Trastornos de sueño en residentes de Atahualpa / Sleep disorders in Atahualpa residents

RESUMEN Es probable que los problemas de salud relacionados con los trastornos del sueño se encuentren en aumento en las zonas rurales de América Latina, en parte relacionados con los cambios en el estilo de vida, el trabajo con turnos nocturnos y otros factores. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre la prevalencia de estas condiciones en lugares rurales remotos. En el Proyecto Atahualpa, hemos investigado los trastornos del sueño utilizando instrumentos de campo estandarizados asociados con tecnología sofisticada como la polisomnografía. Una mala calidad del sueño se ha asociado con fragilidad y con la presencia de marcadores de neuroimagen de enfermedad de vasos cerebrales y atrofia cortical global. Por el contrario, la ingesta dietética de pescado oleoso se asoció con una mejor calidad del sueño. También se ha investigado la prevalencia y algunos correlatos del síndrome de las piernas inquietas (enfermedad de Willis-Ekbom) y se encontró una prevalencia relativamente superior a la descrita en la mayoría de las regiones tropicales, así como la asociación de esta afección con el estrés psicológico. Finalmente, un informe preliminar muestra una elevada prevalencia de apnea obstructiva moderada a severa en los residentes de Atahualpa de ≥60 años (27%) y su correlación con daño subcortical difuso de origen vascular. Se necesitan más estudios para comprender mejor las consecuencias de los síntomas relacionados con el sueño en dichas poblaciones.

ABSTRACT Health problems related to sleep disorders are likely on the rise in rural areas of Latin America, partly related to changes in life style, shift work, and other factors. However, little is known on the burden of these conditions in remote rural settings. In the Atahualpa Project, we have investigated sleep disorders using standardized field instruments associated with sophisticated technology such as polysomnography. A poor sleep quality has been associated with frailty and with the presence of neuroimaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease and global cortical atrophy. On the contrary, dietary intake of oily fish was associated with a better sleep quality. We have also investigated the prevalence and some correlates of the restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease), and found a prevalence relatively higher than that described in most other tropical regions, as well as the association of this condition with psychological stress. Finally, a preliminary report shows a high prevalence of moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in Atahualpa residents aged ≥60 years (27%) and its correlation with diffuse subcortical damage of vascular origin. Further studies are needed to better understand consequences of sleep-related symptoms in underserved populations.

Reliability of Two Ankle-Brachial Index Methods to Predict Silent Lacunar Infarcts: A Population-Based Study in Stroke-Free Older Adults (the Atahualpa Project).

Individuals with an abnormal ankle-brachial index (ABI) are four times more likely to have a silent lacunar infarct (SLI), but reliability of ABI in predicting the presence of these lesions has not been estimated yet. We compared two methods of calculating ABI to assess their reliability in predicting SLIs. Stroke-free Atahualpa residents aged ≥ 60 years underwent MRI of the brain and ABI determinations. Persons with ABI ≥ 1.4 were excluded. Using receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, we calculated the reliability of the traditional as well as an alternative ABI method to identify individuals with SLI. The traditional ABI uses the higher systolic pressure of either the dorsalis pedis or the posterior tibial arteries as the numerator, whereas the alternative ABI uses the lower pressure. Of the 247 participants, 38 (15%) had traditional and 95 (38%) had alternative ABIs ≤ 0.9. Twenty-one individuals had SLI. Traditional and alternative ABIs ≤ 0.9 identified 9 and 13 individuals with SLI, respectively. The traditional ABI had sensitivity of 42.9% (22.6-65.6%) and specificity of 87.2% (81.9-91.1%). The alternative ABI had sensitivity of 61.9% (38.6-81%) and specificity of 63.7% (57-69.9%). The area under the curve for the predictive value of SLI was 0.65 (0.54-0.76) for the traditional and 0.63 (0.52-0.74) for the alternative ABI ≤ 0.9. The ABI is moderately reliable for identifying candidates for MRI screening in studies assessing the burden of SLI in older adults. The traditional ABI seems to be more suitable for this purpose.

The Leganés cognitive test correlates poorly with MRI evidence of global cortical atrophy in an underserved community: A population-based and nested case-control study in rural Ecuador (The Atahualpa Project).

