Rapid determination of total flavonoid content, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities, and antioxidant activity in Prunus mume by near-infrared spectroscopy.

Evaluating the quality of herbal medicine based on the content and activity of its main components is highly beneficial. Developing an eco-friendly determination method has significant application potential. In this study, we propose a new method to simultaneously predict the total flavonoid content (TFC), xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XO) activity, and antioxidant activity (AA) of Prunus mume using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Using the sodium nitrite-aluminum nitrate-sodium hydroxide colorimetric method, uric acid colorimetric method, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity as reference methods, we analyzed TFC, XO, and AA in 90 P. mume samples collected from different locations in China. The solid samples were subjected to NIR. By employing spectral preprocessing and optimizing spectral bands, we established a rapid prediction model for TFC, XO, and AA using partial least squares regression (PLS). To improve the model's performance and eliminate irrelevant variables, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) was used to calculate the pretreated full spectrum. Evaluation model indicators included the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) and determination coefficient (R2) values. The TFC, XO, and AA model, combining optimal spectral preprocessing and spectral bands, had RMSECV values of 0.139, 0.117, and 0.121, with RCV2 values exceeding 0.92. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for the TFC, XO, and AA model on the prediction set was 0.301, 0.213, and 0.149, with determination coefficient (RP2) values of 0.915, 0.933, and 0.926. The results showed a strong correlation between NIR with TFC, XO, and AA in P. mume. Therefore, the established model was effective, suitable for the rapid quantification of TFC, XO, and AA. The prediction method is simple and rapid, and can be extended to the study of medicinal plant content and activity.

Differentiation of Polygonatum Cyrtonema Hua from Different Geographical Origins by near-Infrared Spectroscopy with Chemometrics.

BACKGROUND: The identification of the geographical origin of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is of particular importance because the quality and market value of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua from different production areas are highly variable due to differences in the growing environment and climatic conditions. OBJECTIVE: This study utilized near-infrared spectra (NIR) of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (n = 400) to develop qualitative models for effective differentiation of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua from various regions. METHODS: The models were produced under different conditions to distinguish the origins distinctly. Ten pre-processing methods have been used to pre-process the original spectra (OS) and to select the most optimal spectral pre-processing method. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were employed to determine appropriate models. For simplicity, the pretreated full spectrum was calculated by different wavelength selection methods, and the four most significant variables were selected as discriminant indicator variables. RESULTS: The results show that Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua from different regions can be effectively distinguished using spectra from a series of samples analyzed by OPLS-DA. The accuracy of the OPLS-DA model is also satisfactory, with a good differentiation rate. CONCLUSION: The study findings indicate the feasibility of using spectroscopy in combination with multivariate analysis to identify the geographical origins of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. HIGHLIGHTS: The utilization of near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics exhibits high efficacy in discerning the provenance of herbal medicines and foods, thereby facilitating quality assurance measures.

Metagenomic analysis of soil microbial communities associated with Poa alpigena Lindm in Haixin Mountain, Qinghai Lake.

To investigate the impact of Poa alpigena Lindm on rhizosphere and bulk soil microorganisms in Haixin Mountain, Qinghai Lake, this study employed metagenomics technology to analyze the microbial communities of the samples. Results showed that 65 phyla, 139 classes, 278 orders, 596 families, 2376 genera, and 5545 species of soil microorganisms were identified from rhizosphere and bulk soil samples. Additionally, a microbial gene library specific to Poa alpigena Lindm was established for Qinghai Lake. Through α-diversity analysis, the richness and diversity of bulk microorganisms both significantly had a higher value than that in rhizosphere soil. The indicator microorganisms of rhizosphere and bulk soil at class level were Actinobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that Carotenoid biosynthesis, Starch and sucrose metabolism, Bacterial chemotaxis, MAPK signaling pathway, Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, and vancomycin resistance were the key differential metabolic pathways of rhizosphere soil microorganisms; in contrast, in bulk soil, the key differential metabolic were Benzoate degradation, Glycolysis gluconeogenesis, Aminobenzoate degradation, ABC transporters, Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, Degradation of aromatic compounds, Methane metabolism, Pyruvate metabolism and Microbial metabolism diverse environments. Our results indicated that Poa alpigena Lindm rhizosphere soil possessed selectivity for microorganisms in Qinghai Lake Haixin Mountain, and the rhizosphere soil also provided a suitable survival environment for microorganisms.

Evaluation of antioxidant, antidiabetic and antiobesity potential of phenylpropanoids (PPs): Structure-activity relationship and insight into action mechanisms against dual digestive enzymes by comprehensive technologies.

