Internalizing and externalizing symptoms and suicidal behaviour in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

OBJECTIVE: To assess internalizing and externalizing symptoms as risk factors for suicidal behaviour and suicide among adolescents and young adults. METHOD: We conducted a systematic review of articles published until January 2017. We identified 26 883 potential papers; 1701 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, of which 1479 were excluded because of methodological reasons. Diverse meta-analyses were performed for each group of symptoms. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) or beta coefficients for categorical variables, and effect size (ES) were calculated for continuous variables. RESULTS: Finally, 41 studies were included, involving participants aged 12-26 years for a systematic review, and 24 articles were included for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that youths with any internalizing (ES = 0.93) or externalizing symptoms (ES = 0.76 and OR = 2.59) were more likely to attempt suicide in future. This effect was also seen in depression symptoms (OR = 6.58 and ES = 1.00), legal problems (OR = 3.36), and anxiety (ES = 0.65). CONCLUSION: Reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms are predictors of suicide behaviour in young people; therefore, the detection and management of these symptoms in young populations could be a crucial strategy for preventing suicidality in this group.

Sexual orientation and suicidal behaviour in adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundResearch suggests that lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adolescents have a higher risk of suicidal behaviours than their heterosexual peers, but little is known about specific risk factors.AimsTo assess sexual orientation as a risk factor for suicidal behaviours, and to identify other risk factors among LGB adolescents and young adults.MethodA systematic search was made of six databases up to June 2015, including a grey literature search. Population-based longitudinal studies considering non-clinical populations aged 12-26 years and assessing being LGB as a risk factor for suicidal behaviour compared with being heterosexual, or evaluating risk factors for suicidal behaviour within LGB populations, were included. Random effect models were used in meta-analysis.ResultsSexual orientation was significantly associated with suicide attempts in adolescents and youths (OR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.60-3.20). Gay or bisexual men were more likely to report suicide attempts compared with heterosexual men (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.21-4.04). Based on two studies, a non-significant positive association was found between depression and suicide attempts in LGB groups.ConclusionsSexual orientation is associated with a higher risk of suicide attempt in young people. Further research is needed to assess completed suicide, and specific risk factors affecting the LGB population.

Longitudinal association between self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and suicidal behavior in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents with previous self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITB) have over 2-fold risk of dying by suicide, higher than older ages. This meta-analysis aims to disentangle the association of each SITB with subsequent suicidal behavior in adolescence/young adulthood, the contribution of each SITB, and the proportion of suicide deaths with no previous suicide attempt. METHODS: We searched 6 databases until June 2015. INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Assessment of any previous SITB [a) suicidal thoughts and behaviors (ideation; threat/gesture; plan; attempt); b) non-suicidal thoughts and behaviors (thoughts; threat/gesture; self-injury); c) self-harm] as a risk factor of suicide attempt or suicide death; 2. Case-control or cohort studies; 3. Subjects aged 12-26y. Random effect models, metaregression analyses including mental health and environmental variables, and population attributable risks (PAR)s were estimated. RESULTS: From 23,682 potentially eligible articles, 29 were included in the meta-analysis (1,122,054 individuals). While 68% of all youth suicide deaths had no previous suicide attempt, suicide death was very strongly associated with any previous SITB (OR=22.53, 95%CI: 18.40-27.58). Suicide attempts were also associated with a history of previous SITB (OR=3.48, 95%CI: 2.71-4.43). There were no moderating effects for mental health and environmental features. The PAR of previous SITB to suicide attempts is 26%. LIMITATIONS: There is considerable heterogeneity between the available studies. Due to limitations in the original studies, an over-estimation of the proportion dying at their first attempt cannot be ruled out, since they might have missed unrecognized previous suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS: Although more than two thirds of suicide deaths in adolescence/young adulthood have occurred with no previous suicidal behavior, previous SITBs have a much higher risk of dying by suicide than previously reported in this age group.

