Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, literature review.

Obesity is a global health concern that has been increasing over the years, and it is associated with several pathophysiological changes affecting the respiratory system, including alveolar hypoventilation. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is one of the six subtypes of sleep-hypoventilation disorders. It is defined as the presence of obesity, chronic alveolar hypoventilation leading to daytime hypercapnia and hypoxia, and sleep-disordered breathing. The existence of a sleep disorder is one of the characteristics that patients with OHS present. Among them, 90% of patients have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and the remaining 10% of patients with OHS have non-obstructive sleep hypoventilation without OSA or with mild OSA. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiological and pathophysiological impact of OHS and to highlight its clinical features, prognosis, and severity, as well as the available treatment options.

Characteristics of tracheostomized patients followed up by a Palliative Care and Complex Chronic Patient Service.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of children with tracheostomies. The objective was to describe the characteristics of paediatric patients with a tracheostomy followed up by the Department of Palliative Care and Chronic Medically Complex Illness (DPCCMCI) of a tertiary care hospital. METHODS: Single-centre retrospective observational study in patients aged less than 18 years with a tracheostomy followed up by the PCCCPS of a tertiary care hospital (November 2020-June 2022). We analysed epidemiological, clinical, microbiological and social data by reviewing the health records. RESULTS: The sample included 44 tracheostomized patients. The most frequent underlying disease was acquired upper airway disease (20.5%). The most common indication for tracheostomy was upper airway obstruction (66%). Bacterial isolates were detected in 84% of the tracheal aspirates, among which P. aeruginosa was the most frequent (56.8%). The most frequently prescribed antibiotic was ciprofloxacin (84%). In addition, 18.1% of the patients received at least 1 course of intravenous antibiotherapy and 29.5% received more than 3 systemic antibiotic regimens in the past 20 months. Fifty-nine percent of the children were schooled: 38.6% attended a regular school, 15.9% a special needs school and 4.5% were home-schooled. We identified social difficulties in 53.7%. Also, 22.7% of the families received financial support to care for a child with severe illness. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the complexity of caring for tracheostomized children, integral and coordinated management is essential. Schooling is possible and safe if caregivers are trained.

Características de los pacientes traqueostomizados en seguimiento por un Servicio de Atención Paliativa y de Paciente Crónico Complejo (SAPPCC) / Characteristics of tracheostomized patients followed up by a Palliative Care and Complex Chronic Patient Service

Introducción y objetivos: En los últimos años se ha objetivado un incremento de niños portadores de traqueostomía. El objetivo del estudio es describir las características de los pacientes pediátricos traqueostomizados en seguimiento por el SAPPCC de un hospital de tercer nivel.MétodosEstudio unicéntrico, observacional y retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes ≤18años portadores de traqueostomía atendidos por el SAPPCC de un hospital de tercer nivel (noviembre de 2020-junio de 2022). Se analizaron datos epidemiológicos, clínicos, microbiológicos y sociales mediante la revisión de la historia clínica.ResultadosSe incluyeron 44 pacientes traqueostomizados. La patología de base más frecuente fue la patología de vía aérea superior adquirida (20,5%), siendo la obstrucción de vía aérea superior (66%) la indicación más frecuente de traqueostomía. El 84% presentaron aislamientos bacterianos en aspirado traqueal, y Pseudomonas aeruginosa (56,8%) fue el microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado. El antibiótico sistémico más prescrito fue ciprofloxacino (84%). El 18,1% de los pacientes recibieron como mínimo una tanda de antibioterapia intravenosa y el 29,5% recibieron más de tres pautas de antibiótico sistémico en los últimos 20meses. El 59% de los niños estaban escolarizados: el 38,6% en escuela ordinaria, el 15,9% en escuela de educación especial y el 4,5% en domicilio. Se identificó familia en crisis en el 53,7% de los pacientes, y el 22,7% de las familias disponían de la prestación por cuidado de menores con enfermedad grave.ConclusionesDada la complejidad de los niños traqueostomizados, es fundamental un manejo integral y coordinado. La escolarización es posible y segura si se capacita a sus cuidadores/enfermeras escolares. (AU)

