Infección de herida quirúrgica neonatal: encuesta multicéntrica sobre medidas profilácticas / Neonatal surgical site infection: multicentric survey on prophylactic measures

Objetivos. La infección de herida quirúrgica (IHQ) es una causa frecuente de morbimortalidad en Neonatología. Existen factores de riesgo conocidos: tipo de cirugía (sucia/contaminada/limpia), prematuridad, duración de intervención, hipoalbuminemia, infección previa, ventilación mecánica prolongada y contaminación de vía central. Otros factores perioperatorios no han sido estudiados en neonatos, sí en adultos. Desarrollamos una encuesta sobre las actitudes y las medidas, intraoperatorias y de manejo de herida. Pretendemos dilucidar si existe consenso sobre la profilaxis de IHQ neonatal. Métodos. Encuesta con 22 ítems, basada en la guía de prevención de la IHQ en adultos (Surgical Infection Society, 2008). Cada ítem cuestiona temas sobre hábitos perioperatorios, intra y postoperatorios, relacionados con el manejo de la herida quirúrgica en el neonato, y consta de dos preguntas, según sea cirugía sucia/urgente o limpia/contaminada. Las opciones de respuesta son 4: siempre, con frecuencia, raramente y nunca. Enviamos la encuesta a cirujanos pediátricos españoles mediante correo electrónico en el primer trimestre del 2012. Resultados. Se enviaron 159 encuestas. 51 (32%) respondieron. 69% emplean clorhexidina para preparar campo, 25% usan povidona iodada. Solo el 51% refirió dejar actuar siempre un minuto el antiséptico. 69% nunca usan bisturí eléctrico en piel para ampliar herida. No hubo respuestas unánimes en cuanto al uso de paños adhesivos protectores del campo, la irrigación de planos con suero o antisépticos durante el cierre, el empleo de drenajes, cambio de guantes y/o material al iniciar el cierre (cirugía sucia). El 72% y el 82% nunca emplean cianocrilato como cierre o apósito en neonatos, respectivamente. En cirugía sucia, 43% suturan piel con intradérmica y 49% con puntos sueltos. Conclusiones. La distribución de respuestas refleja la falta de consenso sobre los aspectos de la técnica quirúrgica y el manejo perioperatorio que podrían estar relacionados con la profilaxis de IHQ neonatal

Objectives. Surgical site infection (SSI) has a considerable impact on neonatal morbidity. There are known risk factors such type of surgery (clean/contaminated), prematurity, surgical length, hypoalbuminemia, previous infection, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and so on. Many perioperative factors have not been studied, opposite to adults. We have developed a survey on intraoperative attitudes and measures, as surgical wound management in Neonates among pediatric surgeons, to seek for a wider consense. Methods. Multi-response survey with 22 items, based on the Surgical Infection Society NIH 2008 clinical guideline. Each item poses a question on perioperative attitudes, surgical aspects and wound management. Each question is subdivided in two categories, depending on urgency and type of surgery (clean/contaminated) Results. 159 surveys were sent. Among those, we received back 51 (32%). 69% of the interviewed surgeons use clorhexidin to prepare surgical field, 25% use Iodine solutions. 69% never use diathermy to incise skin. There was no agreement on the use of sterile plastic adhesive drapes, intra-cavity lavage, changing surgical gloves/material, or wound irrigation during closure. 82% never use cyanocrilate dressing. Intracuticular skin suture and simple stitches were used indistinctly. Wound management and dressings were not uniform and depended on each pediatric unit. Conclusions. The survey reflects the lack of consensus regarding prophylactic measures and wound management among pediatric surgeons who care after surgical neonates

[Neonatal surgical site infection: multicentric survey on prophylactic measures]. / Infección de herida quirúrgica neonatal: encuesta multicéntrica sobre medidas profilácticas.

