Photocatalytic activity of TiO2/SiO2 systems.

Silica-supported TiO(2) powders were synthesized by a wet method under mild conditions. The aim of the work was the preparation of TiO(2)/SiO(2) additives for photocatalytic cements. Three types of commercial SiO(2) were used as supports: Cabot, Axim and Fly Ash. Cabot silica was ultra-pure whereas the other two silica contained different percentages of various oxides. The TiO(2)/SiO(2) samples, denoted TiO(2)/Cabot, TiO(2)/Axim and TiO(2)/Fly Ash, were prepared by boiling suspensions obtained by addition of silica to a solution of TiCl(4) in water (volume ratio 1:10). The photocatalytic activity was evaluated in a gas-solid system both in batch and in continuous reactors using 2-propanol as probe molecule. SEM-EDX analysis revealed that titanium dioxide was quantitatively deposited on silica. TiO(2)/Axim and TiO(2)/Fly Ash were scarcely active whereas a good photoactivity was exhibited by the TiO(2)/Cabot sample both in the batch and in the continuous system. Consequently only the last sample was tested for both NO(x) abatement and for 4-nitrophenol photodegradation in a liquid-solid system.

[Delayed-type subacute measles encephalitis]. / Encefalopatía sarampionosa subaguda retardada.

INTRODUCTION: We analyze the clinical, neurological, EEG, neuroradiological features and evolution of two patients with subacute measles encephalitis. CASE REPORTS: The patients, aged five years and eleven months respectively showed an acute, progressive neurological compromise and deterioration of consciousness, epilepsia partialis continua and progressive damage on neuroimaging, with a history of measles in the first case and exposure to the virus in the second. The first patient had Hodgkin's disease and the other had a familial C4 deficit disorder. Fundoscopic examination showed lesions on the retina. The EEG showed unilateral slow waves and spikes. Brain CT and MRI revealed progressive cerebral atrophy and a unilateral corticosubcortical lesion. Measles antibodies in CSF were found in the first child and oligoclonal bands in the second. Our first patient died after three months and the second has a severe neurological damage. CONCLUSION: In immunocompromised patients with the exposure to a history of measles, acute neurological compromised and deterioration of consciousness, epilepsia partialis continua and progressive damage on neuroimaging, subacute measles encephalitis should be considered.

Encefalopatía sarampionosa subaguda retardada / Subacute measles encephalitis

Introducción. Analizamos las características clínicas, neurológicas, electroencefalográficas y evolutivas en dos pacientes con encefalopatía sarampionosa subaguda retardada. Casos clínicos. Ambos pacientes, uno a los cinco años y el otro a los 11 meses, presentaron un deterioro agudo neurológico y de conciencia, epilepsia parcial continua y lesiones progresivas en los estudios de imágenes, con antecedentes de haber padecido sarampión en el primer caso y contacto con el virus en el segundo. El primer paciente tenía linfoma de Hodgkin y el segundo presentaba un déficit familiar de C4. El fondo de ojo evidenció lesiones retinianas, el EEG mostró ondas lentas unilaterales con ondas agudas o espigas intercaladas. La TAC y la RM de cerebro mostraron atrofia cerebral progresiva con lesiones extensas corticosubcorticales unilaterales. El análisis del LCR en el primer caso evidenció anticuerpos contra sarampión elevados, y en el segundo, bandas oligoclonales. El primer paciente falleció a los tres meses de haber iniciado el cuadro neurológico y el segundo paciente presenta un grave deterioro neurológico. Conclusión. En pacientes inmunosuprimidos con antecedentes de exposición al virus del sarampión, deterioro agudo neurológico y de conciencia, epilepsia parcial continua y lesiones progresivas en los estudios neurorradiológicos, debemos considerar el diagnóstico de encefalopatía sarampionosa subaguda retardada (AU)

Introduction. We analyze the clinical, neurological, EEG, neuroradiological features and evolution of two patients with subacute measles encephalitis. Case reports. The patients, aged five years and eleven months respectively showed an acute, progressive neurological compromise and deterioration of consciousness, epilepsia partialis continua and progressive damage on neuroimaging, with a history of measles in the first case and exposure to the virus in the second. The first patient had Hodgkin’s disease and the other had a familial C4 deficit disorder. Fundoscopic examination showed lesions on the retina. The EEG showed unilateral slow waves and spikes. Brain CT and MRI revealed progressive cerebral atrophy and a unilateral corticosubcortical lesion. Measles antibodies in CSF were found in the first child and oligoclonal bands in the second. Our first patient died after three months and the second has a severe neurological damage. Conclusion. In immunocrompromised patients with the exposure to a history of measles, acute neurological compromised and deterioration of consciousness, epilepsia partialis continua and progressive damage on neuroimaging, subacute measles encephalitis should be considered (AU)

[Angelman syndrome: the electroclinical characteristics in 35 patients]. / Sindrome de Angelman: características electroclínicas en 35 pacientes.

