Factors Influencing the Likelihood of Alcohol and Tobacco Use in Adolescent Athletes: Type of Sport, Age, and Action Tendencies in Sport.

This article proposes a new approach to understand substance use among adolescent athletes. Thus, this article describes an investigation of the likelihood of alcohol and tobacco use in adolescent athletes considering the type of sport, age, gender, and their action tendencies. A total of 552 athletes with an age range of 12-16 years were engaged in medium-high-contact sports (n = 291) and non-contact sports (n = 261). They completed the Children's Action Tendency Scale, the Sport Children's Action Tendency Scale, and the Personal and Social Responsibility Questionnaire. The results showed that 16-year-old athletes were the most likely to drink alcohol and to smoke tobacco (p < 0.001). Likewise, it was found that practicing a medium-high-contact sport was a risk factor for alcohol and tobacco use (p < 0.01). The more aggressive athletes were more likely to have smoked tobacco during the last month (p = 0.019) and also to drink more alcohol that the less aggressive ones (p < 0.001). Finally, the athletes who showed more submissiveness were less likely to have drunk alcohol in the last year and the last month (p < 0.001). These findings show the predictive value of new factors associated with alcohol and tobacco use among adolescent athletes. Preventive measures should be targeted, since a new link between the action tendencies in sport and substance use has been found.

Self-made material in physical education: Teacher perceptions of the use of an emerging pedagogical model before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused drastic changes in education, which had to adapt to changing scenarios (online, face-to-face, hybrid teaching). Within physical education (PE), strategies such as 'do not use or share equipment' were proposed to avoid infections. These strategies fit with an emerging pedagogical model called the Self-made Material Model (SMM), which involves students creating their own PE equipment. The objectives of the present study were: (a) to analyse PE teachers' beliefs about the use of self-made material in their classes, (b) to evaluate teachers' perceptions of the impact of the use of self-made material in PE lessons during the pandemic and (c) to examine gender/age differences. A quantitative, snowball research design was followed. The Self-made Material Questionnaire ( Méndez-Giménez and Fernández-Río, 2011) comprising two scales (41 items) was adapted: Teachers' beliefs about the use of self-made material scale and Teachers' perceptions of the impact of self-made material usage during the pandemic scale. In total, 1093 in-service teachers (443 women, 40.5%; M = 41.39, SD = 9.54) from 13 Ibero-American countries participated. Descriptive statistics were calculated, Student's T test was conducted for comparisons by gender and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was run for comparisons by age ranges. Overall, the scores were high, emphasising the potential to promote recycling and students' creativity and respect for the material. Women scored higher in items such as promoting interdisciplinarity, equality, attention to disability and education in values. In total, 833 (76.21%) teachers used self-made material during the pandemic and reported high levels of satisfaction, expectations of use, usefulness and profitability. No gender differences were found. In the COVID-19 era, the SMM is playing a relevant role as a meaningful framework and a helpful teaching methodology in different educational scenarios.

Physical Activity and Physical Fitness in Adolescents after the COVID-19 Lockdown and One Year Afterward.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in physical activity and physical fitness between the beginning of the first academic year after a confinement (November 2020) and the beginning of the second academic year after a confinement ("new normality": November 2021) in a cohort of adolescents. Moreover, the evolution of physical fitness after controlling for physical activity was examined. A total of 687 students (M = 15.35, SD = 1.677) from a high school located in a rural town in northern Spain gave information on their physical activity (PA) levels in two different periods. Linear mixed models were used to examine these changes. The results indicated that vigorous physical activity (VPA) and the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) significantly increased between the two periods. A growth tendency of several components of fitness (upper body power, strength endurance, cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, and eye-hand coordination) was also observed. Finally, the results indicated that belonging to a sports club and getting involved in more VPA better explained the development in cardiovascular and muscle fitness between the two time points. Thus, the results of this study highlighted the relevance of membership in a sports club and vigorous PA in order to mitigate the potential negative effect of social distancing measures on physical fitness.

