Psychometric Evaluation of the Nursing Outcome "Pain: Adverse Psychological Response" in Patients With Chronic Pain.

PURPOSE: To culturally adapt into Spanish and validate the outcome "Pain: Adverse psychological response" (code 1306) in patients with chronic pain. METHODS: A three-stage study was conducted: (a) translation and cultural adaptation, (b) content validation, and (c) clinical validation. FINDINGS: The Spanish version of the outcome "Pain: Adverse psychological response" has high content validity ( 0.91). Fourteen indicators were organized into two factors. This version offers good reliability in both inter-observer agreement (kappa = 0.72) and internal consistency (alpha = 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish adaptation of "Pain: Adverse psychological response" is a reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of emotional aspects of chronic pain. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The Spanish adaptation of this outcome offers nurses a set of structured indicators to measure the adverse emotional impact of chronic pain.

Clinical Validation of the Nursing Outcome "Pain: Disruptive Effects" in People With Chronic Pain in Spain.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The measurement of the effects of chronic pain on the patients is a challenge for nurses. The purpose was to translate into Spanish and to assess the psychometrics of the indicators of the nursing outcome "Pain: disruptive effects." METHODS: A three-stage study: (a) translation and cultural adaptation, (b) content validation, (c) clinical validation in 10 healthcare centers. RESULTS: The Spanish version of the outcome "Pain: disruptive effects" has high content validity (CVI = .90) with 17 indicators organized into three factors. The Inter-observer agreement was good (kappa = .66) and the internal consistency high (alpha = .90). CONCLUSIONS: The 17 indicators of the outcome "Pain: disruptive effects" has evidence of reliability and validity for assessing the harmful effects of chronic pain.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Nursing Outcome Knowledge: Pain Management in People with Chronic Pain.

Pain has a major impact on health and quality of life. Since the level of knowledge of painful conditions can influence how these are addressed and managed, assessing this knowledge in patients becomes crucial. As a result, it is necessary to have culturally adapted and validated instruments that specifically measure patients' knowledge of chronic pain management. The objective of this study was to carry out the Spanish cultural adaptation and the validation of the outcome Knowledge: PainManagement of the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) in patients with chronic pain, defined as extent of understanding conveyed about causes, symptoms, and treatment of pain. A three-stage study was designed: 1) translation and cultural adaptation through an expert panel, 2) content validation, 3) clinical validation. This study provides nurses with a Spanish version of this scale adapted to their context, as well as a set of structured indicators to measure patients' knowledge about chronic pain. The results indicated that the culturally adapted Spanish version of the outcome Knowledge: PainManagement had a high level of content validity (CVI = 0.92), with 27 indicators being distributed between two factors. This version has been shown to be reliable in terms of inter-observer agreement (κ = 0.79) and internal consistency (α = 0.95). In conclusion, Knowledge: PainManagement has been shown to be reliable and valid to measure knowledge of chronic pain.

Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Spanish Version of the Nursing Outcome "Pain Control" in Primary Care Patients with Chronic Pain.

The control of chronic pain is a major challenge for patients and health care professionals. To culturally adapt the Nursing Outcomes Classification outcome "Pain control" (PC) to the Spanish health care setting and to analyze its psychometric properties and sensitivity to change. A study of three stages was designed: (1) Translation and cultural adaptation by translation-back-translation method, (2) content validation by a group of experts, and (3) observational-longitudinal study in patients with chronic pain. Patient sampling was nonprobabilistic, and participants completed forms and questionnaires and responded to a question on pain. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis, content validity index (for global PC and each indicator), principal component analysis, Spearman's test, Cronbach's α, Cohen's κ coefficient, and Wilcoxon range test. The new Spanish version of "Pain control" was semantically equivalent to the original, with a mean content validity index of 0.96. The clinical study included 88 patients with long-term pain, and the mean (standard deviation) interval between assessments (baseline and final) was 29.33 (8.05) days. Thirteen indicators were organized into two components. There was divergent but not convergent validity with the Change Pain Scale and Brief Pain Inventory. Between-observer agreement was κ = 0.48 and internal consistency was α = 0.85. No differences were found between mean baseline and final scores. The Spanish version of "Pain control," culturally adapted and structured in two components (13 indicators), is useful to assess and monitor pain control in patients with chronic pain.

