IMP3, CDK4, MDM2 and ß-catenin expression in Enchondroma and Central Chondrosarcoma: Diagnostic and prognostic utility.

INTRODUCTION: The role of IMP3, CDK4, MDM2 and ß-catenin proteins in Enchondroma and Central Chondrosarcoma is not totally understood. The aim of this study is to evaluate the immunoexpression of these proteins, associating histological grade, clinical data and prognosis to these tumors. METHODS: This is a retrospective-analytical study of 32 Enchondroma and 70 Central Chondrosarcoma. RESULTS: IMP3, CDK4, MDM2 and ß-catenin expression was observed in 22.82 %, 13.82 %, 17.17 % and in 8.8 % of cases, respectively. All Enchondromas positive for these immunomarkers were located in short tubular bones. The positivity for these antibodies is directly proportional to Chondrosarcoma's histological grade increase. No difference was found between Enchondroma and Chondrosarcoma, Grade 1 for IMP3, CDK4 and ß-catenin positivity. Significant metastasis outcome was observed for IMP3, CDK4, MDM2 and death for MDM2 expression. CONCLUSION: IMP3, CDK4, MDM2 and ß-catenin expression in Enchondromas of short bones phenotypically characterizes these tumors. Their expression has not proven to be useful either as diagnostic markers of these neoplasms or in distinguishing between Enchondroma and Chondrosarcoma, Grade 1. The significant immunoexpression of IMP3, CDK4 and MDM2 in metastatic Chondrosarcoma and the lower survival in those with positivity for MDM2 suggest a possible association of these proteins with tumor aggressiveness.

Revision knee arthroplasty using a modular system manufactured in Brazil. Clinical and radiographic results with a mean nine-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the clinical and radiographic results of revision knee arthroplasty using a modular system manufactured in Brazil. METHODS: Between November 2010 and January 2017, 31 revision knee arthroplasties were performed in 30 patients, using the MB-V system. Patients were assessed clinically and radiographically after a minimum follow-up of two years using the following scores: Knee Society Score (KSS), Knee Society Score ‒ Function (KSS ‒ Function), and Knee Society Roentgenographic Evaluation System (KSRES). RESULTS: Among the patients, 19 were women. The mean age at surgery was 68 years. The mean follow-up was 9.1 years. There was no aseptic loosening in this period. The mean values of KSS, KSS-function, and KSRES were, respectively, 82, 77, and less than 4. One patient evolved with postoperative flexion instability. Two knees became infected, requiring the removal of the prosthesis and implantation of spacers loaded with antibiotics. One patient developed arthrofibrosis. One patient had a dislocation with full medial collateral avulsion and had to be re-operated with an insert exchange to a CCK liner and medial collateral reconstruction as proposed by Krakow. CONCLUSION: This implant had 93.5 % survivorship (no cases of aseptic failure) and good results in 27 out of 31 knees (87 % of the surgeries).

Expression of Amphiregulin in Enchondromas and Central Chondrosarcomas.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of amphiregulin protein, an epidermal growth factor receptor ligand, in cartilaginous tumors. METHODS: Amphiregulin expression was examined in 31 enchondromas and 67 chondrosarcomas using immunohistochemistry analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 15 enchondromas (48.40%) and 24 chondrosarcomas (35.82%) were positive for amphiregulin. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve test, no difference in amphiregulin expression was observed between enchondromas and low-grade chondrosarcomas (p=0.0880). Additionally, 39 lesions (16 in short bones, 13 in long bones, and 10 in flat bones) were positive for amphiregulin, exhibiting a higher percentage of positive cells (p=0.0030) and intensity of immunohistochemical expression (p=0.0055) in short bone lesions than in others. Among 25 enchondromas localized in short bones, 15 expressed amphiregulin; however, all 6 cases localized in long bones were negative for this marker (p=0.0177). CONCLUSIONS: Amphiregulin did not help in distinguishing enchondromas from low-grade chondrosarcomas. The present study is the first to document the expression of this immunohistochemical marker in enchondromas. Furthermore, amphiregulin expression in enchondromas was localized in short bones, indicating a phenotypic distinction from that in long bones. This distinction may contribute to an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of these lesions.

