A scoping review of the structuring of questions about sexual orientation and gender identity.

The purpose of this scoping review is to map the extent of the current research on how to best structure questions asking respondents to self-identify their sexual orientation and gender identity and to ascertain what further issues about measurement need to be explored. Using the Arksey and O'Malley framework for scoping reviews, 52 articles describing primary research about how to structure sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) questions, published in the years 2000-2021, were identified and analyzed. The domain of sexuality being asked about (e.g., self-label vs. behavior) needs to be clarified, and gender identity should be asked through a multipart item differentiating current identity from the sex assigned at birth. The terms used in the response options should be defined and may vary based on the study population or context. Contrary to expectations given the wide range of question formats currently being used in the field, there is considerable consensus around the basic tenets for structuring questions designed to assess SOGI dimensions.

Mobilizing bystanders to address microaggressions in the workplace: The case for a systems-change approach to Getting A (Collective) GRIP.

Microaggressions present significant barriers to the entry and advancement of individuals from marginalized groups within the workplace. Their ubiquity, coupled with their harmful impact, creates an urgent need for organizations to mitigate them to foster truly equitable and inclusive work environments. In this paper, we present a bystander-focused approach to address this particular form of workplace bias. Informed by the empirical literature and grounded in socioecological principles, we underscore the importance of a systems-change approach to the development and implementation of any bystander program. We describe ways to incorporate social-ecological sensibilities into the substance of the training itself by outlining our "Get A (Collective) GRIP" framework. This framework emphasizes the need for active bystanders to employ an ecological scan that includes Assessing what happened, determining one's Goals for intervening, considering the Relationships among those involved in the incident (target/s, transgressor/s, and witness/es), taking into account the Institutional context in which the incident occurs, and being attuned to structural issues and Power dynamics within the context. Finding ways to address microaggressions that embody systemic analyses has transformative potential for the workplace and doing so through activating bystanders to alter local social norms is an area that has tremendous promise in this regard.

Scholarship for Social Change: Reflections of an Accidental Academic.

In this article, I describe how I stumbled my way into an academic career doing research to promote social change toward greater equity and inclusion. I reflect on how my path has been informed by my own experiences with harassment, marginalization, and privilege. These reflections build upon the belief that we are all informed by our histories, vantage points, and social locations and that those forces shape the questions we ask, the way we ask them, how and where we look for evidence, and what we do with the results once we get them. My diverse, urban high school experience combined with my circuitous educational path did not portend great potential to become an academic. I describe experiences that expanded my awareness and opened up opportunities to grow and expand upon my role as an activist scholar. Through examples from my own work, I explore three possible functions of research that can contribute to social change: (a) NAMING, which leads to awareness, recognition, and engagement; (b) FRAMING, which expands our view beyond the moment and specific instances and leads to the identification and disruption of constraining contextual circumstances and assumptions; and (c) CATALYZING action, which builds momentum and promotes capacity for action.

Leading the Way on Diversity: Community Psychology's Evolution from Invisible to Individual to Contextual.

To take up the AJCP editor's call to think forward in this article, I offer up three challenges that revolve around further contextualizing our understandings of diversity, i.e., reconsidering the notion of "difference" between discrete categories; more fully emphasizing diversity as socially situated; and further delving into local, setting-specific practices that shape the meanings of diversity. Enhanced attention to these three challenges can transform theory, research, and action about diversity as we move into community psychology's next 50 years.

Occupation-differential construct validity of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) psychological job demands scale with physical job demands items: a mixed methods research.

The construct validity of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) psychological demands scale in relationship to physical demands has been inconsistent. This study aims to test quantitatively and qualitatively whether the scale validity differs by occupation. Hierarchical clustering analyses of 10 JCQ psychological and physical demands items were conducted in 61 occupations from two datasets: one of non-faculty workers at a university in the United States (6 occupations with 208 total workers) and the other of a Belgian working population (55 occupations with 13,039 total workers). The psychological and physical demands items overlapped in 13 of 61 occupation-stratified clustering analyses. Most of the overlaps occurred in physically-demanding occupations and involved the two psychological demands items, 'work fast' and 'work hard'. Generally, the scale reliability was low in such occupations. Additionally, interviews with eight university workers revealed that workers interpreted the two psychological demands items differently by the nature of their tasks. The scale validity was occupation-differential. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY: The JCQ psychological job demands scale as a job demand measure has been used worldwide in many studies. This study indicates that the wordings of the 'work fast' and 'work hard' items of the scale need to be reworded enough to differentiate mental and physical job demands as intended, 'psychological.'

