The Association Between Bullying Victimization and Fighting in School Among US High School Students.

In-school fighting often results in severe punishment and compromised learning outcomes, without adequate consideration of contextual factors or student vulnerabilities. In this study, using a large, nationally representative data sample from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 13677), we assessed associations between a history of bullying victimization (at school and online) and past year fighting at school among U.S. high school students. Multiple regression models were used, adjusting first for demographics, and then for demographics and emotional-behavioral risks (depressive symptoms, alcohol consumption, and sexual violence victimization), for the total sample and then stratified by gender/sex. Both cyberbullying and in-school bullying were significantly associated with past year in-school fighting for the total sample, with associations retained, but marginally attenuated in fully adjusted models (cyberbullying: AOR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.01-1.66 and in-school bullying: AOR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.57-2.45). Gender/sex-stratified models demonstrated retained associations for males (cyberbullying: AOR: 1.93; 1.51-2.46 and in-school bullying: AOR: 2.70, 95% CI: 2.18-3.34) and females (cyberbullying: AOR: 1.89; 1.33-2.68 and in-school bullying: AOR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.19-2.33) after adjusting for demographics, but only for males after adjusting for demographics and emotional-behavior risk factors (cyberbullying: AOR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.07-1.93 and in-school bullying: AOR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.73-2.92). These results demonstrate a significant association between bullying victimization and fighting, which was amplified for male students, and partially explained by social and emotional risks. This suggests that punitive approaches to fighting in school may be resulting in compounded harms for already vulnerable adolescents and that support-oriented approaches emphasizing conflict resolution, social-emotional well-being, positive gender identity development, and bullying prevention may be more appropriate.

A scalable method for biochemical purification of Salmonella flagellin.

Flagellins are the main structural proteins of bacterial flagella and potent stimulators of innate and adaptive immunity in mammals. The flagellins of Salmonella are virulence factors and protective antigens, and form the basis of promising vaccines. Despite broad interest in flagellins as antigens and adjuvants in vaccine formulations, there have been few advances towards the development of scalable and economical purification methods for these proteins. We report here a simple and robust strategy to purify flagellin monomers from the supernatants of liquid growth culture. Phase 1 flagellins from Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium (i epitope) and Enteritidis (g,m epitopes) were purified directly from conditioned fermentation growth media using sequential cation- and anion-exchange chromatography coupled with a final tangential flow-filtration step. Conventional porous chromatography resin was markedly less efficient than membrane chromatography for flagellin purification. Recovery after each process step was robust, with endotoxin, nucleic acid and residual host-cell protein effectively removed. The final yield was 200-300 mg/L fermentation culture supernatant, with ∼45-50% overall recovery. A final pH 2 treatment step was instituted to ensure uniformity of flagellin in the monomeric form. Flagellins purified by this method were recognized by monoclonal anti-flagellin antibodies and maintained capacity to activate Toll-like Receptor 5. The process described is simple, readily scalable, uses standard bioprocess methods, and requires only a few steps to obtain highly purified material.

[Impact of the intra-aortic balloon pump in the mortality due to cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction]. / Impacto del balón intra-aórtico de contrapulsación en la mortalidad por choque cardiogénico secundario a infarto agudo del miocardio.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of the intra-aortic balloon pump in the mortality due to cardiogenic shock post-acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: In a two-year period, 292 patients with acute myocardial infarction were admitted to the coronary intensive care unit, 40 were included in the study. Afterwards, patients were divided in two groups: early cardiogenic and late cardiogenic shock, and they were assigned randomly and blind to treatment with inotropics and inotropics plus intra-aortic balloon pump. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the measurements of pulmonary wedge pressure (20.4 +/- 1.6 vs 24.4 +/- 1.50, p = 0.0004) and the cardiac index (2.06 +/- 0.7 vs 1.65 +/- 0.18, p = 0.0002) between the two groups. The late cardiogenic shock group showed an increased mortality (25.9% vs 61.5%, p < 0.05). Patients treated with inotropics + balloon, in both early and late shock groups, showed a reduction in mortality of 66% and 69%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the intra-aortic balloon pump in the treatment of cardiogenic shock post acute myocardial infarction reduces the mortality when associated with the use of inotropics and reperfusion.