Introduction and objectives: In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of children with tracheostomies. The objective was to describe the characteristics of paediatric patients with a tracheostomy followed up by the palliative care and complex chronic patient service (PCCCPS) of a tertiary care hospital.MethodsSingle-centre retrospective observational study in patients aged less than 18years with a tracheostomy manage by the PCCCPS of a tertiary care hospital (November 2020-June 2022). We analysed epidemiological, clinical, microbiological and social data by reviewing the health records.ResultsThe sample included 44 tracheostomized patients. The most frequent underlying disease was acquired upper airway disease (20.5%). The most common indication for tracheostomy was upper airway obstruction (66%). Bacterial isolates were detected in 84% of the tracheal aspirates, among which Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most frequent (56.8%). The most frequently prescribed antibiotic was ciprofloxacin (84%). In addition, 18.1% of the patients received at least one course of intravenous antibiotherapy and 29.5% received more than three systemic antibiotic regimens in the past 20months. Fifty-nine percent of the children were schooled: 38.6% attended a regular school, 15.9% a special needs school and 4.5% were home-schooled. We identified social difficulties in 53.7%. Also, 22.7% of the families received financial support to care for a child with severe illness.ConclusionsBecause of the complexity of caring for tracheostomized children, integral and coordinated management is essential. Schooling is possible and safe if caregivers are trained. (AU)

Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)-Negative Anaplastic Large Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma as a Rare Differential Diagnosis of Lung Cancer: A Case Report.

Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) are a group of sporadic malignancies that generally have an aggressive clinical course, especially the subtype of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-negative ALCL. The appropriate diagnostic study modalities must be chosen to make an accurate diagnosis and promptly initiate specific treatment. We present the clinical case of a 72-year-old male patient with dyspnea on small efforts accompanied by diaphoresis and a weight loss of 10 kg in two months. Physical examination revealed adenopathy in the cervical region and bilateral pleural effusion. The pleural and lung biopsies revealed poorly differentiated metastatic adenocarcinomas. A multidisciplinary analysis was carried out; the typical clinical-radiographic presentation of adenocarcinoma was ruled out with immunohistochemistry, thus determining a diagnosis of ALK-negative anaplastic large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This case represented a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge since it is a rare entity with a poor prognosis, and there are only a few studies about the choice of appropriate chemotherapy in these patients.

Usual interstitial pneumopathy in a patient with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and microscopic polyangiitis. Case report.

One of the most frequent diffuse interstitial lung diseases is hypersensitivity pneumonitis. It is related to exposure to diverse antigens, causing fibrosis in advanced stages, making the differential diagnosis with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis difficult as it overlaps with the usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. On the other hand, there are interstitial lung diseases associated with ANCA, such as microscopic polyangiitis, which is also related to the usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. We present the case of a 74-year-old male patient with chronic dyspnea, history of smoking and exposure to organic particles, in addition to a pattern suggestive of moderately severe restriction. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology of hypersensitivity pneumonitis by presenting granules, however, anti MPO and p-ANCA positivity was found, integrating the simultaneous diagnosis of microscopic polyangiitis. This is a case of difficult diagnosis since these pathologies have not been previously reported to coexist.

Meet in the middle: Could cell mediated-immunity assays be the answer for ideal Cytomegalovirus prophylaxis after lung transplantation? Observational study from a single center with intermittent antiviral prophylaxis.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause tissue-invasive disease and indirect effects after lung transplantation (LTx) such as acute rejection episodes and chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Monitoring CMV-specific cell immune recovery (CMV-CIR) after LTx can individualize CMV risks and establish better antiviral approach. This study evaluated the dynamics of CMV-CIR, using QuantiFERON-CMV assay (Qiagen Group), in the first year after LTx. METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study included lung transplant recipients from December/2015 to December/2016. Universal antiviral prophylaxis with intravenous ganciclovir 5 mg/kg/day 3 days/week for 3 months was given for CMV-seropositive recipients (R+) and only CMV-seropositive donor and negative recipient (D+/R-) received a 6-month-prophylaxis with ganciclovir and valganciclovir, on alternate days, in the first 3 months and then, 3 more months of valganciclovir. QuantiFERON-CMV was measured at the same time points of surveillance bronchoscopies. CMV infection was defined as any DNAemia detected and CMV disease with proven biopsy or antigenemia pp65 above 10 cells/300.000 neutrophils. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were included. On days 45, 90, and 365 days post-LTx, 60%, 72%, and 81% QuantiFERON-CMV were reactive, respectively. Eleven patients (28.9%) presented CMV-disease and 27 DNAemia/CMV infections. Reactive tests were able to predict CMV disease only at 90 days after LTx (p = .027) but failed on DNAemia/CMV infection (p = .148). Daily prophylaxis, for D+/R- patients (13.2%), remained as an independently associated factor for not achieving reactive QuantiFERON-CMV (adjusted OR .27, 95%CI .12-.60, p = .02). CONCLUSION: QuantiFERON-CMV may be another diagnostic tool to help stratify CMV-disease risk and individualized antiviral prophylaxis after LTx.

