Características de la población afectada por COVID-19 en un centro de salud urbano de Zaragoza / Characteristics of the population affected by COVID-19 at an urban Primary Care Centre in Zaragoza

Objetivo: analizar las características sociodemográficas de la población urbana de Zaragoza afectada por COVID-19. Objetivos específicos: describir dicha población según edad, sexo, origen, nivel socioeconómico y destino tras la consulta; describir las características de los contagios por COVID-19; y analizar la asociación entre el origen de la población, el nivel socioeconómico y el contagio por contacto estrecho. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal con los casos contagiados de COVID-19 entre febrero y septiembre de 2020 de un centro de salud urbano en Zaragoza, España (N= 1.277). Los datos se obtuvieron de la base de datos de Atención Primaria, las bases públicas de Aragón, del Servicio de Vigilancia en Salud Pública y de las encuestas epidemiológicas de rastreo. Se realizaron pruebas de Chi cuadrado con una significación estadística p< 0,05. Resultados: se incluyeron 1.277 casos (100%). El 54,74% era mujer con una mediana de edad de 39 años, el 62,02% era población extranjera, el 62,96% tenía una renta inferior a 18.000 € anuales y el 91,3% volvió al domicilio tras la consulta. Un 67,80% tuvo un contacto con una persona contagiada principalmente en el domicilio (62,63%). Se halló asociación entre el origen de la población y el nivel de renta, siendo inferior en las personas extranjeras (p< 0,001), quienes tuvieron además más contagios por contacto estrecho (p= 0,009), especialmente en el ámbito domiciliar frente al social de la población autóctona (p= 0,039). Conclusiones: la pandemia por COVID-19 afecta de manera más acusada a las poblaciones vulnerables, especialmente a la población extranjera con menos recursos. Se deben impulsar estrategias de educación de salud adaptadas a la comunidad.(AU)

Objective: to analyse the sociodemographic characteristics of the urban population of Zaragoza affected by COVID-19. Specific objectives: to describe said population according to age, gender, origin, socioeconomic level, and destination after consultation; to describe the characteristics of COVID-19 contagions; and to analyse the association between the origin of the population, their socioeconomic level, and infection by close contact. Method: a cross-sectional study with the cases of COVID-19 contagion between February and September 2020, from an urban Primary Care Centre in Zaragoza, (N= 1,277). Data were retrieved from the Primary Care database, the public bases from Aragon, the Public Health Surveillance Service, and the epidemiological screening surveys. Square Chi tests were conducted, and statistical significance was p< 0.05. Results: the study included 1,277 cases (100%); 54.74% were female with a median age of 39 years, 62.02% were of foreign origin, 62.96% had an income <18,000 euros per year, and 91.3% went back home after the consultation. 67.80% of them had contact with an infected person, mainly at home (62.63%). An association was found between the origin of the population and their income level, which was lower for foreigners (p< 0.001), who also presented a higher number of contagions due to close contact (p= 0.009), particularly in the home setting vs. the social setting for the native population (p= 0.039). Conclusions: the COVID-19 pandemic had a higher impact on vulnerable populations, particularly the foreign population with lower income. Health education strategies must be promoted, which are adapted to the community.(AU)

Interventions to facilitate shared decision-making using decision aids with patients in Primary Health Care: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Shared decision making (SDM) is a process within the physician-patient relationship applicable to any clinical action, whether diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive in nature. It has been defined as a process of mutual respect and participation between the doctor and the patient. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of decision aids (DA) in primary care based on changes in adherence to treatments, knowledge, and awareness of the disease, conflict with decisions, and patients' and health professionals' satisfaction with the intervention. METHODS: A systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted in Medline, CINAHL, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the NHS Economic Evaluation Database. The inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials as study design; use of SDM with DA as an intervention; primary care as clinical context; written in English, Spanish, and Portuguese; and published between January 2007 and January 2019. The risk of bias of the included studies in this review was assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. RESULTS: Twenty four studies were selected out of the 201 references initially identified. With the use of DA, the use of antibiotics was reduced in cases of acute respiratory infection and decisional conflict was decreased when dealing with the treatment choice for atrial fibrillation and osteoporosis. The rate of determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the prostate cancer screening decreased and colorectal cancer screening increased. Both professionals and patients increased their knowledge about depression, type 2 diabetes, and the perception of risk of acute myocardial infarction at 10 years without statins and with statins. The satisfaction was greater with the use of DA in choosing the treatment for depression, in cardiovascular risk management, in the treatment of low back pain, and in the use of statin therapy in diabetes. Blinding of outcomes assessment was the most common bias. CONCLUSIONS: DA used in primary care are effective to reduce decisional conflict and improve knowledge on the disease and treatment options, awareness of risk, and satisfaction with the decisions made. More studies are needed to assess the impact of shared decision making in primary care.