Expression of amphiregulin in enchondromas and central chondrosarcomas

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of amphiregulin protein, an epidermal growth factor receptor ligand, in cartilaginous tumors. METHODS: Amphiregulin expression was examined in 31 enchondromas and 67 chondrosarcomas using immunohistochemistry analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 15 enchondromas (48.40%) and 24 chondrosarcomas (35.82%) were positive for amphiregulin. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve test, no difference in amphiregulin expression was observed between enchondromas and low-grade chondrosarcomas (p=0.0880). Additionally, 39 lesions (16 in short bones, 13 in long bones, and 10 in flat bones) were positive for amphiregulin, exhibiting a higher percentage of positive cells (p=0.0030) and intensity of immunohistochemical expression (p=0.0055) in short bone lesions than in others. Among 25 enchondromas localized in short bones, 15 expressed amphiregulin; however, all 6 cases localized in long bones were negative for this marker (p=0.0177). CONCLUSIONS: Amphiregulin did not help in distinguishing enchondromas from low-grade chondrosarcomas. The present study is the first to document the expression of this immunohistochemical marker in enchondromas. Furthermore, amphiregulin expression in enchondromas was localized in short bones, indicating a phenotypic distinction from that in long bones. This distinction may contribute to an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of these lesions.

Analysis of angiogenic factors and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cartilaginous tumors- clinical and histological correlation.

OBJECTIVES: To study the role of angiogenesis and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cartilaginous tumors and correlate these factors with prognosis. INTRODUCTION: For chondrosarcoma, the histological grade is the current standard for predicting tumor outcome. However, a low-grade chondrosarcoma can follow an aggressive course-as monitored by sequential imaging techniques-even when it is histologically indistinguishable from an enchondroma. Therefore, additional tools are needed to help identify the biological potential of these tumors. The degree of angiogenesis that is induced by the tumor could assist in this task. Angiogenesis can be quantified by measuring the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and CD34, and cyclooxygenase-2 can induce angiogenesis by stimulating the production of proangiogenic factors. METHODS: In total, 21 enchondromas and 58 conventional chondrosarcomas were studied by examining the clinical and histopathological findings in conjunction with the immunostaining markers of angiogenesis and cyclooxygenase- 2 expression. RESULTS: The significant variables that were associated with poor outcome were 1) higher-grade chondrosarcomas, 2) tumors that developed in flat bones, and 3) over-expression of CD34 (with a median count that was higher than 5.9 vessels in 5 high power fields). Moreover, CD34 expression (measured using the Chalkley method) revealed significantly higher microvessel density in flat bone chondrosarcomas. DISCUSSION: Previous studies have shown a positive correlation between Chalkley microvessel density and histological grade; however, in our sample, we found that the former is predictive of the outcome. Chondrosarcomas in flat bones have been shown to correlate with a poor prognosis. We also found that CD34 microvessel density values were significantly higher in flat-bone chondrosarcomas. This could explain-at least in part-the more aggressive biological course that is taken by these tumors. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence that CD34 microvessel density in chondrosarcomas can be helpful in predicting patient outcome and may add to our understanding of chondrosarcoma pathogenesis.