A Physiotherapy Treatment Plan for Post-COVID-19 Patients That Improves the FEV1, FVC, and 6-Min Walk Values, and Reduces the Sequelae in 12 Sessions.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causal agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic disease declared in 2020. The clinical manifestations of this pathology are heterogeneous including fever, cough, dyspnea, anosmia, headache, fatigue, taste dysfunction, among others. Survivors of COVID-19 have demonstrated several persistent symptoms derived from its multisystemic physiopathology. These symptoms can be fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, dry and productive cough, respiratory insufficiency, and psychoemotional disturbance. To reduce and recover from the post-COVID-19 sequelae is fundamental an early and multifactorial medical treatment. Integral post-COVID-19 physiotherapy is a tool to reduce dyspnea, improve lung capacity, decrease psychoemotional alterations, as well as increase the muscle strength affected by this disease. Thus, the aim of this study was to establish a novel physiotherapeutic plan for post-COVID-19 patients, evaluating the effect of this treatment in the reduction of the sequelae in terms of lung capacity, cardio-respiratory, and muscular strength improvements. This was a cross-sectional study in which a protocol of 12 sessions in 4 weeks of physiotherapy was implemented in the patients enrolled. We conducted a medical assessment, an interview, a DASS-21 test, a spirometry, a 6-min walk test, and a hand dynamometer test to evaluate the post-COVID condition of patients before and after the sessions. A total of 42 patients participated in the program. Results of this work showed a decrease of around 50% of post-COVID-19 sequelae and an improvement in the psychoemotional status of patients. Also, we observed an increase of 7.16% in the FEV1 value and 7.56% for FVC. In addition, the maximal functional capacity increased by 0.577 METs, the 6-min walk test performance increased by 13%, and the SpO2 improved by 1.40%. Finally, the handgrip strength test showed an improvement in the left hand and right hand of 2.90 and 2.24 Kg, respectively. We developed this study to propose a novel methodology to provide information for a better treatment and management of post-COVID-19 patients.

Flexible broncoscopy in patients in supportive therapy with oxygenation by extracorporeal membrane.

OBJECTIVE: To report the experience of performing bronchoscopy in patients who underwent supportive therapy with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in whom the bronchoscopy was performed. METHODS: This was a review of medical records of patients diagnosed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and who required diagnostic or therapeutic bronchoscopy. Records included were related to patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Hospital das Clínicas of Faculdade de Medicina of Universidade de São Paulo, between 2014 and 2020. RESULTS: During the study, 16 bronchoscopies were performed in 8 patients admitted to the intensive care unit and who underwent supportive therapy with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The mean age of patients was 28.37 years. Four patients were women (50%). A total of 5 (31.25%) therapeutic bronchoscopies and 11 (68.75%) diagnostics were performed. In 5 of patients, material was collected: 4 samples of bronchoalveolar lavage, three collections of transbronchial biopsies, and 1 of endobronchial biopsies. No patient had radiological worsening or hemodynamic complications. One patient (6.25%) had transient desaturation. There was moderate bleeding after transbronchial biopsy in 1 (6.25%) procedure, which was resolved endoscopically. CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can safely perform diagnostic or therapeutic bronchoscopy provided that they have a detailed indication. Procedures were performed by a specialized bronchoscopy team in intensive care environment and with the assistance of a qualified multidisciplinary team in membrane oxygenation therapy extracorporeal.

Humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination and booster effect in patients undergoing dialysis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the postvaccination variation in immunoglobulin G (IgG) receptor-binding domain (RBD) produced in non-SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with nephropathy and renal replacement therapy. METHODS: This is a follow-up study of the humoral response to the BNT162b2 messenger ribonucleic acid COVID-19 vaccine in patients with nephropathy, comparing it with itself at different times and with the healthy population. RESULTS: In patients with nephropathy, a very striking decrease in IgG RBD was observed compared with the healthy population (P<0.001) at three months after the second dose. In patients with nephropathy, the response rate ≥590 binding antibody units/ml (4154 AU/ml) was detected in 45% of patients, 15 days after the second dose, whereas at 3 months, this decreased to 9% (P<0.05) and then increased to 86% after the third dose (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: In patients with nephropathy and renal replacement therapy, it is necessary to administer a third-dose vaccination within 3 months after the second dose. It is important to continue monitoring the humoral response to obtain a better SARS-CoV-2 vaccination schedule.

Brazilian initial experience with lung transplantation due to irreversible lung fibrosis post-COVID-19 in a national reference center: a cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Lung transplantation (LTx) has been discussed as an option for treating irreversible lung fibrosis post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in selected cases. OBJECTIVES: To report on the initial experience and management of end-stage lung disease due to COVID-19 at a national center reference in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study conducted at a national reference center for lung transplantation. METHODS: Medical charts were reviewed regarding patients' demographics and pre-COVID-19 characteristics, post-LTx due to COVID-19. RESULTS: Between March 2020 and September 2021, there were 33 cases of LTx. During this period, we evaluated 11 cases of severe COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that were potentially candidates for LTx. Among these, LTx was only indicated for three patients (9.1%). All of these patients were on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and the procedure that they underwent was central venoarterial ECMO. All three patients were still alive after the first 30 postoperative days. However, patient #1 and patient #2 subsequently died due to fungal sepsis on the 47th and 52nd postoperative days, respectively. Patient #3 was discharged on the 30th postoperative day. CONCLUSIONS: LTx is feasible among these complex patients. Survival over the first 30 days was 100%, and this favors surgical feasibility. Nonetheless, these were critically ill patients.

Flexible broncoscopy in patients in supportive therapy with oxygenation by extracorporeal membrane

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the experience of performing bronchoscopy in patients who underwent supportive therapy with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in whom the bronchoscopy was performed. Methods: This was a review of medical records of patients diagnosed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and who required diagnostic or therapeutic bronchoscopy. Records included were related to patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Hospital das Clínicas of Faculdade de Medicina of Universidade de São Paulo, between 2014 and 2020. Results: During the study, 16 bronchoscopies were performed in 8 patients admitted to the intensive care unit and who underwent supportive therapy with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The mean age of patients was 28.37 years. Four patients were women (50%). A total of 5 (31.25%) therapeutic bronchoscopies and 11 (68.75%) diagnostics were performed. In 5 of patients, material was collected: 4 samples of bronchoalveolar lavage, three collections of transbronchial biopsies, and 1 of endobronchial biopsies. No patient had radiological worsening or hemodynamic complications. One patient (6.25%) had transient desaturation. There was moderate bleeding after transbronchial biopsy in 1 (6.25%) procedure, which was resolved endoscopically. Conclusion: Patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can safely perform diagnostic or therapeutic bronchoscopy provided that they have a detailed indication. Procedures were performed by a specialized bronchoscopy team in intensive care environment and with the assistance of a qualified multidisciplinary team in membrane oxygenation therapy extracorporeal.

Brazilian initial experience with lung transplantation due to irreversible lung fibrosis post-COVID-19 in a national reference center: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Lung transplantation (LTx) has been discussed as an option for treating irreversible lung fibrosis post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in selected cases. OBJECTIVES: To report on the initial experience and management of end-stage lung disease due to COVID-19 at a national center reference in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study conducted at a national reference center for lung transplantation. METHODS: Medical charts were reviewed regarding patients' demographics and pre-COVID-19 characteristics, post-LTx due to COVID-19. RESULTS: Between March 2020 and September 2021, there were 33 cases of LTx. During this period, we evaluated 11 cases of severe COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that were potentially candidates for LTx. Among these, LTx was only indicated for three patients (9.1%). All of these patients were on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and the procedure that they underwent was central venoarterial ECMO. All three patients were still alive after the first 30 postoperative days. However, patient #1 and patient #2 subsequently died due to fungal sepsis on the 47th and 52nd postoperative days, respectively. Patient #3 was discharged on the 30th postoperative day. CONCLUSIONS: LTx is feasible among these complex patients. Survival over the first 30 days was 100%, and this favors surgical feasibility. Nonetheless, these were critically ill patients.