Nursing Care Ethical Implications Regarding Chronic Patients at Hospital Discharge.

Mortality rates among pluripathological patients are significantly higher in the hospital setting, with advanced age and dependence on certain vital functions the main clinical aspects. Other features involved in the care, such as the loss of autonomy and social problems, have important ethical implications. The aim of this article is to analyze the health problems and the functional and social situation of chronic patients after hospital admission in order to determine their care needs and the ethical implications these might have. For this, a cross-sectional descriptive study is being carried out with a sample of 111 chronic pluripathological patients admitted to the internal medicine service and discharged later. Overall, 96.6% of the patients in the sample were dependent, 91.7% had social problems or were at social risk and 36.9% had cognitive impairment. Among dependent patients, 59.4% had social problems (p = 0.029), 19.2% lived alone (p = 0.13), and in 73.3% of cases the housing was inadequate (p = 0.47). Among those with cognitive impairment, 79.5% of patients had social problems (p = 0.001), and 10.3% lived alone (p = 0.038). The results of the study confirm the presence of dependence and social problems at hospital discharge in a high proportion of chronic patients. Planning their care can lead to ethical conflicts related to the use of information technologies, which are destined to promote the patients' autonomy, and to the social problems associated with the illness.

Equidad y autonomía del paciente en las estrategias de atención a personas con enfermedades crónicas en los servicios de salud de España / Equity and patient autonomy in the care strategies for patients with chronic disease of health services in Spain

Objetivo: Analizar los modelos de atención a pacientes crónicos de los distintos servicios de salud en España y discutir las cuestiones éticas derivadas de la aplicación de algunos de sus componentes. Método: Revisión narrativa de las estrategias y de los programas de atención a pacientes crónicos y el estudio de sus componentes, a partir de la búsqueda en las páginas web de las consejerías y departamentos de sanidad, utilizando los términos "Programas", "Estrategias", "Pacientes crónicos" y "Cronicidad". Resultados: Se encontraron 15 programas. En la mayoría se incluyen todos los componentes de los modelos de atención a pacientes crónicos, siendo el «apoyo a la toma de decisiones» el menos representado. Los principales conflictos en la autonomía de los pacientes surgen por el uso de bigdata para estratificar a la población y la telemonitorización. La estratificación de la población no considera los factores sociales que acompañan a la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Las estrategias de atención a pacientes crónicos deberían considerar la autonomía y la intimidad de los pacientes en el uso de los datos clínicos y la telemonitorización. Para ser equitativas, deberían prestar una atención integrada e incorporar medidas para reducir las desigualdades debidas a los determinantes sociales que acompañan a la enfermedad

Objective: To examine the chronic care models of the different Spanish health services and to discuss the ethical questions derived from implementing some of their components. Method: Narrative review of care strategies and programmes for chronic patients in the different Autonomous Communities, searching in official health departments' web pages, using the terms "Programmes", "Strategies", "Chronic patients", and "Chronicity". Results: 15 programmes were found. Most of them include all components of the chronic care model, "decision-making support" being under-represented. The main conflicts in the autonomy of patients arise from the use of big data to stratify the population and from telemonitoring. The stratification of population does not consider the social factors that accompany the disease. Conclusions: Chronic care strategies should consider the autonomy and privacy of patients in the use of clinical data and telemonitoring. In order to be equitable, they would have to provide an integrated health care system, incorporating measures to reduce the inequalities due to the social determinants that accompany the disease

[Equity and patient autonomy in the care strategies for patients with chronic disease of health services in Spain]. / Equidad y autonomía del paciente en las estrategias de atención a personas con enfermedades crónicas en los servicios de salud de España.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the chronic care models of the different Spanish health services and to discuss the ethical questions derived from implementing some of their components. METHOD: Narrative review of care strategies and programmes for chronic patients in the different Autonomous Communities, searching in official health departments' web pages, using the terms "Programmes", "Strategies", "Chronic patients", and "Chronicity". RESULTS: 15 programmes were found. Most of them include all components of the chronic care model, "decision-making support" being under-represented. The main conflicts in the autonomy of patients arise from the use of big data to stratify the population and from telemonitoring. The stratification of population does not consider the social factors that accompany the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic care strategies should consider the autonomy and privacy of patients in the use of clinical data and telemonitoring. In order to be equitable, they would have to provide an integrated health care system, incorporating measures to reduce the inequalities due to the social determinants that accompany the disease.