Intra-individual changes in 3x2 achievement goals, friendship goals, motivational regulations and consequences in physical education / Cambios intraindividuales en las metas de logro 3x2, metas de amistad, regulaciones motivacionales y consecuencias en educación física

Abstract Introduction: This research examines intraindividual changes in 3x2 achievement goals in physical education classes during one semester, as well as the relationship of these changes with those in other motivational and outcome variables. Method: A total of 334 (178 boys and 156 girls) high school students (M = 13.12, SD = 1.05) completed five questionnaires in two different school years. Results: The results of the true intraindividual change model (TIC) provided unequivocal support for the separation of task-based and self-based goals, as well as the structures based on both valences of approach and avoidance. They also showed different intraindividual change patterns in the 3x2 achievement goals, indicating a progression in the stability of the goals depending on their definition. Intraindividual variability in achievement goals is directly related to intraindividual variability in dependent variables, with the task-approach goals TIC being the most adaptive. Conclusions: These goals should be prioritized.

Resumen Introducción: Este artículo examina el cambio intraindividual de las metas de logro 3x2 en las clases de educación física durante un semestre, así como la relación de estos cambios con los producidos en otras variables motivacionales y de resultado. Método: Un total de 334 (178 varones y 156 mujeres) estudiantes de educación secundaria (M = 13.12, DT = 1.05) completaron un cuestionario en dos cursos escolares diferentes. Resultados: Los resultados de la aplicación del modelado del verdadero cambio intraindividual (TIC) proporcionaron un claro apoyo a la separación de las metas basadas en la tarea y en el yo, así como a las estructuras basadas en ambas valencias de aproximación y evitación. También mostraron patrones de cambio intraindividual diferentes en las metas de logro 3x2 que parecen indicar una progresión en la estabilidad de las metas en función de su definición. Se observa que la variabilidad intraindividual en las metas de logro está directamente relacionada con la variabilidad intra individual en otras variables dependientes, siendo el TIC de las metas de aproximación-tarea el más adaptativo. Conclusiones: Se reafirman los beneficios de promover las metas de aproximación-tarea por encima del resto

Physical activity and prevention of depressive symptoms in the spanish population during confinement due to covid-19 / Actividad Física y Prevención de Síntomas Depresivos en Población Española durante el Confinamiento por COVID-19

BACKGROUND: In March 2020, the Spanish government established an official lockdown across the country in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and confined the population to their homes, restricting their mobility. The objectives of the study are twofold: a) to examine dose-response relationships between physical activity (PA) components (volume, intensity, frequency, duration) and depressive symptoms of the population during confinement, and b) to identify the optimal levels of PA to mitigate notable depressive symptoms (NDS). METHODS: 4,811 (2,952 women) Spanish citizens, age range 16-92 years, completed an online questionnaire (snowball sampling) to measure their levels of depressive symptoms, PA, and various anthropometric and sociometric variables. Volume (METs-min/week), frequency (days/week), and duration (hours) were examined using logistic regressions with restricted cubic splines. RESULTS: The PA components were inversely associated with NDS. Performing at least 477 METs-min/week was associated with a 33% decrease in probability of NDS, and reaching 3,000 METs-min/week was associated with the lowest risk of NDS (47%). As for frequency, with 10 times/week the probability of NDS was 56% lower. At 10 hours of weekly practice, the probability of NDS was 39% lower. CONCLUSIONS: A range and optimal amount of PA is suggested to reduce the appearance of SDN during confinement

