Changes in movement behaviors and back pain during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Quarantine periods change routines and behaviors with potential impact on different health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviors with changes in back pain during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine among Brazilian adults. METHODS: This was a nationwide survey through online questionnaires using data from 43,062 adults (≥ 18 years of age). Information on back pain was assessed using questions about episodes of back pain and worsening symptoms during the quarantine. The pattern of movement behaviors adopted before and during the pandemic were considered for physical inactivity (< 150 min/week of activity), high TV-viewing (≥ 4 h/d), and high computer/tablet use (≥ 4 h/d). Covariates included sex, age group, academic achievement, skin color, working status during the quarantine, and adherence to the quarantine. Logistic regression models were used for statistical analyses (weighted for national representativity). RESULTS: Becoming inactive (OR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.37), with high TV-viewing (OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.61) and high computer/tablet use (OR=1.39, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.73) during the pandemic were associated with a higher incidence of back pain. The incidence of physical inactivity was also associated with increased back pain (OR=2.71, 95%CI: 1.64, 4.48). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that increased physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors due to the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine are associated with the incidence and worsening symptoms of back pain among Brazilian adults.

Incidence of physical inactivity and excessive screen time during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: what are the most affected population groups?

PURPOSE: Our aim was to verify the incidence of physical inactivity and excessive screen time during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic among Brazilian adults, as well as to identify subgroups that are more affected by the quarantine actions. METHODS: The data of 39,693 Brazilian adults were collected through an online questionnaire between April 24th and May 24th, 2020. Information about physical activity (weekly frequency and daily duration), TV viewing, and computer/tablet use (daily duration) before and during the pandemic period were reported. The correlates adopted were sex, age group, highest academic achievement, skin color, per capita income, country macro region, working status during the quarantine, and adherence to the quarantine. Logistic regression models were used. RESULTS: The incidence of physical inactivity (<150 min/week), high TV viewing (≥4 h/d), and computer/tablet use (≥4 h/d), were, respectively, 70.4%, 31.4%, and 37.9% during the COVID-19 pandemic. The younger age group showed higher incidences of physical inactivity (78%) and high computer/tablet use (59%), while middle-age adults (30-59 years) showed a higher incidence of TV viewing (34%). People who adhered to stricter measures of quarantine presented a higher incidence of excessive screen time. CONCLUSION: High incidences of physical inactivity and excessive screen time were identified in specific population subgroups during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

Physical inactivity and elevated TV-viewing reported changes during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with mental health: A survey with 43,995 Brazilian adults.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the associations of physical activity and TV-viewing reported changes during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine with mental health among Brazilian adults with and without depression. METHODS: Data of 43,995 Brazilian adults from a cross-sectional, nationwide behavior research were used. Participants reported the frequency on loneliness, sadness (feel sad, crestfallen or depressed) and anxiety (feel worried, anxious or nervous) feelings during the pandemic period. Frequency and duration of physical activity as well as duration of TV-viewing before and during the pandemic period were also reported. We created four categories of reported changes in physical activity (1-consistently active, 2-become active, 3-become inactive or 4-consistently inactive) and TV-viewing (1-consistently high, 2-become low, 3-become high or 4-consistently high). Participants also reported previous diagnoses of depression [yes (PD) or no (nPD). Logistic regression models separating people with and without depression were created. RESULTS: Compared to consistently active participants, to become inactive during the pandemic was associated with a higher odds for loneliness [nPD:OR:1.32 (95%CI,1.02-1.70); PD:2.22 (1.21-4.06)], sadness [nPD:1.34 (1.01-1.77); PD:2.88 (1.54-5.36)], and anxiety [nPD:1.71 (1.30-2.25); PD:2.55 (1.20-5.42)]. Also, people with depression and consistently physically inactive presented higher odds for loneliness and sadness. Compared to consistently low TV-viewing, participants that become with high TV-viewing showed higher odds for loneliness [nPD:1.59 (1.37-1.86)], sadness [nPD:1.68 (1.44-1.96); PD:1.61 (1.21 to 2.15)] and anxiety [nPD:1.73 (1.48-2.02); PD:1.58 (1.12-2.23)]. CONCLUSIONS: Reported increases in physical inactivity and TV-viewing during the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with poorer mental health indicators. People with depression and consistently physically inactivity were more likely to present loneliness and sadness.