OBJECTIVES: Surgical site infection (SSI) has a considerable impact on neonatal morbidity. There are known risk factors such type of surgery (clean/contaminated), prematurity, surgical length, hypoalbuminemia, previous infection, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and so on. Many perioperative factors have not been studied, opposite to adults. We have developed a survey on intraoperative attitudes and measures, as surgical wound management in Neonates among pediatric surgeons, to seek for a wider consense. METHODS: Multi-response survey with 22 items, based on the Surgical Infection Society NIH 2008 clinical guideline. Each item poses a question on perioperative attitudes, surgical aspects and wound management. Each question is subdivided in two categories, depending on urgency and type of surgery (clean/contaminated). RESULTS: 159 surveys were sent. Among those, we received back 51 (32%). 69% of the interviewed surgeons use clorhexidin to prepare surgical field, 25% use Iodine solutions. 69% never use diathermy to incise skin. There was no agreement on the use of sterile plastic adhesive drapes, intra-cavity lavage, changing surgical gloves/material, or wound irrigation during closure. 82% never use cyanocrilate dressing. Intracuticular skin suture and simple stitches were used indistinctly. Wound management and dressings were not uniform and depended on each pediatric unit. CONCLUSIONS: The survey reflects the lack of consensus regarding prophylactic measures and wound management among pediatric surgeons who care after surgical neonates.

OBJETIVOS: La infección de herida quirúrgica (IHQ) es una causa frecuente de morbimortalidad en Neonatología. Existen factores de riesgo conocidos: tipo de cirugía (sucia/contaminada/limpia), prematuridad, duración de intervención, hipoalbuminemia, infección previa, ventilación mecánica prolongada y contaminación de vía central. Otros factores perioperatorios no han sido estudiados en neonatos, sí en adultos. Desarrollamos una encuesta sobre las actitudes y las medidas, intraoperatorias y de manejo de herida. Pretendemos dilucidar si existe consenso sobre la profilaxis de IHQ neonatal. METODOS: Encuesta con 22 ítems, basada en la guía de prevención de la IHQ en adultos (Surgical Infection Society, 2008). Cada ítem cuestiona temas sobre hábitos perioperatorios, intra y postoperatorios, relacionados con el manejo de la herida quirúrgica en el neonato, y consta de dos preguntas, según sea cirugía sucia/urgente o limpia/contaminada. Las opciones de respuesta son 4: siempre, con frecuencia, raramente y nunca. Enviamos la encuesta a cirujanos pediátricos españoles mediante correo electrónico en el primer trimestre del 2012. RESULTADOS: Se enviaron 159 encuestas. 51 (32%) respondieron. 69% emplean clorhexidina para preparar campo, 25% usan povidona iodada. Solo el 51% refirió dejar actuar siempre un minuto el antiséptico. 69% nunca usan bisturí eléctrico en piel para ampliar herida. No hubo respuestas unánimes en cuanto al uso de paños adhesivos protectores del campo, la irrigación de planos con suero o antisépticos durante el cierre, el empleo de drenajes, cambio de guantes y/o material al iniciar el cierre (cirugía sucia). El 72% y el 82% nunca emplean cianocrilato como cierre o apósito en neonatos, respectivamente. En cirugía sucia, 43% suturan piel con intradérmica y 49% con puntos sueltos. CONCLUSIONES: La distribución de respuestas refleja la falta de consenso sobre los aspectos de la técnica quirúrgica y el manejo perioperatorio que podrían estar relacionados con la profilaxis de IHQ neonatal.

Calidad de vida y resultados a largo plazo en pacientes con enfermedad de Hirschsprung / Quality of life and long term results in Hirschsprung’s disease

Introducción. En este estudio hemos querido comprobar los resultados funcionales a largo plazo de dos técnicas quirúrgicas en la enfermedad de Hirschsprung (Duhamel -D- y De la Torre -dlT-) desde el punto de vista de los pacientes. Métodos. Se seleccionaron los pacientes ≥4 años con EH de segmentocorto intervenidos desde 1996 hasta 2011. Encuestas telefónicas: dos tests validados: el BFS (Bowel Function Score), y el cuestionario GIQLI (Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index). Se tomaron dos grupos controles pareados por edad para cada grupo (D o dlT). Resultados. De 28 pacientes preseleccionados, 22 (78,6%) contestaron el cuestionario. Edad media: 10 años (rango 4-21). 12 pacientes se habían intervenido mediante técnica de dlT y 10 mediante técnica de D. Los pacientes dlT presentaron fugas más frecuentemente (58,3% vs. 10% p=0,03).Los resultados fueron mejores en el grupo D en los dos cuestionarios: 16 vs.12,8 puntos (BFS, p=0,007) y 74,1 vs. 69,8 (GIQLI, p=0,17). Los resultados en el grupo control fueron mejores en ambos cuestionarios respecto a los pacientes con EH en su conjunto: 17,2 vs. 14,3 (BFS, p<0,001) y 75,9 vs.71,8 (GIQLI, p=0,04). Ambos grupos de pacientes intervenidos presentaban resultados inferiores a su grupo control respectivo. Discusión. Obtuvimos menor puntuación global en pacientes intervenidos de EH respecto a controles sanos. La incontinencia y las fugas tienen más impacto en la calidad de vida que el estreñimiento. Al presentar más frecuentemente fugas, los pacientes del grupo dlT, los resultados en este grupo fueron inferiores. Los pacientes en el grupo dlT eran más jóvenes y sus resultados podrían mejorar con la edad, como se comprueba habitualmente en pacientes con EH operados

