Computer visual syndrome in medical students in virtual education of a Peruvian university during 2021 / Síndrome visual informático en estudiantes de medicina en educación virtual de una universidad peruana durante el 2021

Introduction: During virtual classes in the context of COVID-19, students were exposed to digital screens for many hours, so they could present computer vision syndrome. Objective: To determine the frequency of computer vision syndrome in sixth-year medical students at Ricardo Palma University during virtual education due to COVID-19 in October and November 2021. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study in 147 sixth-year medical students who received virtual education at a Peruvian university during 2021. A non-probability sampling was used for convenience and the SVI was evaluated with the SVI-Q questionnaire, in addition characteristics were evaluated. demographics, visual preventive measures and eye diseases. The results were analyzed with SPSS v.21 for Windows. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Results: Most of the students were young adults (54%) and female (60%). The frequency of computer vision syndrome was 93%, it occurred in (94%) women and (90%) men. Most of the students reported having myopia (44%) and astigmatism (22%). The most common visual symptoms were tearing (7.9%), itching (7.6%) and headache (7.6%). Conclusions: A high frequency of SVI was found in medical students who took virtual classes.

Introducción: Durante las clases virtuales en el contexto del COVID-19 los estudiantes estuvieron expuestos muchas horas a pantallas digitales, por lo que podrían presentar síndrome visual informático. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia del síndrome visual informático en estudiantes de sexto año de medicina de la Universidad Ricardo Palma durante la educación virtual por COVID-19 en octubre y noviembre de 2021. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en 147 estudiantes de medicina de sexto año que recibieron educación virtual en una universidad del Perú durante el 2021. Se utilizó un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia y el SVI se evaluó con el cuestionario SVI-Q, además se evaluaron características demográficas, medidas preventivas visuales y enfermedades oculares. Los resultados se analizaron con SPSS v.21 para Windows. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética. Resultados: La mayoría de los estudiantes fueron adultos jóvenes (54%) y del sexo femenino (60%). La frecuencia de síndrome visual informático fue de 93%, se presentó en el (94%) de mujeres y el (90%) de hombres. La mayoría de las estudiantes refirió tener miopía (44%) y astigmatismo (22%). Los síntomas visuales más comunes fueron lagrimeo (7,9%), picor (7,6%) y dolor de cabeza (7,6%). Conclusiones: Se encontró una elevada frecuencia de SVI en estudiantes de medicina que llevaron clases virtuales.

Evaluation of the national health surveillance program of workers previously exposed to asbestos in Spain (2008)

Objectives: Although asbestos was banned in Spain in 2001, monitoring the health of previously-exposed workers is required. In 2002 the Ministry of Health and the autonomous regions of Spain planned a health surveillance program for workers exposed to asbestos (Programa de Vigilancia de la Salud de los Trabajadores Expuestos al Amianto [PIVISTEA]) with employers’ organizations, trade unions and scientific societies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the PIVISTEA to improve its effectiveness. Methods: A questionnaire with indicators for the year 2008 was sent to Spain's 17 autonomous regions, as well as to the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla. The results were analyzed by evaluating the compliance of each program with the activities established by the PIVISTEA. Results: In December 2008, a total of 22,158 workers from 14 autonomous regions and 306 companies were included in the program. The program had been started in 88% of the regions but surveillance activities remained scarce in 24%. Fifty-seven percent of the autonomous regions (69% of the total number of workers) provided the information requested. Seven autonomous regions provided data on the relationship between the diseases found and asbestos exposure. Only 5% of these diseases entitled affected individuals to receive compensation for occupational diseases. Conclusions: The health surveillance of workers previously exposed to asbestos in Spain, as well as medical-legal recognition of diseases caused by exposure at work, remain in adequate. Although the trend is positive, the effectiveness of many regional programs is limited, and inter-regional inequalities among affected workers have been detected (AU)

Objetivos: Después de la prohibición del amianto en España en 2001, resulta necesario vigilar la salud de los trabajadores expuestos en el pasado. En 2002, el Ministerio de Sanidad y las Comunidades Autónomas consensuaron un Programa de Vigilancia de la Salud de los Trabajadores Expuestos al Amianto (PIVISTEA) con las organizaciones empresariales y sindicales, y con las sociedades profesionales del sector. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el programa con el fin de tratar de mejorar su eficacia. Métodos: Se enviaron cuestionarios con indicadores referentes al año 2008 a las 17 comunidades autónomas y a las ciudades autónomas de Ceuta y Melilla. Los resultados se analizaron evaluando el cumplimiento de cada programa en relación con las actividades establecidas en PIVISTEA. Resultados: En diciembre de 2008, un total de 22.158 trabajadores, de 14 comunidades autónomas y 306 empresas, estaban incluidos en el programa. El 88% de las comunidades autónomas han iniciado el programa, aunque en el 24% las actividades siguen siendo escasas. El 57% (69% del total de los trabajadores) de las comunidades autónomas han proporcionado la información solicitada. Siete han comunicado datos sobre la relación entre la patología que encuentran y la exposición al amianto. Sólo el 5% de esas enfermedades son compensadas como profesionales. Conclusiones: La situación en España respecto a la vigilancia de la salud de los trabajadores previamente expuestos al amianto, y el reconocimiento médico-legal de las enfermedades derivadas de esa exposición, aún no es adecuada. Aunque la tendencia es positiva, muchos de los programas autonómicos tienen todavía una eficacia limitada y se detectan desigualdades interterritoriales (AU)

Evaluation of the national health surveillance program of workers previously exposed to asbestos in Spain (2008).