Xantoastrocitoma pleomórfico anaplásico y glioblastoma epitelioide: misma entidad o precursor de enfermedad / Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma and epithelioid glioblastoma: same entity or precursor of disease / Xantoastrocitoma pleomórfico anaplásico e glioblastoma epitelioide: mesma entidade ou precursor de doença

Introducción. El xantoastrocitoma pleomórfico es una lesión glial de bajo grado de malignidad (grado II), puede presentar transformación maligna progresando a xantoastrocitoma pleomórfico anaplásico o glioblastoma multiforme, clasificados en grado III y IV, respectivamente, de acuerdo con la OMS. El glioblastoma epitelioide es un subtipo morfológico poco común del glioblastoma, de comportamiento agresivo, asociado a recurrencia temprana y compromiso leptomeníngeo. Presentación del caso. Se describe un reporte de caso de paciente femenina de 13 años con hallazgos de xantoastrocitoma pleomórfico anaplásico asociado a glioblastoma epitelioide, neoplasia poco frecuente que suele presentarse en la población pediátrica y en los adultos jóvenes. Discusión. El diagnóstico de glioblastoma epitelioide constituye un desafío, solo se han reportado unas pocas series pequeñas en la población adulta y pediátrica. Conclusión. Los hallazgos imagenológicos en las dos entidades son similares y comparten características histopatológicas e incluso algunos hallazgos moleculares superpuestos, lo cual dificulta su diferenciación, por lo que continúa siendo de gran controversia si se presentan conjuntamente o si el xantoastrocitoma pleomórfico anaplásico es un precursor del glioblastoma epitelioide.

Introduction. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is a glial lesion with low grade of malignancy (grade II), it can present malignant transformation progressing to anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma or glioblastoma multiforme, classified as grade III and IV, respectively, according to the WHO. Epithelioid glioblastoma is a rare morphological subtype of glioblastoma, with aggressive behavior, associated with early recurrence and leptomeningeal compromise. Case Presentation. Case report of a 13-year-old female patient with findings of anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma associated with epithelioid glioblastoma, a rare neoplasm that usually occurs in the pediatric population and in young adults. Discussion. The diagnosis of epithelioid glioblastoma is challenging, only a few small series have been reported in the adult and pediatric population. Conclusion. The imaging findings in the two entities are similar and share histopathological characteristics and even some overlapping molecular findings, which makes their differentiation difficult. For this reason, there is still a great controversy whether these entities are present continuously or whether the anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is a precursor of epithelioid glioblastoma.

Introdução. O xantoastrocitoma pleomórfico é uma lesão glial de baixo grau de malignidade (grau II), pode apresentar transformação maligna progredindo para xantoastrocitoma pleomórfico anaplásico ou glioblastoma multiforme, classificados como grau III e IV, respectivamente, de acordo com a OMS. O glioblastoma epitelióide é um subtipo morfológico raro de glioblastoma, com comportamento agressivo, associado a recorrência precoce e envolvimento leptomeníngeo. Apresentação do caso. É descrito um relatório de caso de uma paciente feminina de 13 anos com achados de xantoastrocitoma pleomórfico anaplásico associado ao glioblastoma epitelióide, uma neoplasia rara que geralmente ocorre na população pediátrica e em adultos jovens. Discussão. O diagnóstico do glioblastoma epitélioide é desafiador, apenas algumas pequenas séries foram reportadas na população adulta e pediátrica. Conclusão. As descobertas imagiológicas nas duas entidades são semelhantes e compartilham características histopatológicas e, até mesmo, algumas descobertas moleculares sobrepostas, o que dificulta sua diferenciação, portanto permanece controverso se ocorrem juntas ou se o xantoastrocitoma pleomórfico anaplásico é um precursor do glioblastoma epitélioide.

Consensus document for the selection of lung transplant candidates: An update from the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.