AIMS: The purpose of this study is to report on 35 patients with Angelman syndrome (AS) in whom we evaluated the electroclinical characteristics and the progression of their epilepsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The following factors were evaluated: sex, family background, neurological examination, age at onset and semiology of the epileptic seizures, EEG, types of epilepsy according to the international classification and response to therapy. We investigated the karyotype, and conducted FISH and methylation tests for AS. RESULTS: The 35 patients had an average follow up time of 5.6 years. Epilepsy was diagnosed in 25 cases, with an average age of onset of 1.6 years. The epileptic syndromes were: epilepsy with myoclonic seizures in 13, of which seven presented a myoclonic state in their history, focal epilepsy in seven, West's syndrome in three, and Lennox Gastaut syndrome in two. Intercritical EEG showed generalised MSW and SW paroxysms in 13, unilateral spikes in seven, hypsarrhythmia in three, generalised fast rhythm paroxysms and slow SW activity in two. Basal electroencephalographic activity was: slow hypervoltage waves with or without inserted spikes situated at the rear in 19, at the front in six, diffuse in six, and normal in four cases. CONCLUSIONS: 71.4% of patients with AS suffered epileptic seizures; epilepsy with myoclonic seizures was the most frequently observed epileptic syndrome and hypervoltage slow wave activity with or without spikes inserted in the posterior quadrants was a characteristic encephalographic pattern. In patients with mental retardation, with or without epilepsy and these electroencephalographic findings, even in the absence of characteristic clinical signs, methylation and FISH analyses for AS should be performed.

Síndrome de Angelman: características electroclínicas en 35 pacientes / Angelman syndrome: the electroclinical characteristics in 35 patients

Objetivo. Presentar 35 pacientes con síndrome de Angelman (SA) en los que se evaluaron las características electroclínicas y el curso evolutivo de la epilepsia. Pacientes y métodos. Evaluamos: sexo, historia familiar, examen neurológico, edad de inicio y semiología de las crisis epilépticas, EEG, tipos de epilepsia de acuerdo a la clasificación internacional y respuesta al tratamiento. Investigamos cariotipo, FISH y test de metilación para SA. Resultados. Los 35 pacientes tuvieron un tiempo promedio de seguimiento de 5,6 años. La epilepsia se diagnosticó en 25 casos, con una mediana para la edad de inicio de 1,6 años. Los síndromes epilépticos fueron: epilepsia con crisis mioclónicas en 13, de los cuales siete presentaron estado miocló nico en su evolución, epilepsia focal en siete, síndrome de West en tres, síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut en dos. El EEG intercrítico mostró paroxismos generalizados de PPO y PO en 13, espigas unilaterales en siete, hipsarritmia en tres, paroxismos generalizados de ritmos rápidos y actividad de PO lenta en dos. La actividad electroencefalográfica basal fue: ondas lentas hipervoltadas con o sin espigas intercaladas de localización posterior en 19, anterior en seis, difusas en seis; y normal, cuatro casos. Conclusiones. El 71,4 por ciento de los pacientes con SA tuvieron crisis epilépticas; la epilepsia con crisis mioclónicas fue el síndrome epiléptico más frecuente y la actividad de OL hipervoltadas con o sin espigas intercaladas en cuadrantes posteriores fue patrón electroencefalográfico característico. En pacientes con retraso mental, con o sin epilepsia y estos hallazgos electroencefalográficos, aun en ausencia de signos clínicos característicos, deberíamos realizar test de metilación y FISH para SA (AU)