Introduction. The most frequent long term side effects of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) surgery are obstructive problems and fecal incontinence. In this study, we analyse long term functional results of the two most used surgical techniques (Duhamel -D- and De la Torre -dlT-) from the patient's point of view, through quality of life and functionality questionnaires. Methods. We selected short segment HD patients (≥4 years) that were operated in our unit from 1996 until 2011. We employed two validated questionnaires: Bowel Function Score (BFS) and Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI). Both questionnaires were also tested in two control age matched groups, each for every arm (control Dor controldlT). Results. Among 28 preselected patients, 22 (78.6%) answered both questionnaires. Group D (10 patients) showed more constipation: 60%vs. 16,7% (p=0.01). Patients in group dlT (12 patients) showed more leaks: 58,3 vs.10% (p=0,03). Results of both questionnaires were higher (better) in Group D: 16 vs. 12,8 points (BFS, p=0.007) and 74,1 vs. 69,8 (GIQLI, p=0.17). The control group showed an overall better scores than HD patients: 17,2 vs. 14,3 (BFS p=0.001) and 75,9 vs. 71,8 (GIQLI, p=0.04). Separately, both groups of patients showed worse scores when compared with each control group. Discussion. Our results are similar to other studies, where global scores of functional results and quality of life are worse in operated HD patients than in age matched controls. Fecal incontinence has more impact on social scores than constipation. Due to the fact that our dlT patients have more frequently fecal leaks, their scores are worse than in the D group. Nevertheless, patients in dlT group are younger and may improve their results as they get older, as it is often the case in operated HD patients

[Study of bacteriology and resistances in pediatric appendicitis]. / Estudio de la flora patógena y resistencias en apendicitis pediátricas.

UNLABELLED: There is controversy about the convenience of performing a bacteriological peritoneal culture in pediatric appendicitis. We performed a sero-epidemiological survey of the bacteria found in peritoneal swabs from pediatric appendicitis operated in our hospital. METHODS: Ambispective study. Retrospective revision of the bacteriological results from peritoneal swabs performed in pediatric appendicitis from january 2009 to december 2010 (2 years) and prospective study of peritoneal swabs collected between january 2011 and december 2011 (one year). RESULTS: We found 728 pediatric patients (mean age 7.1, range: 2-11 years). Among these, 108 were < 5 years. Cultures were performed in 328 (45.1%). A positive result was found in 155 swabs, (47.3%). Positive cultures were more frequent in patients < 5 years (69.2% vs 40.4%, p < 0.001). The most frequent pathogens were E. coli: 122 specimens, Streptococcus spp (50 swabs), P. aeruginosa: (45) and B.fragilis: (35) Younger age was strongly associated with P. aeruginosa: (30.8% vs 8.4%, p < 0.001. OR: 4.8. IC 95%: 2.3-9.8). So was the detection of E. coli (50% vs 33.2% p = 0.01). 21.3% (26 swabs) of E. coli were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. There were 15 (12.3%) multiresistant (ESBL) E. coli. Among the Streptococcus, 32% (16 out of 50) were resistant to clindamicin, and so were 28.6% of the B. fragilis (10 out of 35). DISCUSSION: . The most frequent pathogens were E. coli, Streptococcus spp and P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa is five times more frequent in patients < 5 years. Resistance of E. coli to amoxiclavulanate was high: 21.3% of the specimens. We found that 12.3% of the E. coli produced ESBL.