ANTECEDENTES: en marzo de 2020 el gobierno español decretó el estado de alarma debido a la pandemia por COVID-19 y confinó a la población. Los objetivos son dos: a) examinar las relaciones dosis-respuesta entre los componentes de actividad física (AF: volumen, intensidad, frecuencia y duración) y los síntomas depresivos de la población durante el confinamiento, y b) identificar los niveles óptimos de AF para mitigar los síntomas depresivos notables (SDN). MÉTODO: 4.811 (2.952 mujeres) ciudadanos de España, de 16 a 92 años respondieron a un cuestionario on line (muestreo de bola de nieve) para medir sus niveles de síntomas depresivos, AF, y variables antropométricas y sociométricas. El volumen (METs-min/sem), la frecuencia (días/sem) y la duración (horas) se examinaron mediante regresiones logísticas con splines cúbicas restringidas. RESULTADOS: los componentes de AF se asociaron inversamente con las probabilidades de SDN. La realización de 477 METs-min/sem se asoció con una disminución del 33% en las probabilidades de SDN, y alcanzar 3.000 METs-min/sem se asoció con el menor riesgo de SDN (47%). En cuanto a frecuencia, con 10 días/sem las probabilidades de SDN fueron un 56% más bajas. A las 10 horas de práctica semanal, las probabilidades de SDN fueron un 39% más bajas. CONCLUSIONES: se sugiere un rango y cantidad óptima de AF para reducir la aparición de SDN en confinamiento

A longitudinal study on depressive symptoms and physical activity during the Spanish lockdown / Estudio longitudinal de los síntomas depresivos y la actividad física durante el confinamiento en España

Background/Objective: The aim was to evaluate the evolution of depressive symptoms and to explore the influence of physical activity (PA) practice during the home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak in Spain. Method: Information was collected from 595 confined participants who reported personal and contextual information, depressive symptoms and PA levels at four time points. Results: The changes in depressive symptoms were analyzed using a linear mixed model with cubic splines. Results showed a significant increase, with a significant rise between T1 and T2 (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.83-3.10). It continued growing until T4 (OR = 2.93, 95% CI = 1.97-4.38). A negative relationship was observed between the increase in depressive symptoms and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels, with a significant slope up to 4 hours of MVPA per week (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.29-0.90) that tended to increase until 16 hours per week of MVPA (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.20-0.87). Conclusions: Results from a partition model showed that moderate intensity of PA could be enough to prevent an increase of depressive symptoms during home isolation. (AU)

Antecedentes/Objetivo: El objetivo fue evaluar la evolución de los síntomas depresivos y explorar la influencia de la práctica de actividad física (AF) durante la fase de confinamiento domiciliario de la población española como consecuencia de la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Método: Participaron 595 personas confinadas que informaron de su situación personal, los síntomas depresivos y la AF en cuatro momentos de medida. Resultados: Los cambios en los síntomas depresivos analizados con splines cúbicos a partir de modelos lineales mixtos, mostraron un incremento significativo, con una subida importante entre el T1 y el T2 (OR=2,38, 95% CI=1,83-3,10), para luego seguir incrementándose de manera más lenta hasta el T4 (OR=2,93, 95% CI=1,97-4,38). Se observó una relación inversa entre el incremento de los síntomas depresivos y los niveles de actividad física moderada-vigorosa (AFMV) semanal, con una pendiente importante hasta las cuatro horas de AFMV a la semana (OR=0,51, 95% CI=0,29-0,90) que tiende a disminuir hasta las 16 horas/semana AFMV (OR=0,41, 95% CI=0,20-0,87). Conclusiones: Se probó un modelo de partición que mostró que la AF de intensidad moderada podría ser suficiente para prevenir un incremento de los síntomas depresivos en situación de confinamiento. (AU)

A longitudinal study on depressive symptoms and physical activity during the Spanish lockdown.