Changes in the clustering of unhealthy movement behaviors during the COVID-19 quarantine and the association with mental health indicators among Brazilian adults.

Our aim was to analyze the prevalence of unhealthy movement behavior clusters before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to investigate whether changes in the number of unhealthy behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine were associated with mental health indicators. Data of 38,353 Brazilian adults from a nationwide behavior research were used. For movement behaviors, participants reported the frequency and duration of physical activity and daily time on TV viewing and computer/tablet use before and during the pandemic period. Participants also reported the frequency of loneliness, sadness (feeling sad, crestfallen, or depressed), and anxiety feelings (feeling worried, anxious, or nervous) during the pandemic period. Sex, age group, highest academic achievement, working status during quarantine, country region, and time adhering to the quarantine were used as correlates. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression models for the data analysis. The prevalence of all movement behavior clusters increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The cluster of all three unhealthy movement behaviors increased from 4.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.9-5.4) to 26.2% (95% CI: 24.8-27.7). Younger adults, people with higher academic achievement, not working or working at home, and those with higher time in quarantine presented higher clustering. People that increased one and two or three unhealthy movement behaviors were, respectively, more likely to present loneliness (odds ratio [OR] = 1.41 [95% CI: 1.21-1.65] and OR = 1.71 [95% CI: 1.42-2.07]), sadness (OR = 1.25 [95% CI: 1.06-1.48] and OR = 1.73 [95% CI: 1.42-2.10]), and anxiety (OR = 1.34 [95% CI: 1.13-1.57] and OR = 1.78 [95% CI: 1.46-2.17]) during the COVID-19 quarantine. Clustering of unhealthy movement behaviors substantially increased and was associated with poorer mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The mediation role of sleep quality in the association between the incidence of unhealthy movement behaviors during the COVID-19 quarantine and mental health.

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to investigate the mediating role of worsening sleep quality in the association of the incidence of physical inactivity, high TV-viewing, and high computer/tablet use with loneliness, sadness, and anxiety. METHODS: Data of 45,161 Brazilian adults from a nationwide behavior survey, conducted between April 24th and May 24th (2020), were used. Participants reported physical inactivity (PI; <150 min/week), high TV-viewing (TV; ≥4 h/day), and high computer/tablet use (PC; ≥4 h/day) before and during COVID-19 quarantine (exposures). For incidence indicators, we only considered participants without the risk behavior before quarantine. Changes in sleep quality during the quarantine period (maintained/got better or worsened) were treated as a mediator. Elevated frequencies of feelings of loneliness, sadness (feel sad, crestfallen, or depressed), and anxiety (feel worried, anxious, or nervous) during the pandemic period were the study outcomes. Analyses were adjusted for sex, age group, highest academic achievement, working status during quarantine, skin color, previous diagnosis of depression, and adherence to quarantine. Mediation models were created using the Karlson Holm Breen method. RESULTS: The incidence of PI, high TV, and high PC use were associated with loneliness, sadness, and anxiety feelings. Worsening sleep quality partly mediated the association of the incidence of PI, high TV, and high PC use with loneliness (PI:30.9%; TV:19.6%; PC: 30.5%), sadness (PI:29.8%; TV:29.3%; PC: 39.1%), and anxiety (PI:21.9%; TV:30.0%; PC:38.5%). CONCLUSION: The association of the incidence of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors with mental health indicators is partly mediated by worsening sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine.

Physical disability, recent illnesses and health self-assessment in a population-based study in São Paulo, Brazil

Objectives: To investigate health self-assessment and to estimate the prevalence of chronic diseases and recent illnesses in people with and without physical disabilities (PD) in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil...

Gender differences in healthy life expectancy among Brazilian elderly.