Estudio de la flora patógena y resistencias en apendicitis pediátricas / Study of bacteriology and resistances in pediatric appendicitis

Objetivos. Existe controversia sobre la utilidad del cultivo de líquido peritoneal en las apendicitis pediátricas. Hemos investigado la situación epidemiológica de la fl ora bacteriana en las apendicectomías pediátricas. Material y métodos. Revisión retrospectiva de apendicectomías realizadas en menores de 12 años, en dos años (enero/2009-diciembre/2010) y análisis prospectivo durante un año (enero/2011-diciembre/2011). Resultados. Encontramos 728 pacientes (media 7,1 años, rango 2-11). De ellos, 108 eran <5 años. Se recogió cultivo de líquido perineal en 328 (45,1%). Los cultivos fueron positivos en 155 de esas 328 muestras (47,3%). Fue más frecuente encontrar cultivo positivo en <5 años (69,2% vs. 40,4%, p <0,001. OR: 3,3. IC 95%: 1,8-5,9). Las bacterias más habituales fueron Escherichia coli, con 122 aislamientos, Streptococcus spp (50 aislamientos), P. aeruginosa, (45 aislamientos) y B. fragilis (35). La frecuencia de P. aeruginosa fue cinco veces mayor en el grupo de < 5 años (30,8% vs. 8,4%, p<0,001. OR: 4,8. IC 95%: 2,3-9,8). Asimismo, la presencia de E. coli se duplicó en el grupo de < 5 años (50% vs. 33,2% p = 0,01. OR: 2,01. IC 95%: 1,1-3,4). 26 (21,3%) especímenes de E. coli eran resistentes a amoxicilina-clavulánico. Hubo 15 (12,3%) cepas de E. coli multirresistentes. 16 cepas de Streptococcus (32%) y 10 aislamientos de B. fragilis (28,6%) fueron resistentes a clindamicina. Conclusiones. En < 5 años existe más riesgo de infección por Pseudomonas. Encontramos una alta tasas de resistencia de E. coli a la amoxicilina-clavulánico y 12,3% de E. coli eran multirresistentes

There is controversy about the convenience of performing a bacteriological peritoneal culture in pediatric appendicitis. We performed a sero-epidemiological survey of the bacteria found in peritoneal swabs from pediatric appendicitis operated in our hospital. Methods. Ambispective study. Retrospective revision of the bacteriological results from peritoneal swabs performed in pediatric appendicitis from january 2009 to december 2010 (2 years) and prospective study of peritoneal swabs collected between january 2011 and december 2011 (one year).Results. We found 728 pediatric patients (mean age 7.1, range: 2-11 years). Among these, 108 were <5 years. Cultures were performed in 328 (45.1%). A positive result was found in 155 swabs, (47.3%). Posi-tive cultures were more frequent in patients < 5 years (69.2% vs 40.4%, p <0,001). The most frequent pathogens were E. coli: 122 specimens, Streptococcus spp (50 swabs), P. aeruginosa: (45) and B. fragilis: (35). Younger age was strongly associated with P. aeruginosa: (30.8% vs8.4%, p<0,001. OR: 4.8. IC 95%: 2.3-9.8). So was the detection of E. coli (50% vs 33.2% p=0,01). 21.3% (26 swabs) of E. coli were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. There were 15 (12.3%) multiresistant (ESBL) E. coli. Among the Streptococcus, 32% (16 out of 50) were re-sistant to clindamicin, and so were 28.6% of the B. fragilis (10 out of 35). Discussion. The most frequent pathogens were E. coli, Streptococ-cus spp and P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa is fi ve times more frequent in patients <5 years. Resistance of E. coli to amoxiclavulanate was high: 21.3% of the specimens. We found that 12.3% of the E. coli produced ESBL

[Quality of life and long term results in Hirschsprung's disease]. / Calidad de vida y resultados a largo plazo en pacientes con enfermedad de Hirschsprung.