Componente tibial na revisão da artroplastia do joelho: comparação entre fixação cimentada e híbrida / Tibial component in revision of total knee arthroplasty: comparison between cemented and hybrid fixation

OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados clínicos, radiográficos e de seguimento a médio prazo de dois métodos de fixação do componente tibial nas cirurgias de revisão de prótese total do joelho: cimentada (bandeja e haste) e híbrida (bandeja cimentada e haste que preenche o canal não cimentada e não porosa). MÉTODOS: Entre agosto de 1999 e novembro de 2005, 30 cirurgias de revisão de artroplastia total do joelho foram realizadas em 26 pacientes, sendo divididas em: grupo I: fixação cimentada (N = 21); grupo II: híbrida (N = 9). O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 52 meses, e não houve perda de seguimento pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças nos resultados dos valores dos questionários da Womac e do Knee Society Score entre os dois grupos. Um paciente do grupo I apresentou sinais radiográficos de soltura. Dois pacientes (um de cada grupo) referiram dor na região diafisária, compatível com o local da ponta das hastes. O sinal radiográfico de "pedestal" esteve presente em 89 por cento dos joelhos com hastes não cimentadas e em nenhum com haste cimentada. CONCLUSÃO: A análise comparativa entre os dois métodos não mostrou diferenças nos parâmetros clínico, radiográfico e de sobrevida da artroplastia.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical, radiographic and medium-term follow-up results from two fixation methods for the tibial component in revision procedures on total knee prostheses: cemented (tray and stem) and hybrid (cemented tray and uncemented, nonporous canal-filling stem). METHODS: Between August 1999 and November 2005, 30 revision procedures on total knee arthroplasties were performed on 26 patients, who were divided between group I (cemented fixation; 21 knees) and group II (hybrid fixation; nine knees). The mean follow-up was 52 months and no patients were lost from the follow-up. RESULTS: No differences in the scores from the WOMAC and Knee Society questionnaires were observed between the two groups. One patient in group I presented radiographic signs of loosening. Two patients (one in each group) complained of pain in the diaphyseal region, compatible with the location of the stem tip. The pedestal radiographic sign was observed in 89 percent of the knees with uncemented stems and in none of the cemented group. CONCLUSION: The comparative analysis between the two methods did not show any differences regarding clinical and radiographic parameters, or arthroplasty survival.

TIBIAL COMPONENT IN REVISION OF TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY: COMPARISON BETWEEN CEMENTED AND HYBRID FIXATION.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical, radiographic and medium-term follow-up results from two fixation methods for the tibial component in revision procedures on total knee prostheses: cemented (tray and stem) and hybrid (cemented tray and uncemented, nonporous canal-filling stem). METHODS: Between August 1999 and November 2005, 30 revision procedures on total knee arthroplasties were performed on 26 patients, who were divided between group I (cemented fixation; 21 knees) and group II (hybrid fixation; nine knees). The mean follow-up was 52 months and no patients were lost from the follow up. RESULTS: No differences in the scores from the WOMAC and Knee Society questionnaires were observed between the two groups. One patient in group I presented radiographic signs of loosening. Two patients (one in each group) complained of pain in the diaphyseal region, compatible with the location of the stem tip. The pedestal radiographic sign was observed in 89% of the knees with uncemented stems and in none of the cemented group. CONCLUSION: The comparative analysis between the two methods did not show any differences regarding clinical and radiographic parameters, or arthroplasty survival.

Analysis of angiogenic factors and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cartilaginous tumors: clinical and histological correlation