Tens of thousands of patients with advanced lung diseases may be eligible to be considered as potential candidates for lung transplant around the world each year. The timing of referral, evaluation, determination of candidacy, and listing of candidates continues to pose challenges and even ethical dilemmas. To address these challenges, the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation appointed an international group of members to review the literature, to consider recent advances in the management of advanced lung diseases, and to update prior consensus documents on the selection of lung transplant candidates. The purpose of this updated consensus document is to assist providers throughout the world who are caring for patients with pulmonary disease to identify potential candidates for lung transplant, to optimize the timing of the referral of these patients to lung transplant centers, and to provide transplant centers with a framework for evaluating and selecting candidates. In addition to addressing general considerations and providing disease specific recommendations for referral and listing, this updated consensus document includes an ethical framework, a recognition of the variability in acceptance of risk between transplant centers, and establishes a system to account for how a combination of risk factors may be taken into consideration in candidate selection for lung transplantation.

Displasia septo-óptica: hallazgos imagenológicos y revisión de tema / Septo-Optic Dysplasia: Imaging Findings and Review of the Literature

La displasia septo-óptica, también conocida como síndrome de De Morsier, es una enfermedad congénita que consiste en una combinación variable de defectos en su presentación clínica e imagenológica. Todos los pacientes con hipoplasia del nervio óptico deben ser estudiados imagenológicamente, en especial con resonancia magnética, con el objetivo de detectar anomalías en el desarrollo de las estructuras de la línea media del sistema nervioso central. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura y una evaluación retrospectiva de los pacientes de nuestra institución, con el fin de ilustrar los principales hallazgos neurorradiológicos de este síndrome.

Septo-optic dysplasia, also known as De-Morsier syndrome, is a congenital disease that presents a variable combination of defects in its clinical and imaging presentation. All patients with optic nerve hypoplasia must be studied by imaging, especially with magnetic resonance imaging, with the aim of detecting abnormalities in the development of the midline structures of the central nervous system. A review of the literature and subsequently a retrospective evaluation of the patients of our institution was carried out in order to illustrate the main neuroradiological findings of this syndrome.

Efectividad de las pastas dentales en la reducción del recuento de Streptococcos mutans en niños de 5 años de edad

Objetivo: Determinar cuál de las pastas dentales; una pasta dental con 1.5% de arginina y 1450 ppm de flúor, una con 10% de xilitol y 1450 ppm de flúor y; una pasta dental de 1450 ppm de flúor; es más efectiva en la reducción del recuento de S. mutans en saliva en niños de 5 años de edad. Metodología: La muestra estuvo constituida por 45 niños de 5 años de edad divididos en 3 grupos correspondientes a cada pasta a evaluar, una pasta dental con 1.5% de arginina y 1450 ppm de flúor, una con 10% de xilitol y 1450 ppm de flúor y una con 1450 ppm de flúor. Se realizaron recuentos de ufc de S. mutans en siembras realizadas en agar MSB, de muestras de saliva estimulada obtenidas de los sujetos de la muestra, antes y después de dos semanas del uso de la pasta asignada a cada subgrupo. Resultados: La media del recuento de S. mutans antes fue de 727,59 UFC y después fue de 103,50. La significancia fue de 0.000 entre el recuento de S. mutans antes y después del uso de las pastas en los tres grupos evaluados. Se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los 3 grupos encontrándose que el grupo de la pasta con 10% de xilitol y 1450 ppm de flúor fue más efectiva que las otras dos pastas dentales. Conclusión: Las tres pastas dentales demostraron ser efectivas en la reducción del recuento de S. mutans en saliva en niños de 5 años de edad, sin embargo, la pasta dental con 10% de xilitol y 1450 ppm de flúor demostró ser más eficiente que las otras dos pastas

Quiste óseo aneurismático secundario a linfoma: hallazgos imagenológicos. Reporte de casos / Aneurismatyc bone cyst secondary to lymphoma: Radiological findings and cases report