Exposure to violence, a risk for suicide in youths and young adults. A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association and magnitude of the effect of early exposure to different types of interpersonal violence (IPV) with suicide attempt and suicide death in youths and young adults. METHOD: We searched six databases until June 2015. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) assessment of any type of IPV as risk factor of suicide attempt or suicide: (i) child maltreatment [childhood physical, sexual, emotional abuse, neglect], (ii) bullying, (iii) dating violence, and (iv) community violence; (2) population-based case-control or cohort studies; and (3) subjects aged 12-26 years. Random models were used for meta-analyses (Reg: CRD42013005775). RESULTS: From 23 682 articles, 29 articles with 143 730 subjects for meta-analyses were included. For victims of any IPV, OR of subsequent suicide attempt was 1.99 (95% CI: 1.73-2.28); for child maltreatment, 2.25 (95% CI: 1.85-2.73); for bullying, 2.39 (95% CI: 1.89-3.01); for dating violence, 1.65 (95% CI: 1.40-1.94); and for community violence, 1.48 (95% CI: 1.16-1.87). Young victims of IPV had an OR of suicide death of 10.57 (95% CI: 4.46-25.07). CONCLUSION: Early exposure to IPV confers a risk of suicide attempts and particularly suicide death in youths and young adults. Future research should address the effectiveness of preventing and detecting early any type of IPV exposure in early ages.

Hidrops vesicular agudo asociado a infección por rotavirus / Acute gallbladder hydrops associated with rotavirus infection

No disponible

Fiebre y lesiones cutáneas en un paciente con enfermedad granulomatosa crónica / Fever and skin lesions in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease

No disponible

Depressive and anxiety disorders in chronic hepatitis C patients: reliability and validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire.

UNLABELLED: Depression and anxiety in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection influence their health-related quality of life and their adherence to antiviral treatment. OBJECTIVE: To study the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) as a screening instrument for depression and anxiety in HCV patients. METHODS: Criterion validity, using the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-Axis I (SCID-I) to diagnose depression and anxiety disorders as diagnostic standard, was evaluated for both summed and algorithm-based PHQ in 500 HCV patients. Correlations with quality of life (Short-Form-36 Health Survey; SF-36) and severity of illness (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS) were calculated to assess construct validity. Test-retest reliability and patients' reaction to the PHQ were assessed in 120 HCV patients. RESULTS: Twenty-three percent of patients (N=114) had a psychiatric disorder (any depressive disorder=18.2%; major depressive disorder=6.4%; generalized anxiety disorder=7.0% and panic disorder=5.8%). The questionnaire demonstrated good test-retest reliability for any depressive disorder (k=.847), major depressive disorder (k=.784), generalized anxiety disorder (k=.787), panic disorder (k=.848), and for any psychiatric disorder (k=.847). There was good agreement between PHQ and SCID-I diagnoses (for any PHQ disorder, k=.821; overall accuracy=90.43%, sensitivity=83.84%; specificity=97.01%). Patients with any PHQ disorder had higher impairment on the SF-36 (p<.001). HADS depression and anxiety scores showed high correlations with PHQ depression (p<.001) and anxiety (p<.001) scores respectively. PHQ administration was well accepted by 97% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the PHQ is a reliable, valid, and useful screening instrument to detect depression, generalized anxiety and panic disorders in HCV patients.

Impulsivity and functional impairment in bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Impulsivity is substantially higher in bipolar patients (BP) and may be associated with a more severe course of illness, but no studies have so far examined the relationship between impulsivity and functional outcome in BP. Our goal was to investigate the functional impact of trait-impulsivity in BP. METHODS: 138 euthymic BP were recruited. All patients were assessed using an interview based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID). The Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) were used to assess functional outcome and impulsivity, respectively. Seven multiple linear regressions, with each individual FAST subscale scores and overall FAST score as dependant variables, were conducted in order to evaluate the predictive role of trait-impulsivity on functional outcome. RESULTS: After a multiple linear regression model, with the FAST total score as dependent variable, we found that depressive symptoms (ß=1.580; p<0.001), number of hospitalizations (ß=0.837; p=0.019) and impulsivity (ß=0.319; p=0.004) were independently associated with overall functional impairment (F=6.854, df=9, p<0.001, adjusted R2=0.311). LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional design of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that impulsivity, as well as depressive symptoms and the number of hospitalizations, is associated with overall functional impairment in BP. The assessment and treatment of impulsivity may be useful in improving functional outcome in BP.

