ABSTRACT
Designer drugs or new psychoactive substances (NPS) are a heterogeneous group of substances obtained through the modification of chemical structure of some natural products or drugs. NPS illegally commercialized in blotter papers mimicking the most common form of LSD consumption, with a great variability of colours and symbols, have largely increased worldwide, including in Brazil, becoming an important emerging public health issue. In this study, we have evaluated the presence and profile of NPS in blotters seized in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, over the period of 2011 to 2017. The state government criminal forensics staff has performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analyses in order to determine the chemical composition of the blotters. During the evaluated period, there was a considerable increase in the seizing of blotters events, from 87 in 2011, to 301 in 2016 and reaching 277 in 2017. There was also an increase in the number of blotters seized per event. Interestingly, while in 2011, 100% of blotters contained LSD, this number decreased to 0,1% in 2014, and achieved 17,6% in 2017, when up to 25 different substances were detected in blotters seized. Drugs such as DOx, NBOMe, fentanyl, mescaline derivatives, triptamines, cathinones, and synthetic cannabinoids were detected and became the major substances found in blotters. In some cases, more than one substance was found in the same blotter, characterizing a new mixture scenario. The presence of several new psychoactive substances in blotters is a reality in forensic toxicology. In Brazil, it might be related to the fact that most of these substances were not considered illegal by Brazilian legislation by the time they emerged.
Subject(s)
Designer Drugs/analysis , Illicit Drugs/analysis , Paper , Psychotropic Drugs/analysis , Brazil/epidemiology , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Humans , Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/analysis , Retrospective Studies , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Ecstasy is the name given to a large group of substances known as "club drugs" traded in the form of tablets, powder and liquid that present a varied composition, including mainly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and analogous substances, in addition to the growing presence of new psychoactive substances. Based on this, clandestinely produced tablets ("ecstasy tablets") seized by police in Santa Catarina in the period from 2011 to 2017 were analyzed. During the study period, 3472 seizures occurred, which resulted in total 498,443 tablets seized. Seventy nine substances were identified. In the year 2011, about 90% of the tablets contained MDMA. This number decreased to 66.6% in 2017. On the other hand, there was an increase in the number of tablets that mainly contained synthetic cathinones, as well as tryptamine and piperazine derivatives. Police seizures in the metropolitan region of Florianópolis and on the coast prevailed over the rest of the state.
ABSTRACT
La vitamina D es una sustancia liposoluble, que tiene dos formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) o colecalciferol (vitamina D3), que se encuentran en algunas plantas y peces, y son sintetizadas en la piel a través de la luz del sol respectivamente. La deficiencia de esta vitamina puede ayudar en la aparición y agravamiento de muchas enfermedades. La deficiencia de vitamina D es común en personas de edad avanzada, sin embargo, puede estar presente en cualquier edad y se asocia con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las enfermedades autoinmunes, el cáncer y las enfermedades metabólicas. La producción de vitamina D en la piel es modulada por la estación, la latitud, la hora del día, pigmentación de la piel, la edad y el uso de protectores solares. Su forma activa 1,25(OH)2D ejerce diversas funciones en el cuerpo, tales como la salud ósea, la homeostasis, el metabolismo celular, la regulación del sistema inmunológico, cardiovascular y sistema esquelético. En la actualidad, la falta se considera como un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo.(AU)
Vitamin D is a liposoluble substance, which has two forms: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), found in some plants and fish, or synthesized in the skin through sunlight, respectively. Deficiency of this vitamin may help to the onset and worsening of many diseases. Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in the elderly, but can be present at any age, and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer and metabolic diseases. The skin vitamin D production is modulated by the season, latitude, time of day, skin pigmentation, age and use of sunscreen. Its active form 1,25(OH)2D exerts several functions in the body such as bone health, homeostasis, cell metabolism, immune system regulation, cardiovascular and skeletal systems. Currently, its lack is seen as a public health problem worldwide.(AU)