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate whether the Leganés cognitive test (LCT) correlates with global cortical atrophy (GCA) and can be used as a surrogate for structural brain damage. METHODS: Atahualpa residents aged > 60 years identified during a door-to-door survey underwent MRI for grading GCA. Using multivariate generalized linear models, we evaluated whether continuous LCT scores correlated with GCA, after adjusting for demographics, education, cardiovascular health (CVH) status, depression and edentulism. In a nested case-control study, GCA severity was assessed in subjects with LCT scores below the cutoff level for dementia (< 22 points) and in matched controls without dementia. RESULTS: Out of 311 eligible subjects, 241 (78%) were enrolled. Mean age was 69.2±7.5 years, 59% were women, 83% had primary school education, 73% had poor CVH status, 12% had symptoms of depression and 43% had edentulism. Average LCT score was 26.7±3, and 23 (9.5%) subjects scored < 22 points. GCA was mild in 108, moderate in 95, and severe in 26 individuals. On the multivariate model, mean LCT score was not associated with GCA severity (ß=0.06, SE=0.34, p=0.853). Severe GCA was noted in 6 / 23 case-patients and in 8 / 23 controls (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.14-2.81, p=0.752, McNemar's test). CONCLUSION: The LCT does not correlate with severity of GCA after adjusting for potential confounding variables, and should not be used as a reliable estimate of structural brain damage.

O teste cognitivo Leganés (TCL) é um instrumento para o rastreio rápido de demência em idosos com baixo nível educacional. OBJETIVO: Tivemos como objetivo avaliar se o TCL associa-se com medidas de atrofia cortical global (ACG) e pode ser usado como um substituto para a lesão cerebral estrutural. MÉTODOS: Residentes de Atahualpa com idade > 60 anos identificados durante um levantamento porta-a-porta foram submetidos a ressonância magnética para avaliar a intensidade da ACG. Usando modelos lineares generalizados multivariados, avaliamos se escores TCL contínuos correlacionavam com a intensidade da ACG após ajustes para a dados demográficos, educação, saúde cardiovascular (CVH), depressão e edentulismo. Em um estudo caso-controle aninhado, avaliamos a gravidade da ACG em pessoas com escores no TCL abaixo do nível de corte para demência (< 22 pontos) e em pessoas pareados sem demência. RESULTADOS: Dentre as 311 pessoas elegíveis, 241 (78%) foram selecionadas. A média de idade foi de 69,2±7,5 anos, 59% eram mulheres, 83% tinham o ensino primário, 73% tinham mau estado CVH, 12% apresentaram sintomas de depressão e 43% tinham edentulismo. Pontuações médias no TCL foram 26,7±3 e 23 (9,5%) pessoas tinham < 22 pontos. ACG foi leve em 108, moderada em 95 e grave em 26 pessoas. No modelo multivariado, a média de pontuação no TCL não foi associada com a gravidade da ACG (ß=0,06, SE=0,34, p=0,853). ACG grave foi observada em 6 de 23 pacientes e em 8 de 23 controles (OR: 0,67; IC 95%: 0,14-2,81, p=0,752, teste de McNemar). CONCLUSÃO: O TCL não se associa com a gravidade da ACG após o ajuste para possíveis fatores de confusão e não deve ser usado como uma estimativa confiável de dano cerebral estrutural.

Neurocisticercosis / Neurocysticercosis

El artículo es una revisión actualizada de la literatura sobre el tema. El desarrollo de técnicas modernas de diagnóstico y la introducción de potentes fármacos cestocidas ha aumentado el conocimiento que se tenía sobre la cisticercosis y ha modificado su pronóstico; sin embargo, algunos enfermos evolucionan desfavorablemente a pesar del tratamiento

Abscesos cerebrales: estado actual y perspectivas / Brain abscesses: current status and perspectives

Los abcesos cerebrales son procesos supurativos localizados en el parénquima encefálico que se producen como consecuencia de un proceso infeccioso en cualqueier parte del organismo, el cual alcanza al sistema nervioso por extensión directa o por diseminación hematógena. Los microorganismos más frecuentes son: Streptococci sp, Enterobacteriaceae sp y Staphylococcus aureus, sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha notado aumento en la incidencia de abscesos causados por microorganismos oportunistas y por flora mixta. Los hallazgos histopatológicos incluyen un centro necrótico rodeado por una cápsula de grosor y características variables. Esta variabilidad se relaciona con la etapa evolutiva en que se encuentra el absceso; estas etapas son: cerebritis temprana, cerebritis tardía, formación capsular temprana y formación capsular tardía. Las manifestaciones clínicas son inespecíficas y se relacionan principalmente con el número, localización y tamaño de los abscesos. Actualmente el mejor método diagnóstico de absceso cerebral es la tomografía computada, la cual muestra una zona hipodensa que refuerza en forma anular luego de la administración de contraste. El tratamiento de un paciente con absceso cerebral usualmente requiere la combinación de manejo médico y quirúrgico; éste incluye el drenaje o la resección de la lesión. En algunos casos, el tratamiento médico es suficiente para lograr la remisión completa del proceso infeccioso, especialmente si éste es detectado en fase cerebritis