Prematuros tardíos: una población de riesgo infravalorada / Late preterm infants: A population at underestimated risk

Introducción y objetivo: La tasa de prematuridad ha experimentado un incremento progresivo en los últimos años, a costa casi exclusivamente de los prematuros tardíos (34 a 36 semanas). Es una población que, si bien con menor riesgo que los prematuros de menor edad gestacional, tiene una tasa de morbimortalidad significativamente mayor que los recién nacidos a término. Sin embargo, hay una cierta infravaloración respecto a su evolución a corto y a largo plazo. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la incidencia de prematuridad en este centro y analizar la morbimortalidad en los prematuros tardíos comparada con los recién nacidos a término. Población y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de los recién nacidos en el hospital desde el 1 de enero de 1992 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2008. Entre las 340/7 y las 366/7 semanas de gestación formaron el grupo de prematuros tardíos (n=2.003), y los de 37 a 42 semanas cumplidas de gestación conformaron el grupo de recién nacidos a término (n=32.015). Se formaron 2 subgrupos según 2 períodos de tiempo (de 1992 a 1998 y de 2000 a 2008). Se analizaron las tasas de morbimortalidad, para cada uno de los grupos y subgrupos, y se compararon, así como la morbilidad semana a semana desde la semana 34 a la semana 42. Resultados: Durante el período estudiado, la tasa de prematuridad aumentó del 3,9 al 9,8%, a expensas exclusivamente de los prematuros tardíos (el 79% del total).La tasa de mortalidad en los prematuros tardíos fue del 5% comparada con el 1,1% en los a término (p<0,0001; odds ratio de 4,71; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 2,3 a 9,5). La incidencia de ingreso en la Unidad de Neonatología, tasa de cesáreas, gemelaridad, trastornos respiratorios, necesidad de asistencia respiratoria en forma de presión positiva continua en la vía respiratoria nasal o ventilación mecánica, incidencia de apneas, ictericia que precisó fototerapia, hipoglucemia y necesidad de nutrición parenteral fueron significativamente superiores (p<0,0001) en el grupo de pretérminos tardíos comparado con los recién nacidos a término. La tasa de morbilidad fue descendente a medida que aumentaba la edad gestacional, con el valor más bajo a partir de las 39 semanas. Conclusiones: La morbimortalidad en los prematuros tardíos es significativamente superior a la de los recién nacidos a término. Es necesario revisar las pautas ante estos prematuros nacidos cerca de término, buscar las posibles causas de su prematuridad, intentar reducir su incidencia y elaborar un cuidadoso protocolo de atención y vigilancia para minimizar la morbimortalidad asociada. Sería aconsejable establecer un seguimiento a largo plazo, a fin de conocer cuáles son las consecuencias sobre su desarrollo psicomotor. El colectivo obstétrico debe sensibilizarse del verdadero riesgo del nacimiento en estas edades gestacionales cercanas a término (AU)