Phenylpropanoids (PPs), a group of natural compounds characterized by one or more C6-C3 units, have exhibited considerable potential in addressing metabolic disease. However, the comprehensive investigation on the relationship of compound structures and involved activity, along with the action mechanisms on the drug target is absent. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and inhibitory activities of 16 PPs against two digestive enzymes, including α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, explore the structure-activity relationships and elucidate the mechanisms underlying enzyme inhibition. The findings revealed the similarities in the rules governing antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of PPs. Specifically, the introduction of hydroxyl groups generally exerted positive effects on the activities, while the further methoxylation and glycosylation were observed to be unfavorable. Among the studied PPs, esculetin exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity and dual enzymes inhibition potential, displaying IC50 values of 0.017 and 0.0428 mM for DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging, as well as 1.36 and 6.67 mM for α-glucosidase and lipase inhibition, respectively. Quantification analysis indicated esculetin bound on both α-glucosidase and lipase successfully by a mixed-type mode. Further analyses by UV-Vis, FT-IR, fluorescence spectra, surface hydrophobicity, SEM, and molecular docking elucidated that esculetin could bind on the catalytic or non-catalytic sites of enzymes to form complex, impacting the normal spatial conformation for hydrolyzing the substrate, thus exhibiting the weakened activity. These results may shed light on the utilization value of natural PPs for the management of hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia, and afford the theoretical basis for designing drugs with stronger inhibition against the dual digestive enzymes based on esculetin.

TiCl4-mediated deoxygenative reduction of aromatic ketones to alkylarenes with ammonia borane.

A rapid and mild protocol for the exhaustive deoxygenation of various aromatic ketones to corresponding alkanes was described, which was mediated by TiCl4 and used ammonia borane (AB) as the reductant. This reduction protocol applies to a wide range of substrates in moderate to excellent yields at room temperature. The gram-scale reaction and syntheses of some key building blocks for SGLT2 inhibitors demonstrated the practicability of this methodology. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that the ketone is first converted into an alcohol, which then undergoes a carbocation to give the alkane via hydrogenolysis.

Improvement in organic solvent resistance of keratinase BLk by directed evolution.

Keratinase, a vital enzyme in hair degradation, requires enhanced stability for industrial applications in the harsh reaction environment used for keratin hydrolysis. Previous studies have focused on improving keratinase thermostability. In this study, directed evolution was applied to enhance the organic solvent stability of the keratinase BLk from Bacillus licheniformis. Three mutants were identified, exhibiting significant enhanced stability in various solvents, although no similar improvements were observed in terms of thermostability. The identified mutations were located on the enzyme surface. The half-lives of the D41A, A24E, and A24Q mutants increased by 47-, 63-, and 61-fold, respectively, in the presence of 50% (v/v) acetonitrile compared to that of the wild type (WT). Similarly, in the presence of 50% (v/v) acetone, the half-lives of these mutants increased by 22-, 27-, and 27-fold compared to that of the WT enzyme. Notably, the proteolytic activity of all the selected mutants was similar to that of the WT enzyme. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation was used to assess the possible reasons for enhanced solvent stability. These results suggest that heightened intramolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, contribute to improved solvent tolerance. The mutants obtained in this study hold significant potential for industrial applications.

Detection of the Adulteration of Dendrobium Huoshanense with Dendrobium Henanense by UV-Vis-Shortwave Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics.

BACKGROUND: Dendrobium huoshanense (DHS) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with distinctive medicinal benefits and great economic worth; nevertheless, because of similar tastes and looks, it is simple to adulterate with less expensive substitutes (such as Dendrobium henanense [DHN]). OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to develop a reliable tool to detect and quantify the adulteration of DHS with DHN by using UV-Vis-shortwave near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis-SWNIR DRS) combined with chemometrics. METHODS: Adulterated samples prepared in varying concentrations (0-100%, w/w) were analyzed with UV-Vis-SWNIR DRS methods. Partial least-square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and partial least-squares (PLS) regression techniques were used for the differentiation of adulterated DHN from pure DHS and the prediction of adulteration levels. RESULTS: The PLS-DA classification models successfully differentiated adulterated and nonadulterated DHS with an over 100% correct classification rate. UV-Vis-SWNIR DRS data were also successfully used to predict adulteration levels with a high coefficient of determination for calibration (0.9924) and prediction (0.9906) models and low error values for calibration (3.863%) and prediction (5.067%). CONCLUSION: UV-Vis-SWNIR DRS, as a fast and environmentally friendly tool, has great potential for both the identification and quantification of adulteration practices involving herbal medicines and foods. HIGHLIGHTS: UV-Vis-SWNIR DRS combined with chemometrics can be applied to identify and quantify the adulteration of herbal medicines and foods.

Ticagrelor Steady-State Trough Concentration in Chinese Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Platelets play a pivotal role in thrombotic events associated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), making oral antiplatelet therapy a cornerstone in antithrombotic strategies. The dosing regimen for the oral antiplatelet drug ticagrelor warrants evaluation to ensure its appropriateness in clinical practice. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the real-world clinical application of ticagrelor by determining the optimal therapeutic concentration of ticagrelor in Chinese patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: We enrolled a cohort of 912 patients who underwent PCI with drug-eluting stent implantation for the treatment of ACS. We measured steady-state plasma drug concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The therapeutic drug concentration range at steady state was established on the basis of clinical pharmacodynamic indices, with verification of reliability through concentration-effect analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve assessment. RESULTS: Analysis of plasma samples from the 912 patients revealed significant variations in the steady-state trough concentration of ticagrelor associated with factors such as gender, age, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. On the basis of this analysis, the optimal therapeutic range for steady-state trough concentration was determined to be 240.65-335.83 ng/mL. Furthermore, the upper limit values for steady-state concentration were established at 439.97 ng/mL for male patients and 347.06 ng/mL for female patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides robust and reliable insights into the optimal therapeutic steady-state trough concentrations of ticagrelor in Chinese patients with post-percutaneous coronary intervention. These findings have significant implications for guiding the rational use of antiplatelet drugs and facilitating precise drug administration in Chinese patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

The antimicrobial effect and mechanism of the Artemisia argyi essential oil against bacteria and fungus.