INTRODUCTION: The most frequent long term side effects of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) surgery are obstructive problems and fecal incontinence. In this study, we analyse long term functional results of the two most used surgical techniques (Duhamel-D- and De la Torre-dlT-) from the patient's point of view, through quality of life and functionality questionnaires. METHODS: We selected short segment HD patients ≥ 4 years) that were operated in our unit from 1996 until 2011. We employed two validated questionnaires: Bowel Function Score (BFS) and Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI). Both questionnaires were also tested in two control age matched groups, each for every arm (controlD or control dlT). RESULTS: Among 28 preselected patients, 22 (78.6%) answered both questionnaires. Group D (10 patients) showed more constipation: 60% vs. 16.7% ( p = 0.01). Patients in group dlT (12 patients) showed more leaks: 58.3 vs. 10% (p = 0.03). Results of both questionnaires were higher (better) in Group D: 16 vs. 12.8 points (BFS, p = 0.007) and 74.1 vs. 69.8 (GIQLI, p = 0.17). The control group showed an overall better scores than HD patients: 17.2 vs. 14.3 (BFS p = 0.001) and 75.9 vs. 71.8 (GIQLI, p = 0.04). Separately, both groups of patients showed worse scores when compared with each control group. DISCUSSION: Our results are similar to other studies, where global scores of functional results and quality of life are worse in operated HD patients than in age matched controls. Fecal incontinence has more impact on social scores than constipation. Due to the fact that our dlT patients have more frequently fecal leaks, their scores are worse than in the D group. Nevertheless, patients in dlT group are younger and may improve their results as they get older, as it is often the case in operated HD patients.

Flujometría en varones asintomáticos intervenidos mediante la técnica de Snodgrass / Uroflowmetry values among asymptomatic children who underwent tubularized incised plate urethroplasty

Objetivos. La uretroplastia mediante tubularización de la placa incidida (TIP), introducida por Snodgrass en 1994, es una técnica muy extendida que produce buenos resultados funcionales y cosméticos, pero que puede ocasionar cambios en el chorro miccional con una curva y parámetros flujométricos alterados. La falta de elasticidad de la neouretra es considerada la causa, comprobándose la tendencia a la mejoría de los parámetros flujométricos con el paso del tiempo. El objetivo del estudio es conocer las características flujométricas en nuestros pacientes asintomáticos y su evolución en el tiempo. Pacientes y métodos. Pacientes intervenidos mediante TIP entre 2005 y 2012, clínicamente asintomáticos, buena calibración uretral y no reintervenidos. Flujometrías realizadas en visitas periódicas, clasificación según volumen miccional. Comparación con Nomograma validado para población española. Análisis: SPSS 15.0.Resultados. 85 pacientes intervenidos a una edad media de: 2,7 años. Media de seguimiento: 32 meses. En 57 (67,1%) el hipospadias fue coronal, 19 (22,4%), peneano distal y 9 (10,6%), peneano medio. Obtuvimos 131 flujometrías, (1,54 por niño), a una edad media de 5,1 años (rango 2,5-8). En controles precoces la curva fue acampanada en 21% (6/29). Qmáx (flujo máximo): 7 ml/s, Qav (flujo medio): 4,3 ml/seg. Estos valores mejoraron en controles posteriores: curva en campana: 28% (29/74) (p>0,05); Qmáx: 9,09 ml/seg (p=0,06); Qave: 4,9 ml/seg (p=0,07). Al ajustar según el volumen de la micción, los resultados también mejoraron. Se construye Nomograma específico.Conclusión. Nuestros datos confirman que nuestros pacientes intervenidos de TIP y clínicamente asintomáticos pueden presentar cambios en los parámetros flujométricos, con tendencia a mejorar en controles sucesivos (AU)

Purpose. Tubularized incised plate uretroplasty (TIPU) technique for hypospadias repair or Snodgrass procedure has become increasingly popular since its description in 1994. The elasticity of the neouretra is reduced and several studies have pointed out that flow parameters of the patients operated on this procedure show some grade of asymptomatic functional obstruction, although there are reports on the improvement of these parameters on the mid term. We evaluated the functional outcome in the form of urinary flow in asymptomatic children following uncomplicated TIPU.Patients and methods. We reviewed the urine flow rate of asymtomatic toilet trained children who underwent TIPU at our institution between 2005 and 2012. Uroflowmetries were performed in a serial fashion, during the follow up visits at the first months after the repair and yearly afterwards. Unfavourable values were plateau or interrupted curves and peak flow below the 5th percentile of a validated Nomogram for children (Gutiérrez-Segura). Statistical work up: SPSS 15.0.Results. 85 patients were eligible. The mean age at surgery was 2.7 years. Median follow up was 29 months (6-82 months). Hypospadias was distal penile in 76 (89.5%) and mid penile in 9 (10.6%). We obtained 131 uroflowmetries (1.54 per patient) at a mean age of 5.1 years (2.5 8). 66.7% of the peak flow values and 55% of the average (..) (AU)