Background and objective: There has been a gradual rise in prematurity rates recent years, almost exclusively at the expense of the late preterm (34 to 36 weeks). This population, although with less risk than smaller preterm gestational age, has a morbidity rate significantly higher than term infants. However, there is some underestimation regarding developments in the short and long term. The aim of this study was to look at the incidence of prematurity in our institution and to analyze morbidity and mortality in late preterm compared with term infants. Subjects and methods: We performed a retrospective review of newborns in our Hospital from January 1992 until December 31, 2008. Late preterm group was defined as between 340/7 and 366/7 weeks gestation (N=2003) and term infants from 37 to 42 weeks gestation (N=32015). We formed 2 subgroups according two time periods (1992–1998 and 2000–2008). The morbidity and mortality for each of the groups and subgroups, and the morbidity from week 34 to 42, were analysed and compared. Results: During the period studied, the prematurity rate increased from 3.9% to 9.8%, exclusively at the expense of the late preterm (79%). The rate of mortality in late preterm was 5 ‰ compared to 1.1 ‰ in the term (P <0.0001, OR 4.71, 95% CI 2.3–9.5). The incidence of admission to the Neonatal Unit, Cesarean rate, twin, respiratory disorders, need for respiratory support in the form of nasal CPAP or mechanical ventilation, incidence of apnea, jaundice requiring phototherapy, hypoglycaemia and need for parenteral nutrition were significantly higher (P<0.0001) in the late preterm group compared with term infants. The morbidity rate decreased significantly as gestational age increased, with the lowest value from 39 weeks. Conclusions: Morbidity and mortality in late preterm infants is significantly higher than in term infants. The guidelines for these near term premature babies need to be reviewed, looking for possible causes of prematurity, and trying to reduce their impact, as well as developing a protocol for their care and close monitoring to minimize the associated morbidity. There should be long-term monitoring to find out the consequences on their psychomotor development. The obstetrics group should be made aware of the true risks of births in the near-term gestational ages (AU)

[Late preterm infants: A population at underestimated risk]. / Prematuros tardíos: una población de riesgo infravalorada.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There has been a gradual rise in prematurity rates recent years, almost exclusively at the expense of the late preterm (34 to 36 weeks). This population, although with less risk than smaller preterm gestational age, has a morbidity rate significantly higher than term infants. However, there is some underestimation regarding developments in the short and long term. The aim of this study was to look at the incidence of prematurity in our institution and to analyze morbidity and mortality in late preterm compared with term infants SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of newborns in our Hospital from January 1992 until December 31, 2008. Late preterm group was defined as between 34(0/7) and 36(6/7) weeks gestation (N=2003) and term infants from 37 to 42 weeks gestation (N=32015). We formed 2 subgroups according two time periods (1992-1998 and 2000-2008). The morbidity and mortality for each of the groups and subgroups, and the morbidity from week 34 to 42, were analysed and compared. RESULTS: During the period studied, the prematurity rate increased from 3.9% to 9.8%, exclusively at the expense of the late preterm (79%). The rate of mortality in late preterm was 5 per thousand compared to 1.1 per thousand in the term (P <0.0001, OR 4.71, 95% CI 2.3-9.5). The incidence of admission to the Neonatal Unit, Cesarean rate, twin, respiratory disorders, need for respiratory support in the form of nasal CPAP or mechanical ventilation, incidence of apnea, jaundice requiring phototherapy, hypoglycaemia and need for parenteral nutrition were significantly higher (P<0.0001) in the late preterm group compared with term infants. The morbidity rate decreased significantly as gestational age increased, with the lowest value from 39 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Morbidity and mortality in late preterm infants is significantly higher than in term infants. The guidelines for these near term premature babies need to be reviewed, looking for possible causes of prematurity, and trying to reduce their impact, as well as developing a protocol for their care and close monitoring to minimize the associated morbidity. There should be long-term monitoring to find out the consequences on their psychomotor development. The obstetrics group should be made aware of the true risks of births in the near-term gestational ages.