OBJECTIVES: Although asbestos was banned in Spain in 2001, monitoring the health of previously-exposed workers is required. In 2002 the Ministry of Health and the autonomous regions of Spain planned a health surveillance program for workers exposed to asbestos (Programa de Vigilancia de la Salud de los Trabajadores Expuestos al Amianto [PIVISTEA]) with employers' organizations, trade unions and scientific societies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the PIVISTEA to improve its effectiveness. METHODS: A questionnaire with indicators for the year 2008 was sent to Spain's 17 autonomous regions, as well as to the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla. The results were analyzed by evaluating the compliance of each program with the activities established by the PIVISTEA. RESULTS: In December 2008, a total of 22,158 workers from 14 autonomous regions and 306 companies were included in the program. The program had been started in 88% of the regions but surveillance activities remained scarce in 24%. Fifty-seven percent of the autonomous regions (69% of the total number of workers) provided the information requested. Seven autonomous regions provided data on the relationship between the diseases found and asbestos exposure. Only 5% of these diseases entitled affected individuals to receive compensation for occupational diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The health surveillance of workers previously exposed to asbestos in Spain, as well as medical-legal recognition of diseases caused by exposure at work, remain in adequate. Although the trend is positive, the effectiveness of many regional programs is limited, and inter-regional inequalities among affected workers have been detected.

[Comparison of three ELISA techniques for the evaluation of IgG seroprevalence against Bordetella pertussis in children vaccinated with three doses of DTPwc]. / Comparación de tres técnicas ELISA para evaluar la seroprevalencia de IgG frente a Bordetella pertussis en niños vacunados con tres dosis de DTPe.

BACKGROUND: Although there are several ELISA procedures to determine IgG against Bordetella pertussis, there are scarce data that allow to compare the seroprevalence detected using different kits. The objective of this study was to evaluate and to compare by three ELISA techniques the seroprevalence against B. pertussis in children. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 172 children 6-10 years old, vaccinated with three dose of DTPwc were studied. IgG against Bordetella pertussis was determined by two quantitative techniques (Labsystems and Serion). The qualitative detection of IgG against FHA and PT was performed by a semiquantitative method (Pertusscan). RESULTS: The Labsystems ELISA classified a 42.4% of the samples as positive and a 32% as borderline. The Serion method showed 52.9% of positive and 20.9% of borderline results. IgG-FHA was detected in 81.4% and IgG-PT in 75% of the samples by Pertusscan. The level of "immunity" recommended by this method was of 21.5%. The agreement between Labsystems and Serion was 45.9% (kappa index 5 0.157; p < 0.01). In the IgG-TP or IgG-FHA positive samples, the proportion of positive results obtained by Serion was superior to those obtained by Labsystems while the number of borderline results were inferior (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both quantitative techniques showed a high rate of not conclusive results and a very weak concordance. The large number of doubtful results obtained by Labsystems and its worse concordance with the other techniques dissuades its employment in inmunogenicity studies. The results obtained by the other two techniques present a problematic interpretation in terms of seroprevalence.

Comparación de tres técnicas ELISA para evaluar la seroprevalencia de IgG frente a Bordetella pertussis en niños vacunados con tres dosis de DTPEe / Comparison of three ELISA techniques for the evaluation of IgG seroprevalence against Bordetella pertussis in children vaccinated with three doses of DTPwc

FUNDAMENTOS. Aunque existen varios ELISA para determinar la IgG frente a Bordetella pertussis, no se dispone de demasiados datos que permitan comparar la seroprevalencia detectada por diferentes técnicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y comparar mediante tres técnicas ELISA la seroprevalencia en niños frente a B. pertussis. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO. Se estudió a 172 niños de 6 a 10 años vacunados con tres dosis de DTPe. La detección de IgG frente a un combinado antigénico de B. pertussis se realizó mediante dos técnicas cuantitativas (Labsystems y Serion). La presencia de IgG frente a hemaglutinina filamentosa (HAF) y toxina Pertussis (TP) se detectó por un método semicuantitativo (Pertusscan). RESULTADOS. El 42,4 por ciento de las muestras resultó positivo mediante Labsystems y el 32 por ciento dudoso. Serion aportó un 52,9 por ciento de resultados positivos y un 20,9 por ciento de dudosos. Pertusscan detectó IgG-HAF en el 81,4 por ciento de las muestras e IgG-TP en el 75 por ciento. El grado de "inmunidad" basado en la recomendación de este método fue del 21,5 por ciento. La concordancia entre Labsystems y Serion fue del 45,9 por ciento (índice kappa 0,157; p < 0,01). En las muestras IgG-TP o IgG-HAF positivas el número de resultados positivos por Serion respecto a Labsystems resultó superior y el de dudosos inferior (p < 0,05).CONCLUSIONES. Ambas técnicas cuantitativas revelaron una elevada tasa de resultados dudosos y una concordancia muy débil. La alta tasa de resultados dudosos mediante Labsystems y su peor concordancia con las otras técnicas desaconsejan su empleo en estudios de inmunogenicidad. Los otros procedimientos presentan una interpretación problemática en términos de seroprevalencia (AU)