptoms are the ones most likely to have treatable diseases. At a more leisurely pace, other inborn errors can be diagnosed to provide appropriate counseling and prognosis.
Subject(s)
Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis , Child , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics , Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolismSubject(s)
Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Fluid Therapy/history , Homeostasis , Child , Child, Preschool , Energy Metabolism , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Infant , Nutritional Requirements , Parenteral Nutrition/historySubject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple/physiopathology , Hepatomegaly/etiology , Hypoproteinemia/etiology , Liver/enzymology , Seizures/etiology , Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics , Autopsy , Female , Hepatomegaly/genetics , Hepatomegaly/pathology , Humans , Infant , Kidney/abnormalities , Liver/pathologyABSTRACT
Nucleotides (NT) are reported to affect development of the immune and gastrointestinal systems, and they are currently added to most term infant formulas. In the present study, dietary NT effects on superior mesenteric artery blood flow were investigated. Formula-fed preterm infants were studied once with a 20 kcal/oz. term infant formula containing 80.6 mg/L of NT (NT+), and once with the same formula with no added NT (NT-) (n = 20, gestational age 28.0 +/- 2.2 wk). A reference group of preterm infants fed human milk was also studied (n = 20, gestational age 29.0 +/- 1.6 wk). Superior mesenteric artery blood flow velocities (BFV) were measured by Doppler ultrasound 15 min before and 30, 60, and 90 min after the start of the feed. BFV rose in all infants from baseline to 30 min after feed initiation, and progressively declined thereafter in infants fed NT- or human milk. However, NT+ feedings were associated with a minimal change in BFV between 60 and 90 min. As a result, the difference in blood flow velocities between baseline and 90 min was significantly greater with the NT+ versus the NT- feedings for the mean, peak systolic, and end diastolic velocities (p = 0.03, 0.05, and 0.03, respectively). BFV after the NT- and human milk feedings were similar. These data suggest that orally administered NT are associated with effects on the intestinal vasculature.
Subject(s)
Blood Flow Velocity , Diet , Infant Food , Infant, Premature/physiology , Intestines/blood supply , Nucleotides/administration & dosage , Splanchnic Circulation/physiology , Gestational Age , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Mesenteric Artery, Superior/physiology , Milk, Human/chemistry , Postprandial Period , Regional Blood Flow/physiology , Time Factors , Ultrasonography, DopplerSubject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Maternal Nutrition , Adolescent Nutrition , Child Nutrition , Nutritional Support , Obesity/diet therapy , Parenteral Nutrition , Diabetes Mellitus/diet therapy , Learning Disabilities/diet therapyABSTRACT
Alimentación al seno materno; De recién nacidos de término a base de fórmulas; Suplementaria en lactantes; Desde el primer año de edad hasta la adolescencia. Necesidades suplementarias de vitaminas y minerales para niños sanos en los Estados Unidos. Nutrición en adolescentes. Necesidades nutricionales en recién nacidos de pretérmino. Energía. Proteínas; Hidratos de carbono; Fibra dietética; Grasas; Acidos grasos; Calcio; Fósforo; Magnesio; Oligoelementos; Vitaminas. Nutrición infantil y desarrollo de la función gastrointestinal; Salud bucal. Nutrición parenteral. Servicios de nutrición pediátrica en la comunidad. Fórmulas pediátricas: Legislación y reglamentos. Valoración del estado nutricional. Detención del crecimiento. Enfermedades gastrointestinales; Diarrea crónica; Malabsorción; Deficiencia de hierro; Diabetes mellitus; Hipoglucemia; Hiperlipidemias; Obesidad; Hipersensibilidad a los alimentos. Hidratación oral y alimentación después del tratamiento de enteritis. Nutrición e infecciones. La dieta en la prevención del cáncer e hipertensión arterial. Dietas vegetarianas; Comidas rápidas; Alimentos orgánicos; megavitaminas; Aditivos de alimentos. Fórmulas lácteas de suplementos y productos enterales
Subject(s)
Humans , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child , Nutritional Sciences , Enteritis/diet therapy , Fluid Therapy , Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis , Hypertension/prevention & control , Energy Requirement , Neoplasms/prevention & control , Child Nutrition , Infant Nutrition/physiology , Pediatrics , Breast-Milk Substitutes , Nutrition Disorders , Food Additives , Breast Feeding , Nutritional Support , Food, Formulated , Infant Food , Food Analysis , Nutritional Support , Nutrition Assessment , Dietary Carbohydrates , Calcium, Dietary , Iron Deficiencies , Avitaminosis , Weaning , Diabetes Mellitus , Diarrhea , Diarrhea, Infantile , Diet , Diet, Vegetarian , Chronic Disease , Enteritis/therapy , Sports , Nutritional Status , Body Height , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Dietary Fiber , Fluorine , Phosphorus, Dietary , Dietary Fats , Hyperlipidemias , Food Hypersensitivity/physiopathology , Milk Hypersensitivity , Hypertension/diet therapy , Hypoglycemia , Immunocompromised Host , Legislation, Food , Milk, Human , Magnesium , Energy Metabolism , Microwaves , Nutritional Requirements , Neoplasms/diet therapy , Parenteral Nutrition , Obesity , Trace Elements , Nutrition Programs , Dietary Proteins , Infant, Premature , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Oral Health , Food Services/standards , Food Services/organization & administration , Malabsorption Syndromes , Sodium, Dietary , Growth Disorders , Dietary Vitamins , Fatty Acids , Body Mass IndexABSTRACT
Alimentación al seno materno; De recién nacidos de término a base de fórmulas; Suplementaria en lactantes; Desde el primer año de edad hasta la adolescencia. Necesidades suplementarias de vitaminas y minerales para niños sanos en los Estados Unidos. Nutrición en adolescentes. Necesidades nutricionales en recién nacidos de pretérmino. Energía. Proteínas; Hidratos de carbono; Fibra dietética; Grasas; Acidos grasos; Calcio; Fósforo; Magnesio; Oligoelementos; Vitaminas. Nutrición infantil y desarrollo de la función gastrointestinal; Salud bucal. Nutrición parenteral. Servicios de nutrición pediátrica en la comunidad. Fórmulas pediátricas: Legislación y reglamentos. Valoración del estado nutricional. Detención del crecimiento. Enfermedades gastrointestinales; Diarrea crónica; Malabsorción; Deficiencia de hierro; Diabetes mellitus; Hipoglucemia; Hiperlipidemias; Obesidad; Hipersensibilidad a los alimentos. Hidratación oral y alimentación después del tratamiento de enteritis. Nutrición e infecciones. La dieta en la prevención del cáncer e hipertensión arterial. Dietas vegetarianas; Comidas rápidas; Alimentos orgánicos; megavitaminas; Aditivos de alimentos. Fórmulas lácteas de suplementos y productos enterales