[Influence of socioeconomic factors on weight, length and head circumference measurements in newborns from 35 to 42 weeks gestational age]. / Influencia de los factores socioeconómicos en el peso, la longitud y el perímetro occipitofrontal de los recién nacidos entre 35 y 42 semanas de gestación.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: gestational age and anthropometric measurements, i.e. weight, length and head circumference at birth, have all been used as predictors of neonatal morbidity-mortality and adult morbidity. Differences in ethnic or socioeconomic background of newborn cohorts, as well as methodological differences between studies limit the validity and application of current anthropometric curves across different populations. Thus, we conducted a study to obtain local reference data in a Hospital that had a medium-high socio-economic class population, probably different to others recently published in our geographic area, and to compare them. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Weight, length and head circumference at birth were retrospectively analysed in 31,397 live Caucasian neonates born at 23-42 weeks in SCIAS-Hospital de Barcelona between 1992 and 2006. Only single gestations were selected and no other exclusion by materno-fetal or neonatal pathology criteria were applied. Percentile values, mean and standard deviation for each anthropometric measurement were calculated according to gestational age and gender. They were compared with the results from recent publications of our geographic area. RESULTS: Males were found to have significantly higher weight, length and head circumference values than females from 36 weeks. There was a trend towards higher values in our population when compared with others in our geographic area. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of socioeconomic factors on fetal growth seems evident. Nevertheless, it is difficult to assume that the observed differences must be exclusively due to the population characteristics or the different methodologies in the selection of the sample. Thus, it is desirable to have anthropometric reference curves obtained from populations of surrounding areas, with epidemiological methodologies that might be more appropriate in identifying valid outcome predictors, and enable us to compare with others groups according to racial, socioeconomic and disease factors.

Influencia de los factores socioeconómicos en el peso, la longitud y el perímetro occipitofrontal de los recién nacidos entre 35 y 42 semanas de gestación / Influence of socioeconomic factors on weight, length and head circumference measurements in newborns from 35 to 42 weeks gestational age

Introducción y objetivo: la clasificación del recién nacido según peso, longitud y perímetro occipitofrontal al nacer en relación con la edad gestacional se ha utilizado como indicador de morbimortalidad neonatal, así como factor pronóstico de enfermedades de la edad adulta. Las diferentes poblaciones analizadas y metodologías en la recogida de datos hacen que los resultados sean dispares entre publicaciones. El objetivo es establecer los valores antropométricos de referencia para nuestro hospital, que atiende a una población caracterizada por un nivel socioeconómico medio-alto, distinta, probablemente, de otras publicadas recientemente en nuestro entorno, y compararlas. Pacientes y método: análisis del peso, la longitud y el perímetro occipitofrontal al nacimiento de 31.397 recién nacidos vivos consecutivos en SCIAS-Hospital de Barcelona, de 1992 a 2006, con edades gestacionales entre 23 y 42 semanas. Se seleccionaron las gestaciones únicas y se separaron según sexo. Todos ellos de raza caucásica. No hubo exclusiones por enfermedad materna, fetal o neonatal. Se obtuvieron los valores en percentiles, media y desviación estandar, y se compararon según sexo. Se realizaron curvas según la edad gestacional a partir de las 35 semanas. Se compararon con los resultados de publicaciones recientes referidas a poblaciones de nuestro entorno geográfico. Resultados: se aprecian diferencias significativas en el peso, la longitud y el perímetro occipitofrontal al nacer según sexo a partir de las 36 semanas, con valores más altos en los varones. Se observa una tendencia a valores más altos en nuestra población al compararlos con otras de nuestro entorno geográfico. Conclusiones: la influencia del factor socioeconómico sobre el crecimiento fetal parece evidente. Sin embargo, es difícil asegurar que las diferencias observadas sean debidas, exclusivamente, a las características poblacionales o a las diferentes metodologías en la selección de la muestra. Es recomendable disponer de valores antropométricos poblacionales de referencia de la zona geográfica a la que pertenecemos, obtenidos a partir de metodologías epidemiológicas, para clasificar al recién nacido de forma adecuada y poder establecer comparaciones con sectores poblacionales diferenciados según factores raciales, socioeconómicos o por enfermedades (AU)