Background/Objective: The aim was to evaluate the evolution of depressive symptoms and to explore the influence of physical activity (PA) practice during the home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak in Spain. Method: Information was collected from 595 confined participants who reported personal and contextual information, depressive symptoms and PA levels at four time points. Results: The changes in depressive symptoms were analyzed using a linear mixed model with cubic splines. Results showed a significant increase, with a significant rise between T1 and T2 (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.83-3.10). It continued growing until T4 (OR = 2.93, 95% CI = 1.97-4.38). A negative relationship was observed between the increase in depressive symptoms and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels, with a significant slope up to 4 hours of MVPA per week (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.29-0.90) that tended to increase until 16 hours per week of MVPA (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.20-0.87). Conclusions: Results from a partition model showed that moderate intensity of PA could be enough to prevent an increase of depressive symptoms during home isolation.

Antecedentes/Objetivo: El objetivo fue evaluar la evolución de los síntomas depresivos y explorar la influencia de la práctica de actividad física (AF) durante la fase de confinamiento domiciliario de la población española como consecuencia de la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Método: Participaron 595 personas confinadas que informaron de su situación personal, los síntomas depresivos y la AF en cuatro momentos de medida. Resultados: Los cambios en los síntomas depresivos analizados con splines cúbicos a partir de modelos lineales mixtos, mostraron un incremento significativo, con una subida importante entre el T1 y el T2 (OR = 2,38, 95% CI = 1,83-3,10), para luego seguir incrementándose de manera más lenta hasta el T4 (OR = 2,93, 95% CI = 1,97-4,38). Se observó una relación inversa entre el incremento de los síntomas depresivos y los niveles de actividad física moderada-vigorosa (AFMV) semanal, con una pendiente importante hasta las cuatro horas de AFMV a la semana (OR = 0,51, 95% CI = 0,29-0,90) que tiende a disminuir hasta las 16 horas/semana AFMV (OR = 0,41, 95% CI = 0,20-0,87). Conclusiones: Se probó un modelo de partición que mostró que la AF de intensidad moderada podría ser suficiente para prevenir un incremento de los síntomas depresivos en situación de confinamiento.

Profiles of Emotional Intelligence and Their Relationship with Motivational and Well-being Factors in Physical Education / Los perfiles de inteligencia emocional y su relación con indicadores motivacionales y de bienestar en educación física

Research on emotional intelligence (EI) and its relationship with motivational and health factors in educational contexts is scarce. The objectives of this study were three: (a) to explore emotional intelligence profiles of adolescents; (b) to examine how these profiles relate to different types of motivation, basic psychological needs, friendship goals, subjective well-being, and intentions to be physically active; and (c) to analyze how these emotional profiles evolve during a full year in physical education contexts. It is a longitudinal study with three measurement occasions. Participants were 282 students (151 boys and 131 girls) from six high schools (Mage = 13.03, SD = 0.93). Hierarchical and k-means cluster analysis were performed, three inter-group MANOVAs (one for each time) and one 2 x 3 (group x time) MANOVA to explore longitudinal changes. Two EI clusters emerged: high EI (n = 168) and low EI (n = 114). Significant effects were found for the group in the three MANOVAs. The high EI cluster was more adaptive, self-determined, with greater psychosocial adjustment, subjective well-being, and intentions to be physically active

La investigación sobre la inteligencia emocional (IE) y su relación con factores motivacionales y de salud en contextos educativos es escasa. Los objetivos del estudio fueron tres: (a) explorar los perfiles de inteligencia emocional de los adolescentes en el contexto de la educación física, (b) examinar cómo se relacionan estos perfiles con los diferentes tipos de motivación, las necesidades psicológicas básicas, las metas de amistad, el bienestar subjetivo y las intenciones de ser físicamente activo y (c) analizar cómo evolucionan estos perfiles emocionales durante un año completo en contextos de educación física. Se trata de un estudio longitudinal con tres ocasiones de medida. Participaron 282 estudiantes (151 varones y 131 mujeres) de seis institutos de Educación Secundaria (Medad = 13.03, DT = 0.93). Se realizaron análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos y k-medias, tres MANOVA intergrupo (una para cada tiempo) y un MANOVA 2 x 3 (grupo x tiempo) para explorar los cambios longitudinales. Aparecieron dos clusters de IE: alto (n = 168) y bajo (n = 114). En los tres MANOVA se encontraron efectos significativos para el grupo. El cluster alto en IE se mostró más adaptativo y autodeterminado y con mayor nivel de ajuste psicosocial, bienestar subjetivo y la intención de ser físicamente activo