Artemisia argyi is a traditional Chinese herb with antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities. The essential oil of Artemisia argyi was extracted using the steam distillation method in this study. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Agar disc diffusion and double-broth dilution assays were used to detect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil. Subsequently, the antimicrobial mechanisms were explored through cytomembrane permeability assay and electron microscopy. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, 25 compounds were detected, including 13.76% cineole, 6.77% terpinen-4-ol, 6.68% 3-dione, 1,7,7-trimethyl-, 4.07% 3-cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-acetate, 3.58% 1-isopropyl-2-methylbenzene, and 1.58% g-terpinene. The essential oil was tested for antimicrobial activity, and the IC50 values for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Candida albicans were determined to be 25.51 ± 2.29, 49.53 ± 0.86, 52.40 ± 1.49, 52.76 ± 1.60, 73.99 ± 1.38, 65.52 ± 0.95, and 214.98 ± 3.27 µg mL-1, respectively. For essential oil interaction with cytoderm, the microorganisms treated by 1 × IC50 and 2 × IC50 concentration of essential oil both represented positive test results. Additionally, the alkaline phosphatase levels showed a direct correlation with concentration and treatment duration (range from 0 to 8 h). The interaction between essential oils and the cytomembrane was investigated by examining samples containing one of three test strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans), essential oil, and voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye disc35. The results demonstrated a significant increase in fluorescence levels within the solution upon introduction of the essential oil-treated strains. The findings of our research suggest that the essential oil disrupts the cytoderm and cytomembrane, thereby exhibiting antimicrobial activity.

Development of a joint derivatization protocol for the unequivocal identification of the monosaccharide composition in four dendrobium polysaccharides and free monosaccharide by GC-MS.

The determination of monosaccharides is crucial for studying the structure of polysaccharides and the composition of free monosaccharides in living organisms. Based on previous derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods, we aimed to develop a novel analytical protocol for better quantifying monosaccharides. In this study, sugar alcohol acetylation, saccharonitrile acetylation, silylation and a combination of sugar alcohols acetylation and saccharonitrile acetylation were compared. The optimal method was verified with the monosaccharide determination of four polysaccharides and four free monosaccharides from Dendrobium. The results showed that the novel combined derivatization method was superior to the other three methods in terms of content analysis of monosaccharides. Furthermore, it possessed good linearity (all calibration curves showed relative coefficients ≥ 0.999), sensitivity, precision (relative standard deviation < 2%), and accuracy (recovery, 95.7-105%). Finally, the novel method established in this study was successfully employed in determining the monosaccharide composition of four polysaccharides and four free monosaccharide samples from Dendrobium.

Lead Drug Discover Strategies from Natural Medicines Based on Network Pharmacology.

The need for therapeutics to overcome development of existing diseases research to discover new lead agents. In the face of public health challenges worldwide, natural medicines play a pivotal role in innovative lead drug discovery. Network pharmacology can easily construct complicated poly-pharmacology network based on lead compound, biological function, and bioactive target proteins, which meets the overall feature of natural medicines, and enable to elucidate the action mechanism at molecule-protein level with systematic view. In this work, we first summarized the recent progress delineating lead drug development and its interaction with natural medicines. Second, we focused on the relationship between natural medicines and network pharmacology. Additionally, we discussed current issues and potential prospects for the lead drug discover from natural medicines by network pharmacology. Further investigations should be focus on relevant structural analysis for biological experiment, also the dynamic and quantitative network development. In summary, it is a rational approach for innovative lead drug discovery, and with the development of structure and biology research, this approach makes it a very powerful method for the lead molecules in a high-throughput manner from a comprehensive and powerful special multi-compound to target protein/disease poly pharmacology network.

Simultaneous determination of phenols in the four main original plants of the famous traditional Chinese medicine Shihu by pressurized capillary electrochromatography.

A rapid pressurized capillary electrochromatography (pCEC) method has been established for the simultaneous analysis of 11 phenols in the four main original plants of the famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Shihu. The effects of wavelength, mobile phase, flow rate, pH value, concentration of buffer, and applied voltage were systematically studied. The investigated 11 phenols could be isolated in 35 min on a reversed-phase EP-100-20/45-3-C18 capillary column using the established method. To apply the established pCEC method, all phenols except tristin (11) were detected in the four Dendrobium plants. A