Background and objective: gestational age and anthropometric measurements, i.e. weight, length and head circumference at birth, have all been used as predictors of neonatal morbidity-mortality and adult morbidity. Differences in ethnic or socioeconomic background of newborn cohorts, as well as methodological differences between studies limit the validity and application of current anthropometric curves across different populations. Thus, we conducted a study to obtain local reference data in a Hospital that had a medium-high socio-economic class population, probably different to others recently published in our geographic area, and to compare them. Patients and method: Weight, length and head circumference at birth were retrospectively analysed in 31,397 live Caucasian neonates born at 23–42 weeks in SCIAS-Hospital de Barcelona between 1992 and 2006. Only single gestations were selected and no other exclusion by materno-fetal or neonatal pathology criteria were applied. Percentile values, mean and standard deviation for each anthropometric measurement were calculated according to gestational age and gender. They were compared with the results from recent publications of our geographic area. Results: Males were found to have significantly higher weight, length and head circumference values than females from 36 weeks. There was a trend towards higher values in our population when compared with others in our geographic area. Conclusions: The influence of socioeconomic factors on fetal growth seems evident. Nevertheless, it is difficult to assume that the observed differences must be exclusively due to the population characteristics or the different methodologies in the selection of the sample. Thus, it is desirable to have anthropometric reference curves obtained from populations of surrounding areas, with epidemiological methodologies that might be more appropriate in identifying valid outcome predictors, and enable us to compare with others groups according to racial, socioeconomic and disease factors (AU)

[Cord blood levels of interleukin 6 in preterm infants as an early marker of neonatal morbidity]. / Determinación de interleucina 6 en sangre de cordón en prematuros, como indicador precoz de morbilidad neonatal.

INTRODUCTION: The prematurity rate in our country is 8-9 %. Despite the decrease in neonatal mortality during the last decade, there is still a high incidence of neonatal morbidity and its subsequent sequelae. It is well known that the fetal inflammatory response plays an important role in the presence of neonatal morbidity. The aim of this study is to determine if interleukin 6 (IL-6) measurements in cord blood are a useful parameter to recognize those preterms with higher probability of suffering neonatal morbidity. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Descriptive and prospective study in newborns with gestational ages (GA) < or = 34 weeks. We determined IL-6 levels in cord blood; white cell count and C reactive protein (CRP) levels at 0, 12, 24 and 72 hours of life, and blood culture at admission. Clinical data was also collected, including perinatology factors, symptomatology on admission and subsequent evolution until discharge or death. RESULTS: We included 99 newborns with a GA between 23 and 34 weeks and birth weights between 480 and 2,855 g. Levels of IL-6 > 10 pg/ml show a significant correlation between maternal fever and/or chorioamnionitis (P = 0.005), a weak but significant correlation (P = 0.05, r = 0.3) between increased levels of CRP at 24 hours of life and Critical Risk Index for Babies (CRIB) score > or = 4 (P < 0.003, r = 0.2) and a significant correlation (P = 0.04) with the presence of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and with length of hospital stay (P = 0.0015). Patients with a lower GA show a trend to have higher levels of IL-6. CONCLUSIONS: IL-6 could be a useful and early marker of neonatal morbidity. Its rapid ability to predict neonatal morbidity gives it an advantage over other classical blood markers.

Determinación de interleucina 6 en sangre de cordón en prematuros, como indicador precoz de morbilidad neonatal / Cord blood levels of interleukin 6 in preterm infants as an early marker of neonatal morbidity