[Cultural adaptation and content validation of the «Pain level¼ outcome of the Nursing Outcomes Classification]. / Adaptación cultural y validación de contenido del resultado «Nivel del dolor¼ de la Clasificación de Resultados de Enfermería.

AIMS: To translate and culturally adapt the Pain Level outcome to the Spanish context to validate the contents of the Spanish version of the «Pain level¼ outcome. METHOD: The original English version of the «Pain level¼ outcome was translated into Spanish (twice); then back-translated into English, and all the discrepancies were resolved after consulting with NOC authors. A panel consisting of 21 experts in pain care assessed this culturally adapted Spanish version, in order to score the content validity. In the first step, the experts scored the adequacy of each indicator to the concept «Pain level¼. In the second round, three new indicators were scored. The Statistical analysis included content validity index (CVI), probability of agreement by chance, and modified kappa statistic. RESULTS: A Spanish version was developed including label, definition, two groups of indicators, and two measurement scales. This version is fully adapted to the Spanish context and language. A set of 21 indicators (19 translated and two new) was selected, and 4 were deleted (three translated and one new). The CVI-average score was 0.83 and the CVI-universal agreement was 0.05. CONCLUSION: The Spanish-version of the outcome «Pain level¼ is semantically and culturally to adapted to a Spanish context and preserves equivalency with the original. Content validation has identified indicators useful for practice. The clinimetric properties (validity and reliability) of the adapted version could be tested in a clinical study with people suffering from acute pain.

Evaluación de una acción formativa sobre anestesia local / Assessment of a training action on local anaesthesia

Objetivos: evaluar un conjunto de acciones formativas para enfermeras sobre la anestesia local.Material y método: estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal.La población la formaron 417 enfermeras colegidasque realizaban una formación de postgrado. Para la recogidade los datos se utilizó un cuestionario autoadministrado específicodiseñado para tal fin y aplicado al finalizar la ActividadFormativa (AF). Se realizó un análisis univariante y bivariante(Chi-cuadrado y t de Student).Resultados: se obtuvieron 369 cuestionarios válidos en cincoaños. Se daba una asociación significativa entre el nivel deconocimientos y considerar adecuada la formación específica.Un 78,1% de las enfermeras se consideraban preparadas paraaplicar los conocimientos recibidos tras la acción formativaen su práctica clínica. Se evidenció una relación significativaentre la adquisición de un nivel de conocimientos alto (71,74%)y reflejar “totalmente” respecto a que el equipo docente habíatransmitido eficazmente los contenidos, así como con percibirque la metodología empleada había favorecido la participación(65,57%) y opinar que la metodología empleada se adaptabalos contenidos de la AF (70,32%).Conclusiones: si bien la formación previa es escasa, con laactividad formativa se produjo un importante aumento de conocimientos.Por otra parte, las enfermeras consideraban aplicableel contenido a su práctica clínica. Los resultados muestranque existen factores de influencia en la adquisición deconocimientos, unos directamente relacionados con las expectativasy motivaciones de los profesionales y otros ligadosa la estructura y planteamiento docente y metodológico (AU)

Objectives: to assess a series of training actions for nurseson local anaesthesia.Material and method: observational, descriptive and crosssectionalstudy. The study population was comprised of 417 registerednurses that were enrolled in a postgraduate course.A self-administered, specifically designed questionnaire waselaborated and administered at completion of the training action(TA). Univariate and bivariate analyses were carried out(Chi-square and Student t test).Results: 369 valid questionnaires were obtained in five years.A significant association existed between the level of knowledgeand the adequacy of specific training. A 78,1% of the nursesconsidered themselves to be prepared to apply the knowledgelearnt into their clinical practice after the training action.A significant relationship was evidenced between the acquisitionof a high level knowledge (71,74%) and a clear recognitionof the ability of the academic team to transmit the contents inan effective manner and also to confirm that the methods usedhad fostered participation (65,57%) and were adapted to thecontents of the TA (70,32%).Conclusions: even though prior training was scarce, the trainingaction was successful in significantly increasing the levelof knowledge. On the other hand, nurses were of the opinionthat the contents of the action were applicable to theirclinical practice. Results show that there are factors that influencethe acquisition of knowledge, some of which are directlyrelated to the expectations and motivations of the professionalswhilst others are associated with the structure and the academicand methodological approach used (AU)