LDL Cholesterol Reduction Variability with Different Types and Doses of Statins in Monotherapy or Combined with Ezetimibe. Results from the Spanish Arteriosclerosis Society Dyslipidaemia Registry.

PURPOSE: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol reduction by statin therapy is dose-dependent, varies among different statins, and has wide inter-individual variability. The present study aimed to compare mean LDL cholesterol reduction and its variability achieved with different doses of the three statins most frequently used in monotherapy or combined with ezetimibe in a real clinical setting. METHODS: Of 5620 cases with primary hypercholesterolemia on the Spanish Arteriosclerosis Society Registry, 1004 with non-familial hypercholesterolemia and complete information on drug therapy and lipid profile were included. RESULTS: The lowest mean percentage LDL cholesterol reduction was observed with simvastatin 10 mg (32.5 ± 18.5%), while the highest mean percentage LDL reduction was obtained with rosuvastatin 40 mg (58.7 ± 18.8%). As to combined treatment, the lowest and highest mean percentage LDL cholesterol reductions were obtained with simvastatin 10 mg combined with ezetimibe (50.6 ± 24.6%) and rosuvastatin 40 mg combined with ezetimibe (71.6 ± 11.1%), respectively. Factors associated with a suboptimal response were male sex, lower age, body mass index, and baseline LDL cholesterol levels. Combined treatment was associated with less variability in LDL cholesterol reduction (OR 0.603, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In a real clinical setting, rosuvastatin was superior to the other statins in lowering LDL cholesterol, both as monotherapy or combined with ezetimibe. Factors associated with a suboptimal response in LDL cholesterol decline were male sex, age, body mass index, and baseline LDL cholesterol levels. Combined treatment was associated with less variability in LDL cholesterol improvement.

Evaluation of bendopnea in severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Background: Bendopnea is a symptom described in heart failure (HF) that is related to short-term prognosis; however, its frequency and characteristics in respiratory diseases such as OSAS is still unknown. This study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of bendopnea in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)MethodsWe conducted a study of 95 patients attending a sleep disorders unit with severe OSAS. Bendopnea was considered when shortness of breath occurred within 30s of bending forward.ResultsBendopnea was present in 33/95 of the patients included (34.7%). The median age was 62 years (52–71), 65 were men (68.4%), with a median weight of 92 (81–107) and BMI of 34kg/m2 (±7.1). The median duration of shortness of breath was 5s (2–10). The presence of bendopnea was related to age (p<.0001), obesity (p .004), respiratory diseases (p .01) and HF (p .03). Admission rate was higher in those with bendopnea without reaching statistical significance.ConclusionOne-third of patients with severe OSAS present bendopnea. This symptom is related to a higher prevalence of comorbidities (HF, obesity and other respiratory diseases). It is also related to a higher CT90. (AU)

Antecedentes: La bendopnea es un síntoma descrito en la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC), relacionado con un pronóstico a corto plazo; sin embargo, se desconocen su frecuencia y características en enfermedades respiratorias como el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS). Este estudio fue realizado para evaluar la prevalencia de bendopnea en pacientes con síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño severo.MétodosRealizamos un estudio de 95 pacientes que acudieron a la unidad de trastornos del sueño con SAOS severo. Se consideró bendopnea cuando se producía dificultad respiratoria dentro de un plazo de 30s desde que el paciente se inclinaba hacia adelante.ResultadosSe presentó bendopnea en 33 de los 95 pacientes incluidos (34,7%). La edad media fue de 62 años (52-71), de los cuales 65 eran varones (68,4%) con un peso medio de 92 (81-107) e IMC de 34kg/m2 (±7,1). La duración media de la dificultad respiratoria fue de 5s (2-10). La presencia de bendopnea guardó relación con la edad (p<0,0001), obesidad (p 0,004), enfermedades respiratorias (p 0,01) e IC (p 0,03). La tasa de ingreso fue superior en aquellos pacientes con bendopnea, sin alcanzar significación estadística.ConclusiónUn tercio de los pacientes con SAOS severo presentan bendopnea. Este síntoma guarda relación con una mayor prevalencia de comorbilidades (IC, obesidad y otras enfermedades respiratorias). También se correlaciona con mayor CT90. (AU)