Introducción: La incidencia de prematuridad en nuestro país es aproximadamente del 8-9 %. A pesar del descenso de la mortalidad en este grupo de pacientes durante las últimas décadas, la morbilidad en el período neonatal y las secuelas posteriores siguen siendo elevadas. Se sabe que la respuesta inflamatoria fetal tiene un papel importante en la presencia de morbilidad neonatal. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si la interleucina 6 (IL-6) en sangre de cordón es un parámetro útil para identificar a los prematuros que tienen mayor probabilidad de presentar morbilidad neonatal. Pacientes y método: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo en recién nacidos con edad gestacional (EG) de hasta 34 semanas. Se determina IL-6 en sangre de cordón; recuento leucocitario y proteína C reactiva (PCR) a las 0, 12, 24 y 72 h de vida, y hemocultivo al ingresar. Se recogen factores perinatológicos, clínica en el momento del ingreso y evolución posterior hasta el alta o fallecimiento. Resultados: Se incluyen 99 recién nacidos con EG entre 23 y 34 semanas y peso al nacer entre 480 y 2.855 g. Los valores de IL-6 > 10 pg/ml muestran una correlación significativa con el antecedente de fiebre y/o corioamnionitis materna (p = 0,005), correlación débil pero significativa (p = 0,05; r = 0,3) con valores elevados de PCR a las 24 h de vida y con valores de la puntuación del índice de riesgo clínico para niños (CRIB) ≥ 4 (p = 0,003; r = 0,2) y correlación significativa (p = 0,04) con la presencia de leucomalacia periventricular (LPV) y con los días de ingreso (p = 0,015). En los pacientes con menor EG se observa una tendencia a mostrar valores de IL-6 más elevados. Conclusiones La IL-6 puede ser un marcador útil y precoz de morbilidad neonatal. Su precocidad para predecir morbilidad supone una ventaja frente a los marcadores analíticos clásicos (AU)

Introduction: The prematurity rate in our country is 8-9 %. Despite the decrease in neonatal mortality during the last decade, there is still a high incidence of neonatal morbidity and its subsequent sequelae. It is well known that the fetal inflammatory response plays an important role in the presence of neonatal morbidity. The aim of this study is to determine if interleukin 6 (IL-6) measurements in cord blood are a useful parameter to recognize those preterms with higher probability of suffering neonatal morbidity. Patients and method: Descriptive and prospective study in newborns with gestational ages (GA) ≤ 34 weeks. We determined IL-6 levels in cord blood; white cell count and C reactive protein (CRP) levels at 0, 12, 24 and 72 hours of life, and blood culture at admission. Clinical data was also collected, including perinatology factors, symptomatology on admission and subsequent evolution until discharge or death. Results: We included 99 newborns with a GA between 23 and 34 weeks and birth weights between 480 and 2,855 g. Levels of IL-6 > 10 pg/ml show a significant correlation between maternal fever and/or chorioamnionitis (P = 0.005), a weak but significant correlation (P = 0.05, r = 0.3) between increased levels of CRP at 24 hours of life and Critical Risk Index for Babies (CRIB) score ≥ 4 (P < 0.003, r = 0.2) and a significant correlation (P = 0.04) with the presence of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and with length of hospital stay (P = 0.0015). Patients with a lower GA show a trend to have higher levels of IL-6. Conclusions IL-6 could be a useful and early marker of neonatal morbidity. Its rapid ability to predict neonatal morbidity gives it an advantage over other classical blood markers (AU)

De novo depression and anxiety disorders and influence on adherence during peginterferon-alpha-2a and ribavirin treatment in patients with hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety have been associated with interferon treatment and low treatment adherence. AIM: To study the incidence and associated risk factors of depressive and anxiety disorders during pegylated interferon plus ribavirin and treatment adherence in a prospective cohort of 176 patients with chronic hepatitis C patients. METHODS: Patients were interviewed at baseline using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Mental Disorders and the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were completed. Both questionnaires were completed also after 4, 12 and 24 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: De novo depressive and/or anxiety disorders were diagnosed in 53 (36%) patients, in whom antidepressants and/or anxiolytics were administered. Higher baseline depression-subscale score (OR = 27.8, 95% CI = 2.82-333), primary education level (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.40-7.03) and being an immigrant (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.12-9.47) were predictors of psychiatric disorders during anti-viral therapy. The percentage of patients with good adherence was lower in those with depression and/or anxiety (79% vs. 90%, P < 0.04). Only one patient (1%) discontinued treatment because of a major depressive episode. Depression and/or anxiety disorders had no effect on attainment of sustained virological response. CONCLUSION: Early detection and treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders favours good adherence to anti-viral treatment in hepatitis C.

