Efficacy of Erbium, Chromium-doped Yttrium, Scandium, Gallium and Garnet Laser-activated Irrigation Compared with Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation, Conventional Irrigation, and Photodynamic Therapy against Enterococcus faecalis.

AIM: To compare the antimicrobial effects of two different irrigation solutions activated with erbium, chromium-doped yttrium, scandium, gallium and garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser or an ultrasonic system and a photodynamic therapy (PDT) on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The root canals of 72 single-rooted human permanent incisors were prepared with ProTaper Universal rotary instruments and incubated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) for 4 weeks. Then the teeth were randomly divided into seven experimental groups with 10 specimens for canal disinfection procedures. Group I, standard needle irrigation (SNI) with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); group II, SNI with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX); group III, laser-activated irrigation (LAI) by Er,Cr:YSGG of NaOCl; group IV, LAI of CHX; and group V, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) of NaOCl; group VI, PUI of CHX; group VII, PDT. The remaining two teeth were used as the control group. After the disinfection procedures were completed, the root canals were filled with phosphate-buffered saline and bacterial samples were taken with sterile paper cones. The cultivation was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) plates. The live bacteria were calculated by counting the colonies on these plaques. The statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis H test and Miller's multiple comparison technique. RESULTS: Both LAI and PUI of NaOCl and PUI of CHX were more successful than the PDT on root canal disinfection (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Within the limitation of the present study, the activation of NaOCl solution by Er,Cr:YSGG laser or an ultrasonic system can be useful in the elimination of the E. faecalis from the canal. The PUI of CHX also has similar results. Photodynamic therapy showed a lower performance compared to these methods. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The activation of the sodium hypochlorite with Er,Cr:YSGG laser or PUI may be useful for removal of the E. faecalis biofilm layer in the root canal.

The antibacterial activity and release of quaternary ammonium compounds in an orthodontic primer

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of 10 wt% benzalkonium chloride (TBBAC) or 10 wt% cetylpyridinium chloride (TBCPC) on the antimicrobial properties of the orthodontic adhesive primer, Transbond XT™ (TB). Antimicrobial activity was assessed using a zone of inhibition diffusion test and the release of the antimicrobial compounds was monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Shear bond strength (SBS) was tested using bovine enamel. Control, TB, specimens failed to demonstrate intrinsic antibacterial activity at 1, 7 and 14 days; whereas, TBBAC and TBCPC showed antibacterial effects at all times. HPLC analysis indicated no significant differences in the release behaviour of TBBAC and TBCPC (ttest, p > 0.05), except for the 7day release which was higher for TBBAC (p < 0.05). By 14 days the extents of release were 27 ± 2% and 25 ± 5% of the total initial loading for TBBAC and TBCPC, respectively. The incorporation of 10 wt% BAC or CPC in Transbond XT™ adhesive primer also resulted in superior shear bond strength at 7 and 14 days (Fisher's LSD, p < 0.05) with no significant change in the mode of bracket failure under shear stress (Pearson's chisquared, p > 0.05) (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto del cloruro de benzalconio al 10% en peso del peso (TBBAC) o de cloruro de cetilpiridinio al 10% del peso (TBCPC) con propiedades antimicrobianas presentes en el adhesivo acondicionador ortodóncico, Transbond XT ™ (TB). La actividad antimi crobiana se evaluó usando una zona de prueba de difusión de inhibición y la liberación de los compuestos antimicrobianos se controló mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). La resistencia de adhesión al corte (SBS) se probó usando esmalte bovino. Las muestras control, TB no lograron demostrar actividad antibacteriana intrínseca a 1, 7 y 14 días; mientras que TBBAC y TBCPC mostraron efectos antibac terianos en todo momento. El análisis por HPLC no indicó diferencias significativas en el comportamiento de liberación de TBBAC y TBCPC (prueba t, p> 0,05), excepto en la liberación a los 7 días que fue más alta para TBBAC (p <0,05). A los 14 días, los grados de liberación fueron de 27 ± 2% y de 25 ± 5% de la carga inicial total para TBBAC y TBCPC, respectivamente. La incorpora ción de 10% en peso de BAC o CPC en el imprimador adhesivo Transbond XT ™ también dio como resultado una resistencia superior corte a los 7 y 14 días (Fisher's LSD, p <0.05) sin cambios significativos en el modo de falla del bracket bajo tensión de corte (Pearson's chicuadrado, p> 0.05) (AU)

Effects of lidocaine plus epinephrine and prilocaine on autologous fat graft survival.

Although fat grafting is frequently used in plastic surgery practice, debate about the viability of the graft still persists owing to its questionable long-term success. The ultimate aim is to obtain long-term graft viability. Vascularization of the graft is essential for this purpose. The effects of 2 different local anesthetic preparations frequently used during harvesting of fat grafts on long-term graft survival were compared with angiogenesis and volumetric measurements. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups. The inguinal region was selected as the fat graft donor site. The first group was injected with isotonic saline, the second was injected with lidocaine plus epinephrine, and the third was injected with prilocaine. Fat grafts were implanted into the dorsal regions of rats, and volumetric measurements were performed initially and on days 30 and 180 at which microvascular angiogenesis were also analyzed. Microvascular angiogenesis was assessed both with the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry through determination of vessels stained with factor VIII. No significant difference was obtained between the 3 groups in graft volume or microvascular angiogenesis at any stage of the study. Results from this experimental study indicate that there is no negative effect of lidocaine plus epinephrine or prilocaine on microangiogenesis and the survival of fat grafts.

Hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and subgenotypes in patients with HBV infection in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-seven patients' samples collected over 5 years (January 2005 to January 2010) at Farabi Hospital in Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey were included in the study. All patients were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA. The HBV genotypes were determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method using an amplified segment of the pre-S region of HBV. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-five of the 137 HBV samples (91.3%) were identified as genotype D using the PCR-RFLP method. Twelve isolates had undefined patterns, 122 of the 125 samples (97.6%) were determined as subgenotype D2, 2 (1.6%) were subgenotype D1, and one (0.8%) was subgenotype D-del. CONCLUSION: Similar findings in the other parts of the Turkey, the predominant patterns of HBV prevailing among patients in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey were of genotype D and subgenotype D2.