Migration as a context-dependent dynamic in a world of global inequalities / Las Migraciones como Dinámica Dependiente del Contexto en un Mundo de Desigualdades Globales / Migración, Inmigración y Comunidad: Un Comentario

Global migration is a topic of utmost importance in psychological research. As over 200 million people are on the move across national borders, and many more within their own countries, the processes of these migrations must be examined from different points of view and from different geographic allocations. The articles in this special journal issue pointedly illustrate the role of international, national, community, and individual factors that shape these migrations. One cross-cutting theme is the importance of studying how multiple levels of context affect immigrant and migrant experiences. All six contributions, collectively, enrich the often individual-centric psychological literature. Issues of resilience and spaces of resistance emerged as a second cross-cutting theme, pointing to new directions for acculturation research and intervention. The challenge of recognizing diversity within migrant communities and among migration patterns is a third cross-cutting theme essential to address as we work toward a more equal world in which people can more freely chose whether to stay or leave their homes (AU)

Las migraciones globales representan un tema de suma importancia en la investigación psicológica. Más de 200 millones de personas se desplazan a través de las naciones del mundo y muchos más son los que lo hacen dentro de las fronteras de su propio país. Estas migraciones deben ser examinadas desde diferentes puntos de vista, perspectivas y lugares geográficos. Los artículos de este monográfico ilustran el papel de los factores organizacionales internacionales, nacionales, comunitarios e individuales que dan forma a estas migraciones. Un primer tema transversal es la importancia que se otorga a estudiarlas experiencias migratorias desde una óptica multinivel y nos permiten reflexionar sobre cómo múltiples escenarios y contextos, afectan y definen las experiencias de las personas inmigrantes. Tomados como un conjunto, los seis artículos enriquecen una literatura científica excesivamente enfocada en aspectos psicológicos desde una óptica individualista. Un segundo tema transversal lo constituye aspectos relacionados con la resiliencia y espacios de resistencia. Este tema apunta nuevas direcciones para la investigación y la intervención en aculturación. El desafío de reconocer la diversidad dentro de las comunidades migrantes y los patrones migratorios constituyen un tercer elemento transversal que puede ayudar a la comunidad científica a avanzar hacia un mundo más equitativo en el que todas las personas puedan elegir libremente si quedarse o salir de sus casas (AU)

Listening to diversity stories: principles for practice in community research and action.

Three broad Diversity Principles for Community Research and Action are described and offered as community psychology's contribution to the growing literature on multicultural competence in psychology. The principles are applicable to multiple dimensions of diversity including race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, disability, and social class. The diversity principles are illustrated with examples from the twenty-two diversity stories in the AJCP Special Issue on Diversity Stories in Community Research and Action. Each of the three diversity principles (Community Culture, Community Context, and Self-in-Community) are associated with a fundamental assumption, a process emphasis (descriptive, analytic, and reflective), a core question to engage, an orienting stance (informed compassion, contextualized understanding, and empowered humility), and three areas of focus. Taken together, the principles suggest the value of the overarching stance of connected disruption. It is suggested that applying the principles to community work in diverse settings will facilitate the process of bridging differences and enhance the relevance and effectiveness of our work.

Gendered work conditions, health, and work outcomes.

This cross-sectional study of nonfaculty university employees examined associations among gendered work conditions (e.g., sexism and discrimination), job demands, and employee job satisfaction and health. Organizational responsiveness and social support were examined as effect modifiers. Comparisons were made by gender and by the male-female ratio in each job category. The relationship of gendered conditions of work to outcomes differed on the basis of respondents' sex and the job sex ratio. Although the same predictors were hypothesized for job satisfaction, physical health, and psychological distress, there were some differing results. The strongest correlate of job satisfaction was social support; perceived sexism in the workplace also contributed for both men and women. Organizational factors associated with psychological distress differed between female- and male-dominated jobs.

Be the fairest of them all: challenges and recommendations for the treatment of gender in occupational health research.

BACKGROUND: Both women's and men's occupational health problems merit scientific attention. Researchers need to consider the effect of gender on how occupational health issues are experienced, expressed, defined, and addressed. More serious consideration of gender-related factors will help identify risk factors for both women and men. METHODS: The authors, who come from a number of disciplines (ergonomics, epidemiology, public health, social medicine, community psychology, economics, sociology) pooled their critiques in order to arrive at the most common and significant problems faced by occupational health researchers who wish to consider gender appropriately. RESULTS: This paper describes some ways that gender can be and has been handled in studies of occupational health, as well as some of the consequences. The paper also suggests specific research practices that avoid errors. Obstacles to gender-sensitive practices are considered. CONCLUSIONS: Although gender-sensitive practices may be difficult to operationalize in some cases, they enrich the scientific quality of research and should lead to better data and ultimately to well-targeted prevention programs.

Placing poverty on the agenda of a primary health care team: an evaluation of an action research project.

The period of the last Government in the UK was marked by increases in poverty and social exclusion, with the gap widening between rich and poor, and differentials being associated with, and further entrenched by, inequalities in health. In 1994, the Audit Commission pointed to the potential contribution which proactive and well coordinated health and welfare services could make to meeting the needs of vulnerable families, and suggested the setting up of local demonstration projects. This paper reports on the achievements and limitations of Nottingham's 2-year Strategies for Practice in Disadvantaged Areas (SPIDA) Project which tested a model of team learning about poverty in relation to those registered with an inner-city doctor's practice. Members of a primary health care team engaged in a self-directed development programme which, despite numerous staff changes, enabled them to learn how to learn together, enhanced their understandings of what it means to live in poverty, and facilitated the establishment of collaborative and productive interagency working relationships at a neighbourhood level. It is suggested that staff in health and welfare organizations wishing to implement anti-poverty strategies could usefully consider adopting this model of team learning to promote collective action and change.