[Compliance with the surgical safety checklist and surgical events detected by the Global Trigger Tool]. / Cumplimiento del listado de verificación quirúrgica y los eventos quirúrgicos detectados mediante la herramienta del Global Trigger Tool.

INTRODUCTION: The implementing of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) has helped to improve patient safety. The aim of this study was to assess the level of compliance of the SSC, and incorporating the non-compliances as «triggers¼ in the Global Trigger Tool (GTT). SETTING: Acute Geriatric Hospital (200 beds). Retrospective study, study period: 2011-2014. The SSC formulary and the methodology of the GTT were used for the analysis of electronic medical records and the compliance with the SSC. The NCCP MERP categories were used to assess the severity of the harm. RESULTS: Out of all the electronic medical records (EMR), a total of 227 (23.6%) discharged patients (1.7% of interventions in the four year study period) were analysed. All (100%) of the EMR included the SSC, with 94.4% of the items being completed, and 28.2% of SSC had all items completed in the 3 phases of the process. Surgical adverse events decreased from 16.3% in 2011 to 9.4% in 2014 (P=.2838, not significant), and compliance with all items of SSC was increased from 18.6% to 39.1% (P=.0246, significant). CONCLUSIONS: The GTT systematises and evaluates, at low cost, the triggers and incidents/ AEs found in the EMR in order to assess the compliance with the SSC and consider non-compliance of SSC as «triggers¼ for further analysis. This strategy has never been referred to in the GTT or in the SCC formulary.

Prevalence of parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease in the Arosa Island (Spain): a community-based door-to-door survey.

There are scarce epidemiological data on parkinsonism in Spain. Since the Arosa Island community (Northwestern Spain) has been for centuries relatively isolated, it represents a potentially useful setting to undercover genetic factors with a founder effect, as well as local environmental influences. We performed a one-stage door-to-door survey in the Arosa Island in 2004 to determine the prevalence of parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease (PD) in the population aged 65 years or over. Out of 41 individuals detected with parkinsonism, 15 were diagnosed with PD (36.6%), 13 with drug induced parkinsonism (31.7%), seven with vascular parkinsonism (17.1%), four patients had parkinsonism with associated features (9.8%) and two had unspecified parkinsonism (4.9%). We obtained a crude prevalence rate of parkinsonism of 5.44% (adjusted rate: 4.73%) and a crude prevalence rate of PD of 1.99% (adjusted rate 1.7%); both prevalence rates increased with advancing age. The prevalence rate for parkinsonism was higher than that in similar populations of Spain and other European countries while that for PD was in the range obtained from these populations. Among PD cases, 26.7% (n=4) were undiagnosed before the survey. Most cases of drug-induced parkinsonism were secondary to neuroleptics and had not been previously diagnosed. The relatively high proportion of undiagnosed drug-induced parkinsonisms and PD is surprising in a public health system which is free and universal. The lack of excess of late-onset PD among Arosans does not support the existence of specific genetic or environmental factors contributing to PD in this particular geographical area.

Infarto de la arteria espinal anterior y síndrome antifosfolípido primario / Infarction of the anterior spinal artery and primary antiphospholipid syndrome

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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and periventricular nodular heterotopia in a Spanish family with a single FLNA mutation.

BACKGROUND: The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) comprises a group of hereditary connective tissue disorders. Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a human neuronal migration disorder characterised by seizures and conglomerates of neural cells around the lateral ventricles of the brain, caused by FLNA mutations. FLNA encodes filamin A, an actin binding protein involved in cytoskeletal organisation. The amino-terminal actin binding domain (ABD) of filamins contains two tandem calponin homology domains, CHD1 and CHD2. OBJECTIVE: To report clinical and genetic analyses in a Spanish family affected by a connective tissue disorder suggestive of EDS type III and PNH. METHODS: A clinical and molecular study was undertaken in the three affected women. Clinical histories, physical and neurological examinations, brain magnetic resonance imaging studies, and skin biopsies were done. Genetic analysis of the FLNA gene was undertaken by direct sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS: Mutation analysis of the FLNA gene resulted in the identification of a novel mutation in exon 3 (c.383C-->T) segregating with the combination of both syndromes. This mutation results in a substitution of an alanine residue (A128V) in CHD1. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the Ala128Val mutation causes the dual EDS-PNH phenotype. This association constitutes a new variant within the EDS spectrum. This is the first description of a familial EDS-PNH association with a mutation in FLNA.

[Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: report of two new cases]. / Siderosis superficial del sistema nervioso central: descripción de dos nuevos casos.

INTRODUCTION: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare disease characterized by deafness, ataxia and pyramidal dysfunction. It is due to hemosiderin deposition in the subpial membranes of the brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves. Most cases are secondary to chronic or recurrent bleeding into the subarachnoid space. Diagnosis is permitted by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CASE REPORTS: We report two patients with a chronic, slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia and hearing loss. MRI showed T2 hypointense signals in the brain, cerebellum and spinal cord diagnostic of superficial siderosis of the CNS. Xanthochromia was present in one patient. Evoked potentials showed retrochoclear hearing loss. Extensive vascular studies were negative for bleeding sources. One patient, treated with oral anticoagulants, benefited from reduction of the International Normalized Ratio. CONCLUSION: Due to its rarity, clinical suspicion is essential for diagnosis of superficial siderosis of the CNS.

Siderosis superficial del sistema nervioso central: descripción de dos nuevos casos / Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: report of two new cases

Introducción. La siderosis superficial del sistema nervioso central (SNC) es una enfermedad rara, caracterizada por sordera, ataxia y disfunción piramidal. Se debe al depósito de hemosiderina en las membranas subpiales del cerebro, la médula espinal y los nervios craneales. La mayoría de los casos son secundarios a un sangrado crónico o recurrente en el espacio subaracnoideo. Se requiere la realización de una resonancia magnética (RM) para alcanzar el diagnóstico. Casos clínicos. Presentamos dos pacientes con un cuadro crónico de ataxia cerebelosa y pérdida auditiva progresivas. En ambos casos, la RM mostraba señales hipointensas en T2 en el cerebro, el cerebelo y la médula espinal, diagnósticas de siderosis superficial del SNC. En uno de los pacientes se demostró xantocromía en el análisis del líquido cefalorraquídeo. Los potenciales evocados auditivos revelaron, en ambos casos, una pérdida auditiva retrococlear. Se realizaron estudios vasculares exhaustivos sin que se pudiera demostrar la presencia de fuentes de sangrado. Uno de los pacientes, que recibía tratamiento con anticoagulantes orales, se benefició de la reducción del INR. Conclusión. Debido a su rareza, la sospecha clínica es esencial para el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad (AU)

Introduction. Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare disease characterized by deafness, ataxia and pyramidal dysfunction. It is due to hemosiderin deposition in the subpial membranes of the brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves. Most cases are secondary to chronic or recurrent bleeding into the subarachnoid space. Diagnosis is permitted by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Case reports. We report two patients with a chronic, slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia and hearing loss. MRI showed T2 hypointense signals in the brain, cerebellum and spinal cord diagnostic of superficial siderosis of the CNS. Xanthochromia was present in one patient. Evoked potentials showed retrochoclear hearing loss. Extensive vascular studies were negative for bleeding sources. One patient, treated with oral anticoagulants, benefited from reduction of the International Normalized Ratio. Conclusion. Due to its rarity, clinical suspicion is essential for diagnosis of superficial siderosis of the CNS (AU)

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Polineuropatía periférica, hipoacusia y neuropatía óptica de probable origen toxicocarencial / Peripheral polyneuropathy, hypoacusis and optical neuropahty with probable toxic and deficiency related origins

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Acute femoral neuropathy secondary to an iliacus muscle hematoma.