Repercusiones de las competiciones deportivas escolares en el clima de mejora, la competencia percibida, la motivación intrínseca y el esfuerzo / Effects of school sport competitions on improvement climate, perceived competence, intrinsic motivation and effort / Repercussões de competições esportivas escolares no clima de melhoria, competição percebida, motivação intrínseca e esforço

En el presente estudio se probo por primera vez un modelo construido a partir de las diferencias intraindividuales en la percepción de los estudiantes de Educación Física sobre el Clima de mejora, la Competencia percibida, la Motivación in-trinseca y el Esfuerzo antes y después de una competición deportiva tradicional de atletismo de 1000 metros. La muestra estuvo formada por 743 estudiantes (395 chicos y 348 chicas). El modelo hipotetizado (ΔClima de mejora → ΔCompetencia→ ΔMotivación intrínseca → ΔEsfuerzo) no presento un buen ajuste. El análisis del test de Lagrange mostro que se deberían añadir un camino desde Clima de mejora a Motivación intrínseca y otro desde Competencia percibida a Esfuerzo. En presencia de este último paso la predicción de la Motivación intrínseca sobre el Esfuerzo no fue signicativa. El ajuste del modelo mejoro signicativamente: SB chi2 (576) = 1352.14 p < .001, *CFI = .93, *RMSEA (90% CI) = .043 (.040, .046), SRMR = .07. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y se proponen nuevos estudios

In the present study, for the first time, a predictive model based on the intraindividual differences in physical education students' perceptions of the improvement climate, perceived competence, intrinsic motivation an effort prior and after a 1.000 meters athletics competition was conducted. 743 students (395 boys, 348 girls) agreed to participate. The hypothesized model (ΔImprovement climate → ΔCompetence → ΔIntrinsic Motivation → ΔEffort) did not show a good fit. Lagrange's test showed that a path should be added from improvement climate to motivation, and from perceived competence to effort. In the last step, intrinsic motivation prediction over effort was non-significant. The model fit improved significantly: SBchi2 (576) = 1352.14 p < .001, *CFI = .93, *RMSEA (90% CI) = .043 (.040, .046), SRMR = .07. Finally, results are discussed and future trends are proposed

No presente estudo, foi testado pela primeira vez construida a partir das diferencas intra-individuais na percepcao de alunos do modelo de Educacao Fisica do Clima melhoria, percepcao de competencia, motivacao intrinseca e esforco antes e depois de uma competicao desportiva Atletismo tradicional de 1000 metros. A amostra foi composta por 743 estudantes (395 meninos e 348 meninas). O modelo hipotetico (Taxa de melhoria → Competencia → Motivacao intrinseca → Esforco) nao apresentou um bom ajuste. A analise mostrou que o teste de Lagrange deve ser adicionado um caminho do clima melhora motivacao intrinseca e percebida competencia para outro desde Esforco. Na presenca deste ultimo passo, a predicao da Motivacao intrínseca no Esforco nao foi signi.cativa. Ajuste do modelo significativamente melhorada: SBchi2 (576) = 1352,14 p <0,001, * TPI = 0,93, RMSEA * (IC de 90%) = 043 (040, 046), SRMR = 0,07. Finalmente, os resultados sao discutidos e novos estudos sao propostos