[Neonatal withdrawal syndrome to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: case report and literature review]. / Síndrome de abstinencia neonatal a inhibidores selectivos de la recaptación de serotonina: a propósito de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is widely prescribed in pregnant women. Its gestational use is not associated with an increased risk of major foetal anomalies when used in their recommended doses. A SSRI-related neonatal syndrome has been described secondary to withdrawal in infants exposed to these drugs during the last trimester of pregnancy. However, little is known about neonatal psychopharmacology. CASE REPORT: An infant whose mother received treatment with paroxetine (20 mg/kg/day) during the third trimester was born prematurely and presented withdrawal symptoms within few days after birth. Symptoms were irritability with constant crying, shivering, increased muscle tone, coreiform movements and feeding problems. Only supportive care was needed and symptoms disappeared by two weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS: In utero exposure to SSRIs during the last trimester through delivery may result in a self-limited neonatal behavioural syndrome that can be managed with supportive care. Its increasing incidence in neonates may be due to a greater frequency of its gestational use. All these neonates should be followed-up closely looking forward withdrawal symptoms in the first days of life. We need a better understanding of SSRIs effects and pharmacokinetics, and further research should focus on whether it is safe to use SSRIs during the last trimester.

Síndrome de abstinencia neonatal a inhibidores selectivos de la recaptación de serotonina: a propósito de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía / Neonatal withdrawal syndrome to selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors: case report and literature review

Introducción. El tratamiento con inhibidores selectivosde la recaptación de serotonina (ISRS) en mujeres gestantes es cadavez más frecuente. Su uso durante la gestación, en las dosis recomendadas,no tiene efectos teratogénicos. Se ha descrito un síndromeneonatal asociado a los ISRS por abstinencia en recién nacidosde madres expuestas a estos fármacos durante el último trimestrede gestación. Sin embargo, se conoce muy poco su farmacocinéticaen el neonato. Caso clínico. Varón prematuro cuya madrehabía recibido tratamiento con paroxetina (20 mg/kg/día) duranteel tercer trimestre de gestación que nació prematuro y presentó alos pocos días de vida síntomas compatibles con un síndrome deabstinencia. Dichos síntomas consistían en irritabilidad con llantoconstante, temblores, aumento del tono muscular, movimientos coreiformesy problemas para la alimentación. Los síntomas desparecierona las dos semanas de vida, únicamente con tratamiento desoporte. Conclusiones. La exposición intrauterina a los ISRS duranteel tercer trimestre de gestación puede ser la causa de un síndromede abstinencia neonatal, generalmente autolimitado y quesólo requiere tratamiento de soporte. La creciente incidencia de estesíndrome neonatal puede deberse al uso cada vez más frecuentede estos fármacos en mujeres gestantes. Todos estos neonatos de riesgotendrían que ser objeto de un seguimiento durante los primerosdías de vida. Se precisa conocer mejor los efectos y la farmacocinéticade los ISRS en la época neonatal y son necesarios más estudiospara determinar si el uso de los ISRS durante el último trimestrede la gestación es seguro

Introduction. The treatment with selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is widely prescribed in pregnantwomen. Its gestational use is not associated with an increased risk of major foetal anomalies when used in their recommendeddoses. A SSRI-related neonatal syndrome has been described secondary to withdrawal in infants exposed to these drugsduring the last trimester of pregnancy. However, little is known about neonatal psychopharmacology. Case report. An infantwhose mother received treatment with paroxetine (20 mg/kg/day) during the third trimester was born prematurely andpresented withdrawal symptoms within few days after birth. Symptoms were irritability with constant crying, shivering,increased muscle tone, coreiform movements and feeding problems. Only supportive care was needed and symptomsdisappeared by two weeks of age. Conclusions. In utero exposure to SSRIs during the last trimester through delivery mayresult in a self-limited neonatal behavioural syndrome that can be managed with supportive care. Its increasing incidence inneonates may be due to a greater frequency of its gestational use. All these neonates should be followed-up closely lookingforward withdrawal symptoms in the first days of life. We need a better understanding of SSRIs effects and pharmacokinetics,and further research should focus on whether it is safe to use SSRIs during the last trimester