We present a patient with a spontaneous iliacus muscle hematoma, appearing immediately after a minor physical maneuver, presenting with pain and femoral neuropathy initially evidenced by massive quadriceps muscle fasciculations. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the pelvic area confirmed the diagnosis, showing a hematoma secondary to a partial muscle tear. The patient was managed conservatively, and the continuous muscle activity ceased in 3 days, with progressive improvement of the pain and weakness. The recovery was complete. Femoral neuropathy is uncommon and usually due to compression from psoas muscle mass lesions of diverse nature, including hematomas. Usually subacute, femoral neuropathy may present acutely in cases of large or strategically placed compressive femoral nerve lesions, and may require surgical evacuation. The case presented herein is remarkable since the muscle hematoma appeared after a nonviolent maneuver, fasciculations were present at onset, and conservative management was sufficient for a full recovery.

Myoclonus of peripheral origin: case secondary to a digital nerve lesion.

We present a patient with myoclonus of the left hand appearing 1 month after surgical correction of a stenosing tenosynovitis of the thumb. An extensive fibrosis of the external palmar digital nerve was shown, and the successful liberation of this median nerve terminal branch completely and rapidly eliminated the movement disorder.

Coma secundario por intoxicación por atropina como intento autolítico / Secondary coma by atropine poisoning

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Miastenia gravis y distiroidismoautoinmune tras linfoma / Myasthenia gravis and autoimmune dystyroidism folowing lymphoma

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[Chorea as the presenting form of progressive systemic sclerosis]. / Corea como presentación de esclerosis sistémica progresiva.

We present an exceptional case of a patient with hemichorea of ischemic origin as a form of presentation of progressive systemic sclerosis. The neurologic complications, both central and peripheral, of this condition are considered infrequent and may be due to coexisting or iatrogenic factors, or may be a direct complication of progressive systemic sclerosis. There have been occasional reports of cerebrovascular disease in progressive systemic sclerosis, and this apparent rarity may be related to structural and morphological variations in brain arteries. Recently, there have been reports of primary cerebrovascular changes and vascular calcifications in progressive systemic sclerosis. There are no reported cases associated with movement disorders. The patient is a 66-year-old ex-smoker, and no other vascular risk factors, with chronic Raynaud's phenomenon affecting both hands, and polyarthralgias. Three months previously he began to complain of choreic movements affecting the right-sided limbs without any other neurological manifestations. The abnormal movements responded to haloperidol. There were skin changes suggestive of progressive systemic sclerosis, and capillaroscopy showed abundant avascular zones with dilated capillary loops. Anticentromere antibody titer was elevated to 1/1280. Brain arteriography was normal, and the brain SPECT showed bilateral hypoperfusion bilaterally, predominantly on the left side. Brain MR imaging confirmed an infarct in the left caudate and adjacent internal capsule. The study of this case supports the hypothesis of a direct primary cerebrovascular damage in progressive systemic sclerosis.

Cefalea en racimos sintomática: presentación de dos casos / Symptomatic cluster headache: report of two cases

La cefalea en racimos es una cefalea primaria con criterios bien definidos. No obstante, el 3-5 por ciento de los casos pueden ser secundarios a diversas alteraciones estructurales craneales. Los datos que sugieren un origen secundario o sintomático incluyen la ausencia de periodicidad y patrón horario fijo, la persistencia de cierto grado de cefalea de fondo que no cede entre los episodios, una respuesta insatisfactoria al tratamiento y la presencia de otros signos neurológicos además de ptosis o miosis. Presentamos a dos pacientes con cefalea en racimos secundaria (cluster-like). En el primero la cefalea se asociaba a una fístula de la arteria temporal superficial derecha. Tras embolización los episodios del dolor cedieron. El segundo presentaba un xantoma ventricular en el asta occipital; tras la exéresis quirúrgica no hubo recurrencia de la cefalea. El aumento progresivo de la frecuencia de los apisodios de la cefalea y ausencia de regularidad horaria fue un dato común en ambos casos. Comentamos y revisamos la fisiopatología de este síndrome, haciendo hincapié en el caso del xantoma ventricular, ya que no hemos encontrado ningún caso similar descrito. Se concluye que, ante la sospecha de cefalea en racimos sintomática, se deben realizar estudios de neuroimagen (AU)

Ictus isquémico durantetratamiento trombolíticoen el infarto agudo de miocardio / Ischemic stroke during thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction

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