Impacto del balón intra-aórtico de contrapulsación en la mortalidad por choque cardiogénico secundario a infarto agudo del miocardio / Impact of the intra-aortic balloon pump in the mortality due to cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction

Propósito del trabajo: Determinar el impacto del balón intra-aórtico de contrapulsación en la mortalidad por choque cardiogénico postinfarto agudo del miocardio. Método: 292 pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos coronarios en el período comprendido de febrero de 2001 a febrero del 2003, de los cuales 40 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, posteriormente fueron divididos en 2 grupos: choque cardiogénico temprano y tardío, se les asignó al azar y de forma ciega a recibir tratamiento a base de inotrópicos aislados e inotrópicos más balón intra-aórtico de contrapulsación. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias significativas en ambos grupos en los valores de la presión en cuña de la pulmonar (20.4 ± 1.6 vs 24.4 ± 1.50, p = 0.0004) y el índice cardíaco (2.06 ± 0.7 vs 1.65 ± 0.18, p = 0.0002). El grupo de choque tardío presentó una mayor mortalidad (25.9% vs 61.5%, p < 0.05), los pacientes que recibieron apoyo con balón mostraron una disminución en la mortalidad del 66% y 69% en choque temprano y tardío respectivamente. Conclusiones: El uso del balón intra-aórtico de contrapulsación en los pacientes que desarrollan choque cardiogénico post IAM disminuye la mortalidad, como coadyuvante con el uso de inotrópicos y angioplastía primaria.

Objective: To determine the impact of the intra-aortic balloon pump in the mortality due to cardiogenic shock post-acute myocardial infarction. Methods: In a two-year period, 292 patients with acute myocardial infarction were admitted to the coronary intensive care unit, 40 were included in the study. Afterwards, patients were divided in two groups: early cardiogenic and late cardiogenic shock, and they were assigned randomly and blind to treatment with inotropics and inotropics plus intra-aortic balloon pump. Results: There were significant differences in the measurements of pulmonary wedge pressure (20.4 ± 1.6 vs 24.4 ± 1.50, p = 0.0004) and the cardiac index (2.06 ± 0.7 vs 1.65 ± 0.18, p = 0.0002) between the two groups. The late cardiogenic shock group showed an increased mortality (25.9% vs 61.5%, p < 0.05). Patients treated with inotropics + balloon, in both early and late shock groups, showed a reduction in mortality of 66% and 69%, respectively. Conclusions: The use of the intra-aortic balloon pump in the treatment of cardiogenic shock post acute myocardial infarction reduces the mortality when associated with the use of inotropics and reperfusion. (Arch Cardiol Mex 2005; 75: 260-266).

Effect of vaccination with a recombinant fusion protein encoding an astacinlike metalloprotease (MTP-1) secreted by host-stimulated Ancylostoma caninum third-stage infective larvae.

Laboratory dogs were vaccinated intramuscularly with a recombinant fusion protein (expressed and isolated from Escherichia coli) formulated with the Glaxo SmithKline Adjuvant System 02 (AS02). The fusion protein encoded Ac-MTP-1, a developmentally regulated astacinlike metalloprotease secreted by host-stimulated Ancylostoma caninum third-stage larvae (L3). Control dogs were injected intramuscularly with an equivalent amount of AS02 adjuvant alone. The vaccinated and control dogs were then challenged by s.c. injection of 500 L3 of the canine hookworm A. caninum. The vaccinated dogs developed prechallenge immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) antibody responses specific to anti-Ac-MTP-1-fusion protein with titers ranging between 1:40,000 and 1:364,000, whereas they developed antigen-specific immunoglobulin E antibody responses with titers ranging between 1:500 and 1:1,500. By immunoblotting, canine sera obtained from the vaccinated dogs recognized a protein of the estimated apparent molecular weight of Ac-MTP-1 in activated L3 secretory products. Spearman rank order correlations between the canine intestinal adult hookworm burden and quantitative egg counts at necropsy and anti-Ac-MTP-1 IgG2 antibody titers revealed a statistically significant inverse association (r = -0.89; P = 0.04), suggesting that this molecule offers promise as a recombinant vaccine.

Comparación entre la conización en frío y la conización con asa de diatermia / Comparison between cold knife conization and loop diathermic cone excision procedure

Analizar los resultados del diagnóstico y tratamiento de la neoplasia cervical intraepitelial con asa diatérmica y compararlos con la conización en frío. Estudio prospectivo de pacientes a quienes se practicó conización con asa de diatermia entre 1996 y 1998 comparándose con testigos retrospectivo de pacientes a quienes se realizó conización en frío entre 1993 y 1998. De 169 pacientes, a 87 se les realizó conización con asa diatermia y a 82 conización en frío. La media de edad fue de 34 años y de 36 años para ambos grupos. Los márgenes fueron positivos en el 10 por ciento para el primer grupo (9 por ciento exocervicales y 5 por ciento endocervicales) y 14 por ciento para el segundo grupo (0 por ciento endocervicales) (p< 0,05); no se interpretaron los márgenes en el 5 por ciento del grupo de asa de diatermia por artefacto térmico (p<0,05). Las complicaciones fueron del 5 por ciento y 4 por ciento, y la recaída local fue del 13 por ciento y 18 por ciento para ambos grupos respectivamente. La conización con el asa de diatermia es un procedimiento seguro, y con resultados similares a la conización en frío. Debido a bajo costo de la primera, facilidad de realización, tiempo corto del procedimiento y al hecho que no amerita anestesia conductiva ni hospitalización, es el método de elección en el tratamiento de la neoplasia cervical intraepitelial en nuestra Institución