OBJECTIVES: To study the role of angiogenesis and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cartilaginous tumors and correlate these factors with prognosis. INTRODUCTION: For chondrosarcoma, the histological grade is the current standard for predicting tumor outcome. However, a low-grade chondrosarcoma can follow an aggressive course-as monitored by sequential imaging techniques-even when it is histologically indistinguishable from an enchondroma. Therefore, additional tools are needed to help identify the biological potential of these tumors. The degree of angiogenesis that is induced by the tumor could assist in this task. Angiogenesis can be quantified by measuring the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and CD34, and cyclooxygenase-2 can induce angiogenesis by stimulating the production of proangiogenic factors. METHODS: In total, 21 enchondromas and 58 conventional chondrosarcomas were studied by examining the clinical and histopathological findings in conjunction with the immunostaining markers of angiogenesis and cyclooxygenase- 2 expression. RESULTS: The significant variables that were associated with poor outcome were 1) higher-grade chondrosarcomas, 2) tumors that developed in flat bones, and 3) over-expression of CD34 (with a median count that was higher than 5.9 vessels in 5 high power fields). Moreover, CD34 expression (measured using the Chalkley method) revealed significantly higher microvessel density in flat bone chondrosarcomas. DISCUSSION: Previous studies have shown a positive correlation between Chalkley microvessel density and histological grade; however, in our sample, we found that the former is predictive of the outcome. Chondrosarcomas in flat bones have been shown to correlate with a poor prognosis. We also found that CD34 microvessel density values were significantly higher in flat-bone chondrosarcomas. This could explain-at least in part-the more aggressive biological course that is taken by these tumors. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence that CD34 microvessel density in chondrosarcomas can be helpful in predicting patient outcome and may add to our understanding of chondrosarcoma pathogenesis.

Peritonite granulomatosa induzida por talco e fibras de celulose / Granulomatous peritonitis induced by talc and cellulose fibers

O peritônio reage ao contato com corpos estranhos, numa intensidade paralela às características do material envolvido e sua interaçäo com o hospedeiro. A forma de reaçäo mais conhecida é o granuloma ao talco (silicato de magnésio) utilizado, no passado, como lubrificante seco de luvas cirúrgicas. Ela é freqüentemente confundida com tuberculose ou carcinomatose. Comumente desenvolvem-se ascite, micronódulos peritoniais e aderências. Também a fibra de celulose, oriunda de vestuário e máscaras cirúrgicas descartáveis é capaz de induzir peritonite granulomatosa. Os autores relatam o caso de uma paciente com história de cirurgia no intestino delgado e apendicectomia há 14 anos. Por ocasiäo de uma colecistectomia via laparoscópica foram observados micronódulos peritoniais, em alças intestinais, fígado e vísceras pélvicas. O exame histológico mostrou granulomas tuberculóides com necrose caseosa central exibindo material filamentoso acastanhado, sugestivo de celulose e, a luz polarizada, grande número de cristais (sílica). As coloraçöes especiais para pesquisa de fungos e BAAR resultaram negativas. Os diagnósticos diferenciais incluem processos infecciosos que foram descartados às coloraçöes e carcinomatose que foi afastada ao exame histológico. Trata-se de peritonite assintomática e desprovida de complicaçöes a despeito da exuberância dos achados laparoscópicos.

PIritonite granulomatosa induzida por talvo e fibras de celulose

O peritonio reage em contato com corpos estranhos, numa intensidade paralela as caracteristicas do material envolvido e sua interacao com o hospedeiro. A forma de reacao mais conhecida e o granuloma ao talco (silicato de magnesio utilizado, no passado, como lubrificante seco de luvas cirurgicas. Ela e frequentemente confundida com tuberculose ou carcimatose. Comumente desenvolve-se ascite, micronodulos peritoniais e aderencias. Tambem a fibra de celulose, oriunda de vestuario e mascaras cirurgicas e capaz de induzir peritonite granulomatosa. Os autores relatam o caso de uma paciente com historia de cirurgia no intestino delgado e apendicectomia ha 14 anos. Por ocasiao de uma colecistectomia via laparascopica foram observados micronodulos peritoniais, em alcas intestinais, figado e viceras pelvicas. O exame histologico mostrou granulomas tuberculoides com necrose caseosa central exibindo material filamentoso acastanhado, sugestivo de celulose e, a luz polarizada, grande numero de cristais (silica). As coloracoes especiais para pesquisa de fungos e BAAR resultaram negativas. Os diagnosticos diferenciais incluem processosinfecciosos que foram descartados as coloracoes especiais e carcinomatose que foi afastada ao exame histologico. Trata-se de peritonite assintomatica e desprovida de complicacoes a despeito da exuberancia dos achados laparoscopicos.