BACKGROUND: This study examined gender differences in healthy life expectancy (HLE) and unhealthy life expectancy (UHLE) among people aged 60 years or older living in a large Brazilian city. METHODS: Based on Chiang method, abridged life tables were constructed for men and for women. To calculate HLE, the Sullivan method was applied. Estimates of the prevalence of self-rated health and self-reported functional disability (global, mild/moderate, and severe) were obtained from a population-based household survey carried out in 2008, which involved non-institutionalized individuals. RESULTS: Findings showed that women live longer and these extra years would be spent in good self-rated health. For example, women aged 60 would live, on average, 4 more years in good health in comparison to men. In terms of global limitations and mild/moderate limitations, no gender differences were detected for HLE. However, UHLE was statistically higher among women than among men at all ages in the global limitations and mild/moderate limitations (except for the age 80). Women at age 60, for instance, could expect to live 3.1 years longer with mild/moderate limitations compared to men. Gender differences were identified for severe limitations for either HLE or UHLE. In comparison to men, women at age 60, for example, would expect to live 2.5 and 2.0 more years without and with severe limitations. CONCLUSIONS: By showing that the advantage of longer life expectancy among women is not necessarily accompanied by worse health conditions, these findings add some evidence to the debate about male-female health-survival paradox. Policy efforts are necessary to reduce gender differences in the quantity and quality of years to be lived, providing equal opportunities to women and men live longer with quality of life, autonomy, and independence.

[Adolescent health: a population-based study in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil]. / Saúde dos adolescentes: um estudo de base populacional em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil.

We estimated the prevalence of chronic diseases and other health problems reported by adolescents in relation to social and demographic variables and nutritional status. This cross-sectional population-based survey analyzed data from the Health Survey in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2008. We used descriptive statistics and associations between variables with the chisquare test. Prevalence of chronic diseases among adolescents was 19.17%, with asthma showing the highest prevalence (7.59%), followed by heart disease (1.96%), hypertension (1.07%), and diabetes 0.21%. Prevalence rates were 61.53% for health problems, 40.39% for allergy, and 24.83% for frequent headache or migraine. After multivariate analysis using Poisson regression, the factors associated with chronic disease were age 15 to 19 years (PR = 1.38), not attending school (PR = 1.46), having children (PR = 1.84), and obesity (PR = 1.54). Female gender (PR = 1.12) was statistically associated with health problems. The study illustrates that adolescence is a life stage in which chronic disease and health problems can occur.

Saúde dos adolescentes: um estudo de base populacional em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil / Adolescent health: a population-based study in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil / Salud de los adolescentes: un estudio poblacional en Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil

Estimou-se a prevalência de doenças crônicas diagnosticadas e de problemas de saúde referidos em adolescentes, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas e estado nutricional. É um estudo transversal de base populacional com dados do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, 2008. Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas, teste de associação pelo χ². A prevalência de doença crônica entre os adolescentes foi de 19,17%, asma apresentou a maior prevalência 7,59%, seguida de doenças cardíacas 1,96%, hipertensão 1,07% e diabetes 0,21%. A prevalência de problemas de saúde foi de 61,53%, alergia 40,39% e dor de cabeça frequente/enxaqueca 24,83% foram mais frequentes. Após análise múltipla por regressão de Poisson os fatores associados à doença crônica foram faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos (RP = 1,38), não frequentar escola (RP = 1,46), ter filhos (RP = 1,84) e ser obeso (RP = 1,54), e somente sexo feminino (RP = 1,12) se associou a problemas de saúde. A adolescência é uma fase da vida na qual também se adoece.

We estimated the prevalence of chronic diseases and other health problems reported by adolescents in relation to social and demographic variables and nutritional status. This cross-sectional population-based survey analyzed data from the Health Survey in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2008. We used descriptive statistics and associations between variables with the chisquare test. Prevalence of chronic diseases among adolescents was 19.17%, with asthma showing the highest prevalence (7.59%), followed by heart disease (1.96%), hypertension (1.07%), and diabetes 0.21%. Prevalence rates were 61.53% for health problems, 40.39% for allergy, and 24.83% for frequent headache or migraine. After multivariate analysis using Poisson regression, the factors associated with chronic disease were age 15 to 19 years (PR = 1.38), not attending school (PR = 1.46), having children (PR = 1.84), and obesity (PR = 1.54). Female gender (PR = 1.12) was statistically associated with health problems. The study illustrates that adolescence is a life stage in which chronic disease and health problems can occur.