The effect of a self-constructed material on children's physical activity during recess.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether an intervention supported by free play with a self-constructed material increases the level of physical activity of students during recess. METHODS: The participants were 166 children of third to sixth grade, between nine and 12 years old (average = 10.64; SS = 1.13). An experimental project was conducted with pre-test and post-test measurement, and a control group. Experimental group participants built cardboard paddles (third and fourth) and flying rings (fifth and sixth), a material they used freely for one week during recess. ActiGraph-GT3X accelerometers were used to measure physical activity. An ANOVA of repeated measures was used to find differences between groups and genders. RESULTS: Significant intervention effects were found in the analyzed variables: sedentary activity (F = 38.19; p < 0.01), light (F = 76.56; p < 0.01), moderate (F = 27.44; p < 0.01), vigorous (F = 61.55; p < 0.01), and moderate and vigorous (F = 68.76; p < 0.01). Significant gender differences were shown (time × group × gender) for moderate (F = 6.58; p < 0.05) and vigorous (F = 5.51; p < 0.05) activity. CONCLUSIONS: The self-constructed material is effective to increase the physical activity levels of children during recess; it decreases sedentary activity and light physical activity and increases the time devoted to moderate physical activity and vigorous physical activity, both in boys and in girls. The boys had an increase in vigorous physical activity and the girls in moderate physical activity. Due to its low cost, this strategy is recommended for administrators and teachers to increase the physical activity of children during recess. OBJETIVO: Analizar si una intervención basada en el juego libre con material autoconstruido aumenta el nivel de actividad física de los escolares durante el recreo. MÉTODOS: Participaron 166 niños de tercero a sexto de educación primaria, de entre nueve y 12 años de edad (media = 10,64; DE = 1,13). Se realizó un diseño experimental con medidas pretest y postest, y un grupo control. Los participantes del grupo experimental construyeron palas de cartón (tercero y cuarto) y aros voladores (quinto y sexto), material que usaron libremente durante una semana en los recreos. Se utilizaron acelerómetros ActiGraph-GT3X para medir la actividad física. Se usó un ANOVA de medidas repetidas para investigar las diferencias entre grupos y sexo. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron efectos de intervención significativos en las variables analizadas: actividad sedentaria (F = 38,19; p < 0,01), ligera (F = 76,56; p < 0,01), moderada (F = 27,44; p < 0,01), vigorosa (F = 61,55; p < 0,01), y moderada y vigorosa (F = 68,76; p < 0,01). Emergieron diferencias significativas de sexo (tiempo x grupo x sexo) para la actividad moderada (F = 6,58; p < 0,05) y vigorosa (F = 5,51; p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: El material autoconstruido es eficaz para aumentar los niveles de actividad física de los niños en el recreo; disminuye la actividad sedentaria y la actividad física ligera, y aumenta el tiempo dedicado a la actividad física moderada y actividad física vigorosa, tanto en varones como en mujeres. Los varones aumentaron más la actividad física vigorosa y las mujeres, la actividad física moderada. Por su bajo coste, se recomienda esta estrategia a gestores y profesores para incrementar la actividad física de los niños durante el recreo.

A self-determination approach to the understanding of the impact of physical activity on depressive symptoms.

The purpose was to test a new motivational sequence. It was hypothesized that more autonomous forms of motivation would predict the intensity of physical activity (PA), which in turn, would predict depressive symptoms. In order to evaluate self-determined motivation, the Self-Determination Index (SDI) was used. Because the reasons that can lead a person to engage in walking, moderate PA, or vigorous PA may be different, 3 independent self-determination indexes were measured (SDIWalking, SDIModerate, and SDIVigorous). It was also measured the metabolic equivalent of task values (METs) for walking, moderate, and vigorous PA, as well as the depressive symptoms. The sample consisted of 357 college students whose ages ranged from 18 to 29 years. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model. The indices of fit showed that the revised model fits the data reasonably well: S-Bχ2(11)  = 14.83, p = .190; χ2 /df = 1.35; *comparative fit index = .99; *root mean square error of approximation = .03, 90% CI [.000, .068]; standardised root mean square residual = .03. It was found that vigorous PA is the only intensity that predicts depressive symptoms. In other words, SDIV-predicted vigorous PA (measured as METS V), which subsequently predicted less depressive symptoms (SDIV â†’ METS V â†’ Depressive symptoms). Further research should investigate the effects of vigorous PA on depressive symptoms.