Impact of statin therapy on LDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels in subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cardiovascular risk in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) is driven by LDL cholesterol levels. Since lipid response to statin therapy presents individual variation, this study aimed to compare mean LDL and non-HDL cholesterol reductions and their variability achieved with different types and doses of the most frequently prescribed statins. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among primary hypercholesterolaemia cases on the Spanish Arteriosclerosis Society registry, 2894 with probable/definite HeFH and complete information on drug therapy and lipid profile were included. LDL cholesterol reduction ranged from 30.2 ± 17.0% with simvastatin 10 mg to 48.2 ± 14.7% with rosuvastatin 40 mg. After the addition of ezetimibe, an additional 26, 24, 21 and 24% reduction in LDL cholesterol levels was obtained for rosuvastatin, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg, respectively. Subjects with definite HeFH and a confirmed genetic mutation had a more discrete LDL cholesterol reduction compared to definite HeFH subjects with no genetic mutation. A suboptimal response (<15% or <30% reduction in LDL cholesterol levels, respectively with low-/moderate-intensity and high-intensity statin therapy) was observed in 13.5% and, respectively, 20.3% of the subjects. CONCLUSION: According to the LDL cholesterol reduction in HeFH patients, the ranking for more to less potent statins was rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and simvastatin; however, at maximum dosage, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin were nearly equivalent. HeFH subjects with positive genetic diagnosis had a lower lipid-lowering response. Approximately 1 in 5 patients on high-intensity statin therapy presented a suboptimal response.

Evaluation of bendopnea in severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Bendopnea is a symptom described in heart failure (HF) that is related to short-term prognosis; however, its frequency and characteristics in respiratory diseases such as OSAS is still unknown. This study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of bendopnea in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) METHODS: We conducted a study of 95 patients attending a sleep disorders unit with severe OSAS. Bendopnea was considered when shortness of breath occurred within 30s of bending forward. RESULTS: Bendopnea was present in 33/95 of the patients included (34.7%). The median age was 62 years (52-71), 65 were men (68.4%), with a median weight of 92 (81-107) and BMI of 34kg/m2 (±7.1). The median duration of shortness of breath was 5s (2-10). The presence of bendopnea was related to age (p<.0001), obesity (p .004), respiratory diseases (p .01) and HF (p .03). Admission rate was higher in those with bendopnea without reaching statistical significance. CONCLUSION: One-third of patients with severe OSAS present bendopnea. This symptom is related to a higher prevalence of comorbidities (HF, obesity and other respiratory diseases). It is also related to a higher CT90.

Tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia familiar con iPCSK9 en un paciente diagnosticado de distrofia muscular congénita con contraindicación para la toma de estatinas / iPCSK9 treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in a patient diagnosed as Congenital Muscular Dystrophy with contraindication for statin use

Las estatinas están contraindicadas en pacientes con miopatías. Hasta hace unos años, la alternativa en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia familiar que tenían distrofias musculares y no conseguían niveles adecuados de colesterol era la lipoaféresis. Cuando surgieron los inhibidores de PCSK9, se consiguió suspender la lipoaféresis en algunos de estos pacientes y mantenerlos con concentraciones plasmáticas de colesterol adecuadas. Presentamos el caso de un varón, diagnosticado en la infancia de distrofia muscular congénita. A los 27 años se remitió a la unidad de lípidos por hipercolesterolemia, donde tras estudio genético se confirmó una hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigota. A pesar del tratamiento con dieta y ezetimiba continuó con cifras elevadas de cLDL por lo que se incluyó en programa de lipoaféresis. Con esto se alcanzaron niveles de cLDL de 70 mg/dl. Al disponer de los iPCSK9, se suspendió la lipoaféresis y se inició tratamiento con alirocumab 150 mg quincenal, con buena respuesta y manteniendo valores de cLDL en torno a 75 mg/dl

Statins are contraindicated in patients with myopathies. Until a few years ago, in those patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia who also presented muscular dystrophies and didńt reach adequate cholesterol plasmatic levels, the next therapeutic ladder was lipoapheresis. When iPCSK9 first appeared, lipoapheresis could be suspended in some of these patients, sustaining nevertheless proper levels of cholesterol. We present the case of a 27 year-old male, diagnosed with Congenital Muscular Dystrophy in the early childhood. He was referred to the Unit of Lipidology presenting hypercholesterolemia which, after genetic test, was assessed as Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Despite of treatment with diet and ezetimibe, cLDL blood levels abide high, being consequently included in lipoapheresis programme, therewith obtained levels of cLDL of 70 mg/dl. In providing iPCSK9, lipoapheresis was withdrawn and treatment with alirocumab 150 mg fortnightly introduced, unveiling a positive response, and sustaining cLDL levels around 75 mg/dl

iPCSK9 treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in a patient diagnosed as Congenital Muscular Dystrophy with contraindication for statin use. / Tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia familiar con iPCSK9 en un paciente diagnosticado de distrofia muscular congénita con contraindicación para la toma de estatinas.