Resultados funcionales en pacientes con enfermedad de Hirschsprung intervenidos mediante las técnicas de Duhamel y De la Torre / Functional results of Hirschsprung’s disease patients after Duhamel and De la Torre procedures

Introducción. Los resultados funcionales a largo plazo de las distintas técnicas quirúrgicas en la Enfermedad de Hirschsprung (EH) son variables según las series. Analizamos los resultados funcionales a medio plazo en pacientes con EH intervenidos mediante las técnicas de Duhamel (D) y De la Torre (dlT).Material y métodos. Revisión de historias clínicas y encuestas telefónicas a pacientes con EH intervenidos en los últimos 16 años. Resultados. Se encontraron 38 pacientes, edad media 7,7; rango 1,5-21 años. La media de seguimiento fue de 5,9 años (mediana 5,5; rango 1-16 años). 13,2% presentaron afectación del segmento largo. Se realizaron 17 (44,7%) intervenciones de D, 16 (42,1%) de dLT, 4 (10,5%) intervenciones de Duhamel-Lester-Martin y 1 (2,6%) intervención de Soave. En la última visita o contacto telefónico, 12 (31,6%) presentaban estreñimiento y entre los pacientes ≥4 años (n=33), 11 (33,3%) referían fugas. Diez pacientes (29,4%) presentaron encopresis a lo largo del seguimiento. Los pacientes D presentaron mayores tasas de estreñimiento a los dlT (53,3% vs 20%, p=0,048). Los pacientes intervenidos mediante Duhamel presentaron menos fugas que los de de La Torre, (13,3% vs 46,1% p=0,05). Los pacientes con resecciones muy pequeñas (<10 cm) presentaron más estreñimiento (66,6% vs 17,4%, p=0,007), y menos fugas (12,5% vs 47,3% p=0,08). Todos los grupos presentaron tasas de encopresis similares. Discusión. Ambas técnicas tienen unos resultados a medio plazo similares, si bien en la técnica de Duhamel existe más tendencia al estreñimiento y en la de De la Torre existe más proporción de niños con fugas. Creemos necesario un seguimiento a largo plazo de todos los pacientes con EH (AU)

Introduction. Long term results of different surgical techniques in Hirschsprung´s Disease (HD) are contradictory. There are still no long term large or multicentric reports about functional results of De la Torre technique. We have studied the mid term functional results of the patients operated on Duhamel (D) and De la Torre (dlT) pull-through procedures. Patients and methods. We collected data from medical records and telephone interviews of the HD patients operated in our unit in the last 16 years. Results. 38 patients were found. Ages ranged from 1.5 to 21 years. Mean age was 7.7 years. Median follow up was 5.9 years. 33 (86.8%) had rectosigmoid disease and 5 (13.2%) had long segment disease. D procedure was performed in 17 (44.7%) , Soave in 1 (2.6%) , Duhamel-Lester-Martin in 4 (10.5%) and dlT pull-through in 16 (42%). In the last visit record, 12 (31.6%), had constipation, and fecal leaks were noted in 11 (33.3%) of the 33 patients ≥4 years old.. 10 patients (29.4% of the ≥4 years old group) referred encopresis along the follow-up. Patients from the D group referred higher rates of constipation than those in the dlT group (53.3% vs 20% p=0.048). dlT patients referred more frequency of leaks (46,1% vs 13,3%, p=0,05) Children with very short resections (≤10 cm) were more prone to constipation than children with longer resections (66,6% vs 17.4% p=0.007), and less prone to present leaks (12.5% vs 47.3% p=0.08). Encopresis was similar in all groups. Discussion. Both techniques show similar functional results in the mid term, although children in the D group were more prone to constipation and those in the dlT group presented more fecal leaks. All patients with EH need long follow-ups (AU)

[Uroflowmetry values among asymptomatic children who underwent tubularized incised plate urethroplasty]. / Flujometría en varones asintomáticos intervenidos mediante la técnica de Snodgrass.