The effect of a self-constructed material on children's physical activity during recess / Efecto del material autoconstruido en la actividad física de los niños durante el recreo

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze whether an intervention supported by free play with a self-constructed material increases the level of physical activity of students during recess. METHODS The participants were 166 children of third to sixth grade, between nine and 12 years old (average = 10.64; SS = 1.13). An experimental project was conducted with pre-test and post-test measurement, and a control group. Experimental group participants built cardboard paddles (third and fourth) and flying rings (fifth and sixth), a material they used freely for one week during recess. ActiGraph-GT3X accelerometers were used to measure physical activity. An ANOVA of repeated measures was used to find differences between groups and genders. RESULTS Significant intervention effects were found in the analyzed variables: sedentary activity (F = 38.19; p < 0.01), light (F = 76.56; p < 0.01), moderate (F = 27.44; p < 0.01), vigorous (F = 61.55; p < 0.01), and moderate and vigorous (F = 68.76; p < 0.01). Significant gender differences were shown (time × group × gender) for moderate (F = 6.58; p < 0.05) and vigorous (F = 5.51; p < 0.05) activity. CONCLUSIONS The self-constructed material is effective to increase the physical activity levels of children during recess; it decreases sedentary activity and light physical activity and increases the time devoted to moderate physical activity and vigorous physical activity, both in boys and in girls. The boys had an increase in vigorous physical activity and the girls in moderate physical activity. Due to its low cost, this strategy is recommended for administrators and teachers to increase the physical activity of children during recess.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Analizar si una intervención basada en el juego libre con material autoconstruido aumenta el nivel de actividad física de los escolares durante el recreo. MÉTODOS Participaron 166 niños de tercero a sexto de educación primaria, de entre nueve y 12 años de edad (media = 10,64; DE = 1,13). Se realizó un diseño experimental con medidas pretest y postest, y un grupo control. Los participantes del grupo experimental construyeron palas de cartón (tercero y cuarto) y aros voladores (quinto y sexto), material que usaron libremente durante una semana en los recreos. Se utilizaron acelerómetros ActiGraph-GT3X para medir la actividad física. Se usó un ANOVA de medidas repetidas para investigar las diferencias entre grupos y sexo. RESULTADOS Se encontraron efectos de intervención significativos en las variables analizadas: actividad sedentaria (F = 38,19; p < 0,01), ligera (F = 76,56; p < 0,01), moderada (F = 27,44; p < 0,01), vigorosa (F = 61,55; p < 0,01), y moderada y vigorosa (F = 68,76; p < 0,01). Emergieron diferencias significativas de sexo (tiempo x grupo x sexo) para la actividad moderada (F = 6,58; p < 0,05) y vigorosa (F = 5,51; p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES El material autoconstruido es eficaz para aumentar los niveles de actividad física de los niños en el recreo; disminuye la actividad sedentaria y la actividad física ligera, y aumenta el tiempo dedicado a la actividad física moderada y actividad física vigorosa, tanto en varones como en mujeres. Los varones aumentaron más la actividad física vigorosa y las mujeres, la actividad física moderada. Por su bajo coste, se recomienda esta estrategia a gestores y profesores para incrementar la actividad física de los niños durante el recreo.