Statins are contraindicated in patients with myopathies. Until a few years ago, in those patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia who also presented muscular dystrophies and didnt reach adequate cholesterol plasmatic levels, the next therapeutic ladder was lipoapheresis. When iPCSK9 first appeared, lipoapheresis could be suspended in some of these patients, sustaining nevertheless proper levels of cholesterol. We present the case of a 27 year-old male, diagnosed with Congenital Muscular Dystrophy in the early childhood. He was referred to the Unit of Lipidology presenting hypercholesterolemia which, after genetic test, was assessed as Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Despite of treatment with diet and ezetimibe, cLDL blood levels abide high, being consequently included in lipoapheresis programme, therewith obtained levels of cLDL of 70mg/dl. In providing iPCSK9, lipoapheresis was withdrawn and treatment with alirocumab 150mg fortnightly introduced, unveiling a positive response, and sustaining cLDL levels around 75mg/dl.

El papel de la dislipemia aterogénica en las guías de práctica clínica / The role of atherogenic dyslipidaemia in clinical practice guidelines

Antecedentes y objetivo: La dislipemia aterogénica está frecuentemente infradiagnosticada e infratratada. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido revisar el posicionamiento de las guías de práctica clínica con respecto a la dislipemia aterogénica. Material y método: A partir de la base de datos MEDLINE se recogieron las principales guías de práctica clínica de las sociedades científicas u organismos oficiales emitidas entre el 1 de enero de 2012 y el 31 marzo de 2015. De las 10 guías seleccionadas se identificaron los siguientes parámetros: colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL), triglicéridos, colesterol no HDL, apolipoproteína (apo) B y dislipemia aterogénica. De cada uno de ellos se valoró si eran considerados un factor de riesgo cardiovascular, si establecían algún objetivo terapéutico y si proponían algún tratamiento farmacológico específico. Resultados: Las guías americanas, excepto la National Lipid Association (NLA), no consideran el colesterol HDL y los triglicéridos en la prevención cardiovascular. La NLA resalta la relevancia de la dislipemia aterogénica. Por su parte, la guía canadiense introduce el colesterol no HDL y la apo B como objetivos alternativos y propone tratamiento con fármacos hipolipemiantes distintos de las estatinas en presencia de colesterol HDL bajo e hipertrigliceridemia. Las recomendaciones de la International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS) y del National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) promueven la importancia del colesterol no HDL. Las guías europea, brasileña y japonesa ponen en valor el colesterol HDL y los triglicéridos, aunque con la limitación de que las principales evidencias proceden de subanálisis de estudios clínicos. Conclusiones: Las guías de práctica clínica analizadas o no consideran la importancia de la dislipemia aterogénica o la abordan de forma poco convincente

Background and objective: Atherogenic dyslipidaemia is underdiagnosed, undertreated, and under-controlled. The aim of the present study was to assess the positioning of clinical guidelines as regards atherogenic dyslipidaemia. Material and method: The major clinical guidelines of scientific societies or official agencies issued between January 1, 2012 and March 31, 2015 were collected from the MEDLINE database. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein (apo) B were gathered from the 10 selected guidelines, and it was assessed whether these parameters were considered a cardiovascular risk factor, a therapeutic target, or proposed a pharmacological strategy. Results: American guidelines, except the National Lipid Association (NLA), do not consider HDL cholesterol and triglycerides in cardiovascular prevention. The NLA emphasises the relevance of atherogenic dyslipidaemia. The Canadian guidelines introduced non-HDL cholesterol and Apo B as alternative targets, and proposes non-statin treatment in the presence of low HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridaemia. The International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS) and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines promote the importance of non-HDL cholesterol. European, Brazilian and Japanese guidelines highlight HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, but with the limitation that the main evidence comes from sub-analysis of clinical studies. Conclusions: The clinical guidelines analysed do not consider, or unconvincingly address, the importance of atherogenic dyslipidaemia