PURPOSE: Tubularized incised plate uretroplasty (TIPU) technique for hypospadias repair or Snodgrass procedure has become increasingly popular since its description in 1994. The elasticity of the neouretra is reduced and several studies have pointed out that flow parameters of the patients operated on this procedure show some grade of asymptomatic functional obstruction, although there are reports on the improvement of these parameters on the mid term. We evaluated the functional outcome in the form of urinary flow in asymptomatic children following uncomplicated TIPU. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the urine flow rate of asymptomatic toilet trained children who underwent TIPU at our institution between 2005 and 2012. Uroflowmetries were performed in a serial fashion, during the follow up visits at the first months after the repair and yearly afterwards. Unfavourable values were plateau or interrupted curves and peak flow below the 5th percentile of a validated Nomogram for children (Gutiérrez-Segura). Statistical work up: SPSS 15.0. RESULTS: 85 patients were eligible. The mean age at surgery was 2.7 years. Median follow up was 29 months (6-82 months). Hypospadias was distal penile in 76 (89.5%) and mid penile in 9 (10.6%). We obtained 131 uroflowmetries (1.54 per patient) at a mean age of 5.1 years (2.5-8). 66.7% of the peak flow values and 55% of the average flow values were below the 5th percentile of the Nomogram. Flow curve was normal (bell- shaped) in 35 charts (26.5%), irregular in 38 (28.8%) and plateau in 56 (42.4%). Peak flow values improved in the second year after surgery (compared to the first year values): 7 ml/sgvs 8.09 ml/sg (p=0.07). The difference was significative in low volumes (<100 ml) (6.3 vs 7.8 ml/sg, p=0.04). Bell-shaped curve rate also grew: 21% (6/29) vs 28% (29/74), p> 0.05. We constructed a specific Nomogram for this population. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm that many asymptomatic patients who undergo TIPU repair present altered flow patterns. Spontaneous partial improvement is the norm after the first year of surgery.

[Functional results of Hirschsprung's disease patients after Duhamel and De la Torre procedures]. / Resultados funcionales en pacientes con enfermedad de Hirschsprung intervenidos mediante las técnicas de Duhamel y De la Torre.

INTRODUCTION: Long term results of different surgical techniques in Hirschsprung's Disease (HD) are contradictory. There are still no long term large or multicentric reports about functional results of De la Torre technique. We have studied the mid term functional results of the patients operated on Duhamel (D) and De la Torre (dlT) pull-through procedures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We collected data from medical records and telephone interviews of the HD patients operated in our unit in the last 16 years. RESULTS: 38 patients were found. Ages ranged from 1.5 to 21 years. Mean age was 7.7 years. Median follow up was 5.9 years. 33 (86.8%) had rectosigmoid disease and 5 (13.2%) had long segment disease. D procedure was performed in 17 (44.7%), Soave in 1 (2.6%), Duhamel-Lester-Martin in 4 (10.5%) and dlT pull-through in 16(42%). In the last visit record, 12 (31.6%), had constipation, and fecal leaks were noted in 11 (33.3%) of the 33 patients > or = 4 years old.. 10 patients (29.4% of the > or = 4 years old group) referred encopresis along the follow-up. Patients from the D group referred higher rates of constipation than those in the dlT group (53.3% vs 20% p=0.048). dlT patients referred more frequency of leaks (46,1% vs 13,3%, p=0,05) Children with very short resections (< or = 10 cm) were more prone to constipation than children with longer resections (66,6% vs 17.4% p=0.007), and less prone to present leaks (12.5% vs 47.3% p=0.08). Encopresis was similar in all groups. DISCUSSION: Both techniques show similar functional results in the mid term, although children in the D group were more prone to constipation and those in the dlT group presented more fecal leaks. All patients with EH need long follow-ups.