Aims. The purpose of this study is to report on 35 patients with Angelman syndrome (AS) in whom we evaluated the electroclinical characteristics and the progression of their epilepsy. Patients and methods. The following factors were evaluated: sex, family background, neurological examination, age at onset and semiology of the epileptic seizures, EEG, types of epilepsy according to the international classification and response to therapy. We investigated the karyotype, and conducted FISH and methylation tests for AS. Results. The 35 patients had an average follow-up time of 5.6 years. Epilepsy was diagnosed in 25 cases, with an average age of onset of 1.6 years. The epileptic syndromes were: epilepsy with myoclonic seizures in 13, of which seven presented a myoclonic state in their history, focal epilepsy in seven, West's syndrome in three, and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in two. Intercritical EEG showed generalised MSW and SW paroxysms in 13, unilateral spikes in seven, hypsarrhythmia in three, generalised fast-rhythm paroxysms and slow SW activity in two. Basal electroencephalographic activity was: slow hypervoltage waves with or without inserted spikes situated at the rear in 19, at the front in six, diffuse in six, and normal in four cases. Conclusions. 71.4% of patients with AS suffered epileptic seizures; epilepsy with myoclonic seizures was the most frequently observed epileptic syndrome and hypervoltage slow wave activity with or without spikes inserted in the posterior quadrants was a characteristic encephalographic pattern. In patients with mental retardation, with or without epilepsy and these electroencephalographic findings, even in the absence of characteristic clinical signs, methylation and FISH analyses for AS should be performed (AU)

[Reflex myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a new reflex epilepsy syndrome or a variant of benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy]. / Epilepsia mioclónica refleja del lactante: un nuevo síndrome epiléptico reflejo o una variante de la epilepsia mióclonica benigna del lactante.

CASE REPORTS: We report a clinical and EEG study of 8 children with reflex myoclonic epilepsy of infancy to further confirm the existence of this syndrome first described by Ricci et al in 1995. RESULTS: Between February 1990 to July 2002, we identified 64 epileptic patients with myoclonic seizures with an onset in the first six years of life. Eight (12.5%) of these patients had myoclonic seizure stimuli sensible. The seizures were characterized by generalized, myoclonic jerks triggered by tactile stimuli in six patients and acoustic stimuli in two, in one of them myoclonic jerks were triggered by both types of stimuli. The seizures appeared between 5 and 20 months of age. Two of the 8 patients had spontaneous myoclonic attacks during sleep. Interictal EEG was normal during wakefulness and occasional discharges were evident during sleep. In contrast, the ictal EEG during both wakefulness and sleep showed generalized spike wave and polyspike slow wave paroxysms. Neurologic examination, neuroimaging and neurometabolic studies were normal. Myoclonic jerks disappeared in 6 patients after valproic acid administration and in two after clobazan administration. Antiepileptic treatment was discontinued in 6 patients and no seizure recurrence was observed during a median follow up of 6 years. CONCLUSION: Our patients presented electro clinical criteria compatible with the syndrome of reflex myoclonic epilepsy of infancy. This syndrome could be considered to be a new reflex epileptic syndrome or a variant of benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy.

Epilepsia mioclónica refleja del lactante: un nuevo síndrome epiléptico reflejo o una variante de la epilepsia mioclónica benigna del lactante / Reflex myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a new reflex epilepsy syndrome or a variant of benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy

Casos clínicos. Analizamos ocho pacientes con un cuadro electroclínico compatible con una epilepsia mioclónica refleja del lactante, a fin de ratificar la existencia de este síndrome, descrito inicialmente por Ricci et al en 1995. Resultados. Durante el período comprendido entre febrero de 1990 y julio de 2002, identificamos 64 pacientes epilépticos con crisis mioclónicas de comienzo en los seis primeros años de vida, de los que ocho (12,5 por ciento) tuvieron mioclonías de estímulo sensible. Los ocho pacientes presentaron un examen neurológico normal, con mioclonías generalizadas provocadas ante estímulos táctiles en seis pacientes y auditivos en dos. En uno de ellos las mioclonías se desencadenaron por ambos tipos de estímulos. Las crisis se iniciaron entre los 5 y los 20 meses de vida. Dos de ellos tuvieron sacudidas espontáneas durante el sueño. El electroencefalograma (EEG) intercrítico en vigilia fue normal, y durante el sueño se registraron ocasionales paroxismos de puntas y polipunta-onda lentas. El EEG crítico en sueño y vigilia mostró actividad de punta y polipunta-onda lenta generalizada. Los estudios de neuroimagen y neurometabólicos fueron normales. Las miclonías cedieron rápidamente con la administración de ácido valproico en seis pacientes y clobazam en dos. Tras un seguimiento promedio de seis años, seis niños están sin medicación y libres de crisis. Conclusión. Nuestros pacientes cumplen criterios clinicoelectroencefalográficos compatibles con la epilepsia mioclónica refleja del lactante, por lo cual pensamos que podría considerarse un nuevo síndrome epiléptico reflejo o una variante de la epilepsia mioclónica benigna del lactante (AU)