[The role of atherogenic dyslipidaemia in clinical practice guidelines]. / El papel de la dislipemia aterogénica en las guías de práctica clínica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Atherogenic dyslipidaemia is underdiagnosed, undertreated, and under-controlled. The aim of the present study was to assess the positioning of clinical guidelines as regards atherogenic dyslipidaemia. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The major clinical guidelines of scientific societies or official agencies issued between January 1, 2012 and March 31, 2015 were collected from the MEDLINE database. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein (apo) B were gathered from the 10 selected guidelines, and it was assessed whether these parameters were considered a cardiovascular risk factor, a therapeutic target, or proposed a pharmacological strategy. RESULTS: American guidelines, except the National Lipid Association (NLA), do not consider HDL cholesterol and triglycerides in cardiovascular prevention. The NLA emphasises the relevance of atherogenic dyslipidaemia. The Canadian guidelines introduced non-HDL cholesterol and ApoB as alternative targets, and proposes non-statin treatment in the presence of low HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridaemia. The International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS) and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines promote the importance of non-HDL cholesterol. European, Brazilian and Japanese guidelines highlight HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, but with the limitation that the main evidence comes from sub-analysis of clinical studies. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical guidelines analysed do not consider, or unconvincingly address, the importance of atherogenic dyslipidaemia.

SEA-SEACV 2015: Guía para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del aneurisma de aorta abdominal / No disponible

No disponible

Recomendaciones de la guía para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del aneurisma de aorta abdominal / Guide recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm

No disponible

[Therapeutic targets in the treatment of dyslipidemia: HDL and non-HDL cholesterol]. / Dianas terapéuticas en el tratamiento de las dislipemias: colesterol no unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad y colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad.

Atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) consists of the combination of an increase in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), which results in increased plasma triglyceride (TG) levels, with a reduction of levels of high-density lipoprotein bound cholesterol (HDL-C), also accompanied by a high proportion of small and dense LDL particles. AD is considered the main cause of the residual risk of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is still presented by any patient on treatment with statins despite maintaining low-density lipoprotein bound cholesterol (LDL-C) levels below the values considered to be the objective. Non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-c) reflects the number of atherogenic particles present in the plasma. This includes VLDL, intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) and LDL. Non-HDL-c provides a better estimate of cardiovascular risk than LDL-c, especially in the presence of hypertriglyceridemia or AD. The European guidelines for managing dyslipidemia recommend that non-HDL-c values be less than 100 and 130 mg/dL for individuals with very high and high cardiovascular risk, respectively. However, these guidelines state that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that raising HDL-c levels incontrovertibly results in a reduction in CVD. Therefore, the guidelines do not set recommended HDL-c levels as a therapeutic objective. The guidelines, however, state that individuals with AD on treatment with statins could benefit from an additional reduction in their risk by using fibrates.

Dianas terapéuticas en el tratamiento de las dislipemias: colesterol no unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad y colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad / Therapeutic targets in the treatment of dyslipidemia: HDL and non-HDL cholesterol

La dislipemia aterogénica consiste en la asociación de un aumento de las lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad -que se traduce en una elevación de los triglicéridos plasmáticos- con la reducción de los niveles de colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad (cHDL), que además se acompaña de una alta proporción de partículas de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) pequeñas y densas. La dislipemia aterogénica se considera la causa principal del riesgo remanente o residual de padecer una enfermedad cardiovascular, que aún presenta cualquier paciente bajo tratamiento con estatinas pese a mantener una concentración de colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (cLDL) por debajo del valor considerado como objetivo. El colesterol-no HDL (cNoHDL) refleja el número de partículas aterogénicas presentes en el plasma. Incluye las lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad, las partículas de densidad intermedia y las LDL. El cNoHDL proporciona una mejor estimación del riesgo cardiovascular que el cLDL, sobre todo en presencia de hipertrigliceridemia o de dislipemia aterogénica. La guía europea para el manejo de las dislipemias recomienda que los valores del cNoHDL sean menores de 100 y 130 mg/dl para aquellas personas con muy alto y alto riesgo cardiovascular, respectivamente. Sin embargo, esta guía considera que no hay pruebas suficientes de que elevar el cHDL redunde de forma incontrovertible sobre la disminución de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Por ello, no fija unos niveles deseables de cHDL como objetivo terapéutico. No obstante, estima que los individuos con dislipemia aterogénica bajo tratamiento con estatinas podrían beneficiarse de una reducción adicional de su riesgo empleando fibratos

Atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) consists of the combination of an increase in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), which results in increased plasma triglyceride (TG) levels, with a reduction of levels of high-density lipoprotein bound cholesterol (HDL-C), also accompanied by a high proportion of small and dense LDL particles. AD is considered the main cause of the residual risk of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is still presented by any patient on treatment with statins despite maintaining low-density lipoprotein bound cholesterol (LDL-C) levels below the values considered to be the objective. Non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-c) reflects the number of atherogenic particles present in the plasma. This includes VLDL, intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) and LDL. Non-HDL-c provides a better estimate of cardiovascular risk than LDL-c, especially in the presence of hypertriglyceridemia or AD. The European guidelines for managing dyslipidemia recommend that non-HDL-c values be less than 100 and 130 mg/dL for individuals with very high and high cardiovascular risk, respectively. However, these guidelines state that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that raising HDL-c levels incontrovertibly results in a reduction in CVD. Therefore, the guidelines do not set recommended HDL-c levels as atherapeutic objective. The guidelines, however, state that individuals with AD on treatment with statins could benefit from an additional reduction in their risk by using fibrates

Use of expert consensus to improve atherogenic dyslipidemia management.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Although atherogenic dyslipidemia is a recognized cardiovascular risk factor, it is often underassessed and thus undertreated and poorly controlled in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to reach a multidisciplinary consensus for the establishment of a set of clinical recommendations on atherogenic dyslipidemia to optimize its prevention, early detection, diagnostic evaluation, therapeutic approach, and follow-up. METHODS: After a review of the scientific evidence, a scientific committee formulated 87 recommendations related to atherogenic dyslipidemia, which were grouped into 5 subject areas: general concepts (10 items), impact and epidemiology (4 items), cardiovascular risk (32 items), detection and diagnosis (19 items), and treatment (22 items). A 2-round modified Delphi method was conducted to compare the opinions of a panel of 65 specialists in cardiology (23%), endocrinology (24.6%), family medicine (27.7%), and internal medicine (24.6%) on these issues. RESULTS: After the first round, the panel reached consensus on 65 of the 87 items discussed, and agreed on 76 items by the end of the second round. Insufficient consensus was reached on 3 items related to the detection and diagnosis of atherogenic dyslipidemia and 3 items related to the therapeutic goals to be achieved in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: The external assessment conducted by experts on atherogenic dyslipidemia showed a high level of professional agreement with the proposed clinical recommendations. These recommendations represent a useful tool for improving the clinical management of patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia. A detailed analysis of the current scientific evidence is required for those statements that eluded consensus.

Consenso de expertos sobre propuestas para la mejora del manejo de la dislipemia aterogénica / Use of expert consensus to improve atherogenic dyslipidemia management

Introducción y objetivos. La dislipemia aterogénica es un reconocido factor de riesgo cardiovascular; sin embargo, en la práctica clínica frecuentemente se subestima y, en consecuencia, está infratratada e infracontrolada. El objetivo es desarrollar un consenso multidisciplinario para establecer recomendaciones clínicas en torno a la dislipemia aterogénica para optimizar la prevención, la detección precoz, la valoración diagnóstica, el abordaje terapéutico y el seguimiento. Métodos. Tras la revisión de las evidencias científicas, el comité científico formuló 87 recomendaciones relacionadas con la dislipemia aterogénica, agrupadas en cinco áreas: conceptos generales (10 ítems), impacto y epidemiología (4 ítems), riesgo cardiovascular (32 ítems), detección y diagnóstico (19 ítems) y tratamiento (22 ítems). Se usó el método Delphi modificado en dos rondas para contrastar las opiniones de 65 expertos cardiólogos (el 23% de los encuestados), endocrinólogos (24,6%), médicos de atención primaria (27,7%) e internistas (24,6%). Resultados. Después de la primera ronda de acuerdo, se apreció consenso en 65 de las 87 cuestiones analizadas, que al final de la segunda ronda ascendió a 76 ítems. No se alcanzó un consenso suficiente en tres puntos sobre detección y diagnóstico de la dislipemia aterogénica y en tres aspectos de los objetivos terapéuticos que alcanzar en estos pacientes. Conclusiones. La valoración externa por expertos en dislipemia aterogénica constata un elevado nivel de acuerdo profesional con las recomendaciones clínicas propuestas. Estas recomendaciones constituyen un instrumento útil para la mejora del manejo clínico de los pacientes con dislipemia aterogénica. Las cuestiones en que no se alcanzó acuerdo precisan un análisis minucioso que permita señalar la evidencia científica actual (AU)