Se estimó la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas y problemas de salud informados por los adolescentes, de acuerdo con las variables sociodemográficas y su estado nutricional. Se trata de un estudio transversal de base poblacional con datos de la Encuesta de Salud de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, 2008. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva con el test de asociación de χ². La prevalencia de enfermedad crónica entre adolescentes fue de un 19,17%, el asma presentó la mayor prevalencia un 7,59%, seguido por la enfermedad cardíaca un 1,96%, hipertensión un 1,07% y la diabetes un 0,21%. La prevalencia de problemas de salud fue de un 61,53%, la alergia un 40,39% y frecuentes dolores de cabeza/migraña un 24,83% fueron los problemas de salud más frecuentes. Tras el análisis multivariante, mediante la regresión de Poisson, los factores asociados con la enfermedad crónica tenían entre 15 y 19 años (RP = 1,38), no asisten a la escuela (PR = 1,46), tienen hijos (RP = 1,84) y obesidad (RP = 1,54), y sólo el sexo femenino (RP = 1,12) se asoció con problemas de salud. La adolescencia es una etapa de la vida en la que también se enferma.

Physical disability, recent illnesses and health self-assessment in a population-based study in São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate health self-assessment and to estimate the prevalence of chronic diseases and recent illnesses in people with and without physical disabilities (PD) in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study comprising two population-based health surveys conducted in 2002 and 2003. METHODS: A total of 8317 persons (165 with PD) were interviewed in the two studies. Variables concerning to health self-assessment; chronic disease and recent illness were compared in the people with and without PD. Negative binomial regression was used in the analysis. RESULTS: Subjects with PD more often assessed their health as poor/very poor compared to non-disabled ones. They reported more illnesses in the 15 days prior to interview as well as more chronic diseases (skin conditions, anaemia, chronic kidney disease, stroke, depression/anxiety, migraine/headache, pulmonary diseases, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis/arthrosis/rheumatic conditions and heart disease). This higher disease prevalence can be either attributed to disability itself or be associated to gender, age and schooling. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with PD had more recent illnesses and chronic diseases and poorer health self-assessment than non-disabled ones. Age, gender, schooling and disability have individual roles in disease development among disabled people.

Dramatic improvement in survival among adult Brazilian AIDS patients.

BACKGROUND: Since the last study of survival time among Brazilian AIDS patients, care has improved steadily, culminating in a controversial policy of universal free access to triple antiretroviral treatment since 1996. This large, national study examined how these changes have impacted survival. METHODS: Using national data for cases diagnosed in 1995 and 1996, we randomly selected 3930 adult AIDS cases from 18 cities in seven states representing all regions of Brazil. Trained abstracters reviewed medical records, determining dates of diagnosis and death or last contact, exposure category, treatment, and demographics. After review, 2821 cases met the inclusion criteria and were available for Kaplan-Meier and proportional hazards analysis. Data from the earlier study were re-analyzed for comparison. RESULTS: Median survival was 5 months for cases diagnosed in the 1980s, 18 months for those diagnosed in 1995, and 58 months for those diagnosed in 1996. Predictors of longer survival in univariate analysis included antiretroviral treatment, year of diagnosis, higher education, sexual exposure category, female sex, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis. In multivariate analysis, the predictive value of most of these was attenuated or disappeared, leaving antiretroviral treatment as the main predictor of survival. CONCLUSIONS: Survival time has increased substantially for adult Brazilian AIDS patients. The timing of these gains and analysis of the predictors of survival both indicate antiretroviral treatment as the cause. These findings demonstrate that universal access to antiretroviral treatment in a developing country can produce benefits on the same scale as in richer countries.

[Suicide mortality: gender and socioeconomic differences]. / Mortes por suicídio: diferenças de gênero e nível socioeconômico.