Case reports. We report a clinical and EEG study of 8 children with reflex myoclonic epilepsy of infancy to further confirm the existence of this syndrome first described by Ricci et al in 1995. Results. Between February 1990 to July 2002, we identified 64 epileptic patients with myoclonic seizures with an onset in the first six years of life. Eight (12.5%) of these patients had myoclonic seizure stimuli sensible. The seizures were characterized by generalized, myoclonic jerks triggered by tactile stimuli in six patients and acoustic stimuli in two, in one of them myoclonic jerks were triggered by both types of stimuli. The seizures appeared between 5 and 20 months of age. Two of the 8 patients had spontaneous myoclonic attacks during sleep. Interictal EEG was normal during wakefulness and occasional discharges were evident during sleep. In contrast, the ictal EEG during both wakefulness and sleep showed generalized spike-wave and polyspike slow-wave paroxysms. Neurologic examination, neuroimaging and neurometabolic studies were normal. Myoclonic jerks disappeared in 6 patients after valproic acid administration and in two after clobazan administration. Antiepileptic treatment was discontinued in 6 patients and no seizure recurrence was observed during a median follow up of 6 years. Conclusion. Our patients presented electro-clinical criteria compatible with the syndrome of reflex myoclonic epilepsy of infancy. This syndrome could be considered to be a new reflex epileptic syndrome or a variant of benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (AU)

Health status assessments using the Veterans SF-12 and SF-36: methods for evaluating otucomes in the Veterans Health Administration.

This article describes a study in which the administration of two health surveys, the Veterans SF-36 and SF-12, by telephone and mail-out was used to assess the differences in the health surveys' costs and scores by mode of administration and determine which mode was cost-efficient. The study employed a crossover design: after 12 unsuccessful attempts to contact patients by telephone, the patients were administered the survey by mail, and after 2 unsuccessful mail-outs, up to three attempts were made to interview the patients by telephone. The analysis of the data showed that mail administration, with or without crossover to telephone, was more cost-efficient than telephone administration, having both lower average total and variable costs per completed questionnaire. Overall, telephone administration was about 30% more expensive that mail administration, primarily due to the cost of labor. The marginal cost of an additional completed Veterans SF-12 or Veterans SF-36 was also substantially lower for mail administration. Mail administration without crossover to telephone administration was the most cost-efficient strategy for administering both the Veterans SF-12 and SF-36. The results of this study strongly suggest the need to consider the mode of administration if questionnaires like the Veterans SF-12 or SF-36 are to be used to assess health outcomes within and across large health care systems.

Axonal transport and localization of B-50/GAP-43-like immunoreactivity in regenerating sciatic and facial nerves of the rat.

Neurons that can regenerate their axons following axotomy increase their synthesis and axonal transport of a growth-associated protein, called GAP-43, which has been shown to be identical to the synaptic phosphoprotein B-50. The function of B-50/GAP-43 to the process of regeneration is unknown. We used a polyclonal, affinity-purified antibody against B-50 to study the axonal transport and localization of B-50/GAP-43-like immunoreactivity (B50LI) in the regenerating sciatic and facial nerves of adult rats. Quantitative data were obtained by densitometry of the B-50 band in immunoblots of nerve segments, which had been run on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. In the regenerating sciatic nerve, anterograde accumulation at a collection ligature was 3.0 times higher than retrograde accumulation. The mobile fraction of B50LI was only 0.28 of total B50LI and traveled with a mean anterograde velocity of 5.3 mm/hr. B50LI distribution in the newly regenerated portion of the nerve revealed maximal B50LI levels midway between the position of the crush and the fastest-growing axons. Immunocytochemistry of this portion of the nerve demonstrated B50LI to be associated with regenerating axons but also to a large extent with extra-axonal structures outlining the Schwann cell bands of Büngner. This zone of B50LI-positive Schwann cell bands was found to extend more distally in nerves in which regeneration had processed longer, e.g., up to 5 mm distal to the crush after 3 d and 8 mm after 4 d. Further distal to this zone, many fine regenerating axonal profiles could be detected with B-50 antibody, but were neurofilament negative. These findings raise the possibility of an extra-axonal function of B-50/GAP-43, as this protein might be secreted from regenerating axons and might play a role in axon-Schwann cell interactions during axonal maturation.