Introduction and objectives. Although atherogenic dyslipidemia is a recognized cardiovascular risk factor, it is often underassessed and thus undertreated and poorly controlled in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to reach a multidisciplinary consensus for the establishment of a set of clinical recommendations on atherogenic dyslipidemia to optimize its prevention, early detection, diagnostic evaluation, therapeutic approach, and follow-up. Methods. After a review of the scientific evidence, a scientific committee formulated 87 recommendations related to atherogenic dyslipidemia, which were grouped into 5 subject areas: general concepts (10 items), impact and epidemiology (4 items), cardiovascular risk (32 items), detection and diagnosis (19 items), and treatment (22 items). A 2-round modified Delphi method was conducted to compare the opinions of a panel of 65 specialists in cardiology (23%), endocrinology (24.6%), family medicine (27.7%), and internal medicine (24.6%) on these issues. Results. After the first round, the panel reached consensus on 65 of the 87 items discussed, and agreed on 76 items by the end of the second round. Insufficient consensus was reached on 3 items related to the detection and diagnosis of atherogenic dyslipidemia and 3 items related to the therapeutic goals to be achieved in these patients. Conclusions. The external assessment conducted by experts on atherogenic dyslipidemia showed a high level of professional agreement with the proposed clinical recommendations. These recommendations represent a useful tool for improving the clinical management of patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia. A detailed analysis of the current scientific evidence is required for those statements that eluded consensus (AU)

Tratamiento de la dislipemia en grupos especiales: ancianos y embarazadas / Treatment of dislipidemia in special groups: The elderly and pregnant women

El manejo de la dislipemia viene adecuadamente justificado en las guías de prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). Sin embargo, algunos grupos especiales de personas, como es el caso de los ancianos y de las embarazadas, no son específicamente nombrados en las recomendaciones que proporcionan muchas de ellas. La presente revisión pretende contribuir al conocimiento sobre el manejo de la dislipemia en las poblaciones de ancianos y embarazadas, de acuerdo a las evidencias publicadas en la literatura médica. Se describe el impacto de las ECV en la población anciana, así como la importancia del colesterol como factor de riesgo en esta edad, y los estudios observacionales y de prevención primaria y secundaria que justifican el tratamiento farmacológico en este grupo de personas mayores. Por otra parte, se realiza un repaso de los cambios fisiológicos que el embarazo introduce en el metabolismo lipídico y de las dislipemias que la gravidez puede originar o complicar, analizándose los tratamientos disponibles actualmente para estas situaciones (AU)

The management of dyslipidemia is amply justified in guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. However, in many of the recommendations, some special groups,such as the elderly and pregnant women, are not discussed separately. The present reviewaims to contribute to knowledge of the management of dyslipidemia in elderly and pregnantpopulations, according to the evidence published in the medical literature.The impact of CVD on the elderly population, as well as the importance of cholesterol as arisk factor in this age group, are discussed. Observational studies and primary and secondaryprevention justifying drug treatment in the elderly are described. The physiological changes produced by pregnancy on lipid metabolism and the lipid alterationsthat can be caused or complicated by pregnancy are also discussed. Currently availabletreatment options for these situations are analyzed (AU)

Enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico y riesgo cardiovascular / Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk

La enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico (EHGNA) comprende una serie de lesiones hepáticas similares a las inducidas por el alcohol, en ausencia de su consumo. Su importancia radica en la alta prevalencia en nuestras sociedades occidentales y, desde el punto de vista hepático, en su progresiva evolución desde esteatosis a cirrosis y cáncer de hígado. Más recientemente, se ha observado que la EHGNA da lugar a frecuentes alteraciones en el metabolismo lipídico y a un incremento del riesgo cardiovascular con aceleración de la arteriosclerosis y de los eventos a ella vinculados. En la presente revisión se hace una actualización de lo publicado hasta la fecha sobre la etiopatogenia de la EHGNA, su influencia en el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y las posibilidades terapéuticas vigentes (AU)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a series of liver lesions similar to those induced by alcohol but without alchol intake. The importance of this disease lies in its high prevalence in western countries and, from the hepatological point of view, in its progression from steatosis to liver cirrhosis and cancer. More recently, NAFLD has been observed to give rise to frequent alterations in lipid metabolism and an increased cardiovascular risk with acceleration of arteriosclerosis and related events. The present review provides an update on the literature published to date on the etiopathogenesis of NAFLD, its influence on the development of cardiovascular diseases and current therapeutic options (AU)