A vitamina D é uma substÔncia lipossolúvel, que se apresenta de duas formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) ou colecalciferol (vitamina D3), encontrada em plantas e alguns peixes, ou sintetizada na pele através da luz solar, respectivamente. A deficiÛncia desta vitamina pode auxiliar no aparecimento e agravamento de diversas patologias. A hipovitaminose D é prevalente em indivíduos idosos, contudo, pode estar presente em qualquer faixa etária e está relacionada com doenþas cardiovasculares, doenþas autoimunes, cÔncer e doenþas metabólicas. A produþÒo cutÔnea de vitamina D é modulada pela estaþÒo, latitude, período do dia, pigmentaþÒo da pele, idade e uso de filtro solar. Sua forma ativa 1,25(OH)2D exerce diversas funþ§es no organismo, como na saúde óssea, homeostasia, metabolismo celular, regulaþÒo do sistema imune, cardiovascular e esquelético. Atualmente, sua deficiÛncia é vista como um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo.(AU)
ABSTRACT
A vitamina D é uma substÔncia lipossolúvel, que se apresenta de duas formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) ou colecalciferol (vitamina D3), encontrada em plantas e alguns peixes, ou sintetizada na pele através da luz solar, respectivamente. A deficiÛncia desta vitamina pode auxiliar no aparecimento e agravamento de diversas patologias. A hipovitaminose D é prevalente em indivíduos idosos, contudo, pode estar presente em qualquer faixa etária e está relacionada com doenþas cardiovasculares, doenþas autoimunes, cÔncer e doenþas metabólicas. A produþÒo cutÔnea de vitamina D é modulada pela estaþÒo, latitude, período do dia, pigmentaþÒo da pele, idade e uso de filtro solar. Sua forma ativa 1,25(OH)2D exerce diversas funþ§es no organismo, como na saúde óssea, homeostasia, metabolismo celular, regulaþÒo do sistema imune, cardiovascular e esquelético. Atualmente, sua deficiÛncia é vista como um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo.(AU)
La vitamina D es una sustancia liposoluble, que tiene dos formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) o colecalciferol (vitamina D3), que se encuentran en algunas plantas y peces, o son sintetizadas en la piel a través de la luz del sol respectivamente. La deficiencia de esta vitamina puede ayudar en la aparición y agravamiento de muchas enfermedades. La deficiencia de vitamina D es común en personas de edad avanzada, sin embargo, puede estar presente en cualquier edad y se asocia con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las enfermedades autoinmunes, el cáncer y las enfermedades metabólicas. La producción de vitamina D en la piel es modulada por la estación, la latitud, la hora del día, pigmentación de la piel, la edad y el uso de protectores solares. Su forma activa 1,25(OH)2D ejerce diversas funciones en el cuerpo, tales como la salud ósea, la homeostasis, el metabolismo celular, la regulación del sistema inmunológico, cardiovascular y sistema esquelético. En la actualidad, la falta se considera como un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo.(AU)
Vitamin D is a liposoluble substance, which has two forms: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), found in some plants and fish, or synthesized in the skin through sunlight, respectively. Deficiency of this vitamin may help to the onset and worsening of many diseases. Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in the elderly, but can be present at any age, and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer and metabolic diseases. The skin vitamin D production is modulated by the season, latitude, time of day, skin pigmentation, age and use of sunscreen. Its active form 1,25(OH)2D exerts several functions in the body such as bone health, homeostasis, cell metabolism, immune system regulation, cardiovascular and skeletal systems. Currently, its lack is seen as a public health problem worldwide.(AU)
ABSTRACT
La vitamina D es una sustancia liposoluble, que tiene dos formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) o colecalciferol (vitamina D3), que se encuentran en algunas plantas y peces, y son sintetizadas en la piel a través de la luz del sol respectivamente. La deficiencia de esta vitamina puede ayudar en la aparición y agravamiento de muchas enfermedades. La deficiencia de vitamina D es común en personas de edad avanzada, sin embargo, puede estar presente en cualquier edad y se asocia con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las enfermedades autoinmunes, el cáncer y las enfermedades metabólicas. La producción de vitamina D en la piel es modulada por la estación, la latitud, la hora del día, pigmentación de la piel, la edad y el uso de protectores solares. Su forma activa 1,25(OH)2D ejerce diversas funciones en el cuerpo, tales como la salud ósea, la homeostasis, el metabolismo celular, la regulación del sistema inmunológico, cardiovascular y sistema esquelético. En la actualidad, la falta se considera como un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo.