Actinomicosis: a propósito de 2 casos clínicos / Actinomycosis: presentation of 2 cases

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Agenesia de vesícula biliar: una causa inusual de hipertransaminasemia / Absence of the gallbladder: an unusual cause of hypertransaminasemia

La agenesia de vesícula biliar es una entidad poco frecuente, y su presentación con algún síntoma asociado es más infrecuente aún. La mayoría de casos se detectan de forma accidental en el curso de una exploración quirúrgica ante un cuadro sugestivo de litiasis biliar. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 4 años de edad con elevaciones transitorias y recurrentes de enzimas hepáticas, en quien sólo se encontró, tras un estudio exhaustivo, una agenesia de vesícula biliar como posible causa de esta alteración. Es un cuadro que hay que tener en cuenta para evitar procedimientos invasivos en estos pacientes(AU)

Abscence of the gallbladder is a very rare malformation and its symptomatic presentation is even more unusual. Most of the cases reported were discovered while a surgical exploration of the abdomen was performed in patients with biliary symptoms. It is reported a rare paediatric case. The patient was 4 years old and presented recurrent and transient elevation of liver transaminases. After a complete study only absence of the gallbladder was found as cause. Awareness of this entity by clinicians and surgeons is important because invasive diagnostic procedures can be avoided(AU)

Stephens-Fowler en 2 tiempos: resultados 14 años después / Stephens-fowler in two times: results 14 years later

El manejo del testículo intraabdominal puede ser difícil, como lo demuestran las múltiples modalidades de evaluación y tratamiento propuestos. Revisamos nuestros resultados tras 14 años de experiencia en el manejo laparoscópico. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de las laparoscopias realizadas en nuestro servicio por teste no palpable entre los años1996 y 2009. De 174 laparoscopias encontramos 72 testes intraabdominales (5 bilaterales) y realizamos 25 descensos directos (3bilaterales). En 5 casos se realizó Stephens-Fowler en un tiempo. A40 pacientes se les realizó la técnica de Stephens-Fowler en 2 tiempos(2 bilaterales) por no alcanzar el orificio inguinal contralateral. El segundo tiempo en 4 casos se realizó asistido por laparoscopiay, en el resto, vía inguinal exclusivamente. La edad media de la primera intervención fue de 3,7 años y el tiempo medio entre las 2intervenciones fue de 10,9 meses. De los 42 testes descendidos, 22 (..) (AU)

The management of intra-abdominal testis can be challenging, as evidenced by the multiple methods suggested for its assessment and treatment. In this paper, we report our long-term results for our 14-yearsurgical experience with laparoscopic management. Methods. Retrospective study of laparoscopic interventions performed at our department for non palpable testes between 1996and 2009. In 174 procedures, we found 72 intra-abdominal testes (5bilateral) and 25 direct orchiopexies (3 bilateral) were performed. One-stage Fowler-Stephens orchiopexies (FSO) were performed in 5children. 40 boys underwent the two-stage FSO technique (2 bilateral)in those that reached the contralateral inguinal ring. The second stage (..) (AU)

[Stephens-Fowler in two times: results 14 years later]. / Stephens-Fowler en 2 tiempos: resultados 14 años después.

The management of intra-abdominal testis can be challenging, as evidenced by the multiple methods suggested for its assessment and treatment. In this paper, we report our long-term results for our 14-year surgical experience with laparoscopic management. Methods. Retrospective study of laparoscopic interventions performed at our department for nonpalpable testes between 1996 and 2009. In 174 procedures, we found 72 intra-abdominal testes (5 bilateral) and 25 direct orchiopexies (3 bilateral) were performed. One-stage Fowler-Stephens orchiopexies (FSO) were performed in 5 children. 40 boys underwent the two-stage FSO technique (2 bilateral) in those that reached the contralateral inguinal ring. The second stage was performed in 4 cases with a laparoscopic approach, the rest of them underwent an inguinal procedure exclusively. Mean age for the first intervention was 3.7 yrs, and the second stage was performed on average after 10.9 months. Of 42 undescended testes, 22 were on the right side and 20 on the left side. Median followup was 24 months. Results. Of 42 two-stage FSOs performed, 27 surgeries were very successful, with a testis size equivalent to the contralateral mate; 7 had good results, with a smaller testis (volume up to 50% of contralateral); and 7 resulted in atrophic testis. No complications were encountered during surgery. Conclusions. There is no doubt about the usefulness of laparoscopy for intra-abdominal testes with short spermatic vessels, and the two-stage Fowler-Stephens technique should be the procedure of choice given its high success rate.