Resumen Objetivo: Presentar reportes de casos de Quístes óseos aneurismáticos secundarios a linfomas y breve revisión del tema. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron las imágenes en el archivo del servicio de radiología e imágenes diagnósticas de pacientes que acudieron a la Fundación Oftalmológicas de Santander - Clínica Carlos Ardila Lülle (FOSCAL) a quienes se les diagnosticó quiste óseo aneurismático secundario a linfoma. Resultados: Se reportan 2 casos clínicos de pacientes a quienes se diagnosticó lesión tumor ósea expansiva correspondiente a quiste óseo aneurismático secundario a Linfoma. Conclusiones: El quiste óseo aneurismatico es un raro tumor que constituye solo el 1-2% de los tumores óseos. Afecta principalmente la metáfisis de los huesos largos y se da predominantemente en el paciente adulto joven que está cursando la segunda década de vida. A pesar de existir múltiples teorías acerca de su origen aún no se tiene una etiología clara. Se diagnosticó lesión tumor ósea expansiva correspondiente a quiste óseo aneurismático secundario a Linfoma. Conclusiones: el quiste óseo aneurismatico es un raro tumor que constituye solo el 1-2% de los tumores óseos. Afecta principalmente la metáfisis de los huesos largos y se da predominantemente en el paciente adulto joven que está cursando la segunda década de vida. A pesar de existir múltiples teorías acerca de su origen aún no se tiene una etiología clara. El abordaje diagnóstico es específicamente con resonancia magnética, sin embargo se debe confirmar el diagnóstico histo-patológico para conocer la etiología de base.

Abstract Objective: To Present case reports and a brief review of aneurysmal bone cysts secondary to lymphomas. Material and Methods: Images from the archive of the Radiology and Diagnostic imaging department were obtained from patients seen at the Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander - Carlos Ardila Lülle Clínic (FOSCAL) being diagnosed of an aneurysmal bone cyst secondary to lymphoma. Results: Two clinical cases were reported on patients who developed a cystic bone tumor corresponding to an aneurysmatic bone cyst secondary to lymphoma. Conclusions: The aneurysmatic bone cyst is a rare tumor that constitutes only 1-2% of bone tumors. It mainly affects the metaphysis of long bones and occurs predominantly in young adult patients who are in the second decade of life. Despite the existence of multiple theories about its origin, there is still no clear etiology. The diagnostic approach is radiological, specifically with magnetic resonance images however, the diagnostic must be confirmed with histopathological studies.

Prevalência de tejido mamario denso en una población de Bucaramanga, Colombia / Prevalence of breast dense in a population in Bucaramanga, Colombia

Resumen Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia de mujeres mayores de 50 años con mamas densas estudiadas por mamografía en el área de Bucaramanga. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2014 y agosto de 2015, en el que se revisaron 10.110 mamografías de pacientes mayores de 50 años. Posteriormente, se hizo una revisión de la literatura en las principales bases de datos. Resultados: De las 10.110 mamografías realizadas, 4.448 fueron encontradas como positivas para mama densa. De estas, el 39,69% correspondió a tejido mamario heterogéneamente denso y el 4,29%, a tejido mamario extremadamente denso, para un total de 43,9% de los casos estudiados. Conclusión: La densidad mamaria es un factor de riesgo independiente de cáncer de mama, considerado de mediana importancia frente a otros factores. A medida que incrementa la densidad mamaria, se genera la superposición del tejido mamario radio-opaco que puede ocultar y llegar a retardar el diagnóstico de un cáncer subyacente. Dada la alta prevalencia de tejido mamario denso encontrado en la población estudiada, se sugiere complementar el tamizaje con otros métodos de imágenes.

Abstract Objective: To establish the prevalence of dense breast tissue in a group of women aged over 50 years, who were studied with mammography in the city of Bucaramanga (Colombia). Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted from January 2014 to August 2015; 10.110 mammograms of patients aged over 50 years were reviewed. Subsequently, a review of the literature in the main databases was made. Results: From 10.110 mammograms that were performed, 4.448 were found to be positive for dense breast tissue. 39,69% had heterogeneously dense breast tissue, and 4,29% extremely dense breast tissue, for a total result of 43,9% patients with positive dense breast tissue. Conclusion: Breast density is an independent risk factor for breast cancer, being of medium importance compared with other factors. As the breast density increases, the overlap of the radiopaque breast tissue that can hide and delay the diagnosis of an underlying cancer is generated. The high prevalence of dense breast tissue that we found in this population suggests the need of complementing screening with other imaging methods.