OBJECTIVE: To describe suicide mortality trend and sociodemographic patterns identifying gender and socioeconomic differences. METHODS: The trend of crude rates of suicide mortality by sex in the city of Campinas, Brazil, for the period 1976-2001 was assessed. Data from the Mortality Registry were used for sociodemographic analyses in the period 1996-2001. An ecological approach was used to examine socioeconomic differences and the 42 city areas of health care units were classified into 4 homogeneous strata. Rates were age-adjusted using direct method. RESULTS: The city has a low suicide rate (less than 5/100,000) in comparison with other countries. Male excess mortality was over 2.7 male suicides for each female suicide. While in 1980-1985 the older group (55 years and older) had the highest suicide rates, in 1997-2001 the middle-aged adult group (35-54 years old) showed the highest ones. As for suicide methods, men used hanging (36.4%) and firearms (31.8%), while women used poisoning (24.2%) and firearms and hanging (21.2% each). Hangings led to death at home, while firearms or poisoning deaths took place more often in hospitals. Suicide is different from homicide in that there is no rate increase with lower socioeconomic level. CONCLUSIONS: Suicide rates are low with successive increments and decrements without consistent growing or lowering trends. The risk of dying by suicide is higher among men and does not increase with lower socioeconomic condition.

Mortes por suicídio: diferenças de gênero e nível socioeconômico / Suicide mortlity: gender and socioeconomic differences

OBJETIVO: Descrever a tendência da mortalidade por suicídio e o perfil sociodemográfico, identificando diferenças de sexo e nível socioeconômico. MÉTODOS: Analisou-se a tendência das taxas brutas de suicídio, em Campinas, SP, no período 1976-2001, segundo o sexo. Para a análise sociodemográfica dos óbitos, no período de 1996-2001, foi utilizado o Banco de Dados de Obitos de Campinas. Para a análise das diferenças socioeconômicas utilizou-se abordagem ecológica, em que as 42 áreas de abrangência das unidades básicas dos serviços de saúde foram agrupadas em quatro estratos homogêneos. Calcularam-se taxas padronizadas por idade (método direto). RESULTADOS: Comparando a outros países, a mortalidade por suicídio no município foi baixa (<5 ób/100.000 hab). A sobremortalidade masculina foi superior a 2,7 suicídios masculinos para cada suicídio feminino. Em 1980-1985 as maiores taxas foram observadas nos adultos de 55 anos e mais; já em 1997-2001 as taxas säo mais elevadas nos adultos de 35-54 anos. Entre os homens, os meios mais utilizados säo o enforcamento (36,4por cento) e as armas de fogo (31,8por cento). Entre as mulheres predomina o envenenamento (24,2por cento), seguido pelas armas de fogo e enforcamento (21,2por cento cada); este último ocorreu predominantemente no domicílio (75,7por cento); já as mortes por arma de fogo e envenenamento ocorreram em maior proporçäo em hospitais. Diferentemente dos homicídios, os suicídios näo apresentam aumento progressivo das taxas com a diminuiçäo do nível socioeconômico. CONCLUSOES: As taxas säo baixas, oscilando com aumentos e declínios sucessivos, sem tendência continua de crescimento ou reduçäo. Os riscos de morte por suicídio säo maiores nos homens e näo aumentam com a reduçäo do nível socioeconômico

As diferenças de estado nutricional em pré-escolares de rede pública e a transição nutricional / Differences between the nutritional status of children in public preschools and nutritional transition

Objetivo: verificar a existência de diferenças de perfis nutricionais em pré-escolares de rede pública que justifiquem intervenções diferenciadas. Métodos: trata-se de estudo seccional, realizado em 1.200 pré-escolares da rede pública de Cosmópolis, SP. Foram calculados escores de desvio-padrão para os índices altura/idade, peso/idade e peso/altura em relação aos da população do NCHS. Os índices foram analisados segundo sexo, idade, escola frequentada e localização da escola nos setores urbanos do município. Resultados: observou-se que as distribuições dos índices foram semelhantes às da populaçào de referência. Os meninos apresentaram médias de escore z mais baixas que as meninas. Houve diferença significativa entre as médias de escore z em relação à escola frequentada. Verificou-se prevalência maior de crianças com défcits moderados de altura e peso nas escolas fora do centro e maior prevalência de obesidade nas escolas do centro. Entretanto, mesmo nas escolas fora do centro, a prevalência de obesidade foi superior à de deficiência nutricional. Conclusões: conclui-se que também em município de pequeno porte e em segmento da população relativamente homogêneo, é possível verificar a existência de diferentes padrões nutricionais em subgrupos da população. As diferenças observadas nos perfis nutricionais, conforme a escola frequentada e a localização da escola, apontam a necessidade de atenção e intervenções distintas