Comparison of total daily energy expenditure with dietary reference intakes values in a sample of urban, relatively active Brazilian adults: A doubly labeled water study.

OBJECTIVE: This report aimed to describe the results of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) assessed by doubly labeled water (DLW TDEE) and the adequacy of the dietary reference intakes (DRI) equations to estimate energy requirements (DRI ER). METHODS: A cross-sectional and observational study in a convenience sample of 40 healthy Brazilian adults (≥20 years; 21 women) living in a tropical urban region. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry, DLW TDEE was compared with DRI ER using individual calculated physical activity level (PAL = DLW TDEE/BMR) in its estimation. RESULTS: BMR (5043 ± 548 kJ/day in women and 6213 ± 656 kJ/day in men), DLW TDEE (8372 ± 1324 kJ/day and 11 453 ± 1834 kJ/day), and PAL (1.66 ± 0.17 and 1.85 ± 0.30, respectively) were significantly higher in men. The DRI ER significantly overestimated DLW TDEE by 13.7 ± 8.3% and 12.7 ± 10.7% in women and men, respectively. CONCLUSION: In the present sample of relatively active urban Brazilian subjects, the DRI ER yielded inaccurate estimation of DLW TDEE. More data from low- and moderate-income countries are necessary to develop accurate estimates of TDEE.

Energy expenditure of walking at different intensities in Brazilian college women.

BACKGROUND: Current recommendations state that all subjects should engage in at least 30 min of moderate intensity physical activity assuming an extra energy expenditure (EE) of 836kJ. AIMS: To determine the EE of walking at different intensities, to check whether the EE of walking could be estimated by intensity codes and to determine the time necessary to expend 836 kJ while walking. METHODS: Resting and walking EE in a treadmill (67/0; 93.8/0; and 93.8 m min(-1)/2.5% slope) were measured by indirect calorimetry in 58 healthy college-aged women. Walking EE was compared (paired Student t-tests) with estimated EE using the physical activity ratio values from FAO/WHO/UNU and the MET codes published in the Compendium of Physical Activities. RESULTS: Average EE increased from 12.1 (1.9) to 18.6 (2.9) kJ min(-1) or 3.5 (0.5) to 5.4 (0.7) kJ min(-1) multiples of measured MET. Walking EE at the two first intensities could be correctly estimated by the MET codes but according to age-dependent classification walking could only be considered moderate at the highest intensity. For the extra amount of 836 kJ these women would have to walk for at least 46 min at the highest intensity. CONCLUSIONS: EE of walking at ground level can be accurately estimated by MET codes but it is necessary to walk much longer than 30 min to reach the recommended level of EE for good health in college-aged Brazilian women.

Nutritional status of the adult population in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: the Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Health Survey

A household survey was conducted to assess the nutritional status of the adult population in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In the selected households, all adults (³ 20 years) had their body mass and stature measured. Body mass index (BMI) was used to determine the nutritional status according to the World Health Organization classification. The population estimates showed low prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18.5kg/m²), while 45.8 percent of women and 49.6 percent of men were overweight/obese (BMI ³ 25kg/m²). Obesity prevalence varied from 5.6 percent to 19.3 percent in men and from 9.6 percent to 21.3 percent in women, according to age. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was not associated with income (in either men and women) or schooling (in men), but there was an inverse relationship between schooling and overweight/obesity in women. The prevalence of underweight decreased with increasing mean income in the census enumeration area. The authors conclude that overweight/obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder in both men and women in Niterói. This pattern resembles recent results for the adult population in Southeast Brazil as a whole, where Niterói is located.

A avaliação do estado nutricional antropométrico, através do índice de massa corporal (IMC), foi realizada a partir de inquérito domiciliar com amostra probabilística da população adulta de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Nos domicílios selecionados, moradores com idade ³ 20 anos tiveram a massa corporal e a estatura medidas no próprio domicílio. As estimativas para a população mostraram baixa prevalência de baixo peso (IMC < 18,5kg/m²) enquanto 45,8 por cento das mulheres e 49,6 por cento dos homens tinham excesso de massa corporal (IMC ³ 25kg/m²). Houve tendência a um gradiente na prevalência de baixo peso dos setores censitários de menor para os de maior renda. A prevalência do excesso de massa corporal não apresentou tendência evidente em função da renda ou escolaridade nos homens, mas houve relação inversa com a escolaridade entre as mulheres. A prevalência de obesidade (IMC ³ 30kg/m²) variou de 5,6 a 19,3 por cento entre os homens e de 9,6 a 21,3 por cento entre as mulheres em função da faixa etária. Conclui-se que o excesso de massa corporal é o agravo nutricional mais prevalente na população de Niterói.

Nutritional status of the adult population in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: the nutrition, physical activity, and health survey.

A household survey was conducted to assess the nutritional status of the adult population in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In the selected households, all adults (>or= 20 years) had their body mass and stature measured. Body mass index (BMI) was used to determine the nutritional status according to the World Health Organization classification. The population estimates showed low prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18.5kg/m(2)), while 45.8% of women and 49.6% of men were overweight/obese (BMI >or= 25kg/m(2)). Obesity prevalence varied from 5.6% to 19.3% in men and from 9.6% to 21.3% in women, according to age. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was not associated with income (in either men and women) or schooling (in men), but there was an inverse relationship between schooling and overweight/obesity in women. The prevalence of underweight decreased with increasing mean income in the census enumeration area. The authors conclude that overweight/obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder in both men and women in Niterói. This pattern resembles recent results for the adult population in Southeast Brazil as a whole, where Niterói is located.

Estado nutricional de adultos residentes em Niterói, Rio de Janeiro: pesquisa de nutrição, atividade física e saúde - PNAFS / Nutritional status of adults living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro: survey of nutrition, physical activity and health - PNAFS

O conhecimento do estado nutricional de uma população é importante, não só para se ter um perfil histórico da mesma em relação aos déficits e excessos nutricionais, mas também para que programas de saúde pública para prevenção e tratamento de doenças que possam ser elaboradas. Uma das maneiras de se avaliar o estado nutricional, ao nível coletivo, é através do cálculo do índice de massa corporal que utiliza as medidas de massa corporal e estatura. Estudos epidemiológicos em adultos utilizam esse método por ser fácil e barato, entretanto, caso fosse possível utilizar os valores das medidas antropométricas informados pelos indivíduos, haveria um ganho de tempo e redução do custo das pesquisas nessa área...Viu-se que a confiabilidade dos valores informados foi boa (cerca de 94% da população estudada conseguiu informar os valores de suas medidas antropométricas entre + - 2 desvios padrão da média. Portanto, para se conhecer o perfil nutricional da população, os valores informados pelos próprios indivíduos parecem ser insuficientes.