Vitamin D is a liposoluble substance, which has two forms: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), found in some plants and fish, or synthesized in the skin through sunlight, respectively. Deficiency of this vitamin may help to the onset and worsening of many diseases. Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in the elderly, but can be present at any age, and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer and metabolic diseases. The skin vitamin D production is modulated by the season, latitude, time of day, skin pigmentation, age and use of sunscreen. Its active form 1,25(OH)2D exerts several functions in the body such as bone health, homeostasis, cell metabolism, immune system regulation, cardiovascular and skeletal systems. Currently, its lack is seen as a public health problem worldwide.
A vitamina D é uma substância lipossolúvel, que se apresenta de duas formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) ou colecalciferol (vitamina D3), encontrada em plantas e alguns peixes, ou sintetizada na pele através da luz solar, respectivamente. A deficiência desta vitamina pode auxiliar no aparecimento e agravamento de diversas patologias. A hipovitaminose D é prevalente em indivíduos idosos, contudo, pode estar presente em qualquer faixa etária e está relacionada com doenças cardiovasculares, doenças autoimunes, câncer e doenças metabólicas. A produção cutânea de vitamina D é modulada pela estação, latitude, período do dia, pigmentação da pele, idade e uso de filtro solar. Sua forma ativa 1,25(OH)2D exerce diversas funções no organismo, como na saúde óssea, homeostasia, metabolismo celular, regulação do sistema imune, cardiovascular e esquelético. Atualmente, sua deficiência é vista como um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Vitamin D Deficiency , Vitamin D Deficiency/complications , Vitamin D/metabolism , Vitamin D/physiology , Avitaminosis , Cardiovascular Diseases , Dihydroxycholecalciferols , Hypertension , Neoplasms , Vitamin DABSTRACT
A vitamina D é uma substância lipossolúvel, que se apresenta de duas formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) ou colecalciferol (vitamina D3), encontrada em plantas e alguns peixes, ou sintetizada na pele através da luz solar, respectivamente. A deficiência desta vitamina pode auxiliar no aparecimento e agravamento de diversas patologias. A hipovitaminose D é prevalente em indivíduos idosos, contudo, pode estar presente em qualquer faixa etária e está relacionada com doenças cardiovasculares, doenças autoimunes, câncer e doenças metabólicas. A produção cutânea de vitamina D é modulada pela estação, latitude, período do dia, pigmentação da pele, idade e uso de filtro solar. Sua forma ativa 1,25(OH)2D exerce diversas funções no organismo, como na saúde óssea, homeostasia, metabolismo celular, regulação do sistema imune, cardiovascular e esquelético. Atualmente, sua deficiência é vista como um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo.
La vitamina D es una sustancia liposoluble, que tiene dos formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) o colecalciferol (vitamina D3), que se encuentran en algunas plantas y peces, o son sintetizadas en la piel a través de la luz del sol respectivamente. La deficiencia de esta vitamina puede ayudar en la aparición y agravamiento de muchas enfermedades. La deficiencia de vitamina D es común en personas de edad avanzada, sin embargo, puede estar presente en cualquier edad y se asocia con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las enfermedades autoinmunes, el cáncer y las enfermedades metabólicas. La producción de vitamina D en la piel es modulada por la estación, la latitud, la hora del día, pigmentación de la piel, la edad y el uso de protectores solares. Su forma activa 1,25(OH)2D ejerce diversas funciones en el cuerpo, tales como la salud ósea, la homeostasis, el metabolismo celular, la regulación del sistema inmunológico, cardiovascular y sistema esquelético. En la actualidad, la falta se considera como un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo.
Vitamin D is a liposoluble substance, which has two forms: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), found in some plants and fish, or synthesized in the skin through sunlight, respectively. Deficiency of this vitamin may help to the onset and worsening of many diseases. Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in the elderly, but can be present at any age, and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer and metabolic diseases. The skin vitamin D production is modulated by the season, latitude, time of day, skin pigmentation, age and use of sunscreen. Its active form 1,25(OH)2D exerts several functions in the body such as bone health, homeostasis, cell metabolism, immune system regulation, cardiovascular and skeletal systems. Currently, its lack is seen as a public health problem worldwide.
ABSTRACT
Amostras de Ephedra tweediana Fisch & C.A. Meyer, coletadas de populações nativas da Reserva Biológica do Lami José Lutzenberger (Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil), e amostras de Ephedra triandra Tul., obtidas de plantas cultivadas em Porto Alegre/RS, foram extraídas com acetona, derivatizadas com ciclohexanona e analisadas por CG/EM. Para verificação da eficiência da metodologia, além das amostras de Ephedra tweediana e E. triandra, foram analisadas cinco amostras comerciais de Ephedra, de procedências distintas, cedidas por farmácias de manipulação locais. Os resultados encontrados indicam a ausência de efedrinas em Ephedra tweediana e E. triandra e presença de efedrina e/ou pseudoefedrina nas amostras comerciais.
Samples of Ephedra tweediana, collected from native populations occurring in the Reserva Biológica do Lami José Lutzenberger (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil), and from cultivated plants of Ephedra triandra were submitted to extraction with acetone, derivatized with cyclohexanone and analyzed by GC/MS. In order to verify the efficiency of the methodology, besides Ephedra tweediana and E. triandra, samples of five commercial Ephedra extracts were analyzed, from distinct origins, get up from local drugstores. The results showed the absence of ephedrines in Ephedra tweediana and E. triandra, and the presence of ephedrine and/or pseudoephedrine in commercial samples.
ABSTRACT
Stroke syndromes are a major cause of disability in middle and later life resulting in severe neuronal degeneration and loss of brain functions. In situations with energy failure, glutamate transport is impaired and high levels of this amino acid accumulate on the synaptic cleft. Our group has showed that guanosine exerts neuroprotection against neurotoxicity situations. The aim of this work is draw a post-ischemic profile of glutamate uptake and cell damage using an oxygen and glucose deprivation model (OGD) in hippocampal slices from young (P10) and adult (P60) rats, analyzing guanosine effect. OGD decreases glutamate uptake in both ages and recovery times, although decrease in cell viability was only observed 1 and 3 h after OGD in young and adult animals, respectively. Guanosine partially protected cell damage from 1 h in P10 and at 3 h in P60 rats and avoided glutamate uptake decrease from P10 rats at 3 h. The impairment of glutamate transporters since immediately after the insult observed here is probably due to an energetic failure; loss of cell viability was only observed from 1 h after OGD. The mechanism by which guanosine acts in the 'ischemic' model used here is still unknown, but evidence leads to its antiapoptotic effect.
Subject(s)
Aging/metabolism , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Guanosine/metabolism , Hippocampus/growth & development , Hippocampus/metabolism , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/metabolism , Amino Acid Transport System X-AG/drug effects , Amino Acid Transport System X-AG/metabolism , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Biological Transport, Active/drug effects , Biological Transport, Active/physiology , Brain Infarction/drug therapy , Brain Infarction/metabolism , Brain Infarction/physiopathology , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cell Survival/physiology , Energy Metabolism/drug effects , Energy Metabolism/physiology , Guanosine/pharmacology , Hippocampus/physiopathology , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/drug therapy , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/physiopathology , Male , Neurons/drug effects , Neurons/metabolism , Neuroprotective Agents/metabolism , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Organ Culture Techniques , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
In nervous tissue, the calcium (Ca(2+)) release induces neurotransmitter exocytosis and synaptic plasticity in neurons and is essential for Ca(2+) waves and oscillations in astrocytes. In this work, we have investigated the effect of organocalchogens on calcium influx in synaptosomal preparations under basal and depolarizing conditions. Acute administration of ebselen caused a significant increase of 34% (p < 0.05) Ca(2+) influx, when under basal conditions but showed no effect on potassium stimulated calcium conditions by brain synaptosomes. Diphenyl ditelluride (PhTe)(2) increased (45)Ca(2+) influx by 40% (p < 0.05) under depolarizing conditions, while diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)(2) had no effect on the brain synaptosomes studied. In addition, we characterized an "in vitro" model with the purpose of studying Ca(2+) movements in slices. In this model, we examined the effect of diorganylchalcogenides using brain hippocampal slices, which showed the decrease of calcium influx with the three drugs studied. These findings showed that there are different effects of diorganylchalcogenides in the different models evaluated. It is possible that these differential effects result from the action of neural signal transduction pathways at different levels, possibly involving neurotransmitter release and channel targeting.