Diferencias en orientación de meta, motivación autodeterminada, inteligencia emocional y satisfacción con los resultados deportivos entre piragüistas expertos y novatos / Differences in goal orientation, self-determined motivation, emotional intelligence and sport satisfaction between expert and novice canoeing paddlers / As diferenças nos níveis de orientação para a meta, motivação auto-determinada, inteligência emocional e satisfação com resultados desportivos entre atletas de canoagem peritos e novatos

La finalidad del presente estudio es analizar las diferencias en la orientación de meta, la motivación autodeterminada, la inteligencia emocional y la satisfacción con los resultados deportivos entre piragüistas novatos y expertos. La muestra estuvo formada por 347 piragüistas varones de un total de 30 países, que se agruparon del siguiente modo en función de sus resultados en campeonatos estatales: Novatos, ninguna medalla (n = 73),Expertos 1, de 1 a 3 medallas (n = 62), y Expertos 2, más de 3 medallas (n= 79). Se realizó un MANCOVA que mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todas las variables analizadas. Los deportistas expertos evidenciaron niveles más altos en ambas orientaciones de meta (ego, tarea), enla motivación autodeterminada (autónoma y controlada), en los niveles de inteligencia emocional (empatía, reconocimiento emocional y regulación y control emocional) y en las variables que explican la satisfacción del deportista cuando alcanza determinados logros personales (éxito normativo, experiencias de maestría y aprobación social). Estos datos son consistentes con estudios anteriores realizados con deportistas de élite de diversas disciplinas (AU)

The aim of the present study is to analyze the differences in goal orientation, self-determined motivation, emotional intelligence and sport satisfaction between expert and novice canoeing paddlers. 214 male paddlers from20 different countries took part in the study and were chosen by the number of medals in their national championships [Novices, no medals (n = 73), Experts1, from 1 to 3 medals (n = 62), and Experts 2, more than 3 medals (n = 79)] and the years of training experience [few years, from 1 to 4 (n = 53), Intermediate, from 4 to 9 (n = 89), and many years, more than 9 (n = 72)]. A 3 x 3 MANOVA was conducted (number of medal x years of experience) that showed statistically significant differences. The expert athletes showed higher levels in both goal orientations (ego, task); more motivation, intrinsic as well as extrinsic motivation; higher emotional intelligence and more sport satisfaction. These findings are consistent with previous studies with elite athletes from various other sports (AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar as diferenças de orientação para a meta, motivação auto-determinada, a satisfação com resultados desportivos e inteligência emocional entre atletas de canoagem novatos e experientes. 214 atletas masculinos de 20 países diferentes participaram do estudo e foram escolhidos pelo número de medalhas em seus campeonatos nacionais [Noviços, sem medalhas (n = 73), os peritos 1, 1-3 medalhas (n =62), e Especialistas 2, mais de 3 medalhas (n = 79 )] e os anos de experiência de formação [Poucos anos, de 1 a 4 (n = 53), Intermediário, de 4 a 9 (n =89), e muitos anos, mais de 9 (n = 72 )]. A 3 x 3 MANOVA foi realizada(número de medalha de x anos de experiência), que mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Os atletas experientes apresentaram níveis mais elevados em ambas as orientações de meta (ego, tarefa); mais motivação intrínseca, bem como a motivação extrínseca; inteligência emocional superior e mais satisfação esporte. Estes resultados são consistentes com estudos anteriores com atletas de elite de vários outros esportes (AU)

Understanding the relationship between perceived development of the competition plan and sport performance: mediating effects of self-efficacy and state depression.

The effectiveness of competition plans on athletes' performance outcomes was assessed while accounting for the mediating influence of state depression and self-efficacy. Competition plans reflect an integrated and personalized plan that consists of a set of decision-making rules based on the principles of self-control and self-efficacy development that are tailored to the specific demands of an upcoming competition in a given sport and highly individualized to take into account the specific qualities of the athlete. The relationship between the development of a competition plan and athletes' evaluations of their competitive outcomes was of interest. 11 elite athletes participating in 104 competitions involving 7 different sports participated. Results support the beneficial effect of a well-developed competition plan in affecting athletes' perceived performance; the relationship was mediated by state depression and self-efficacy. Coaches and sport psychologists should devote increased attention to the development and refinement of athletes' precompetition performance plans while also considering participants' self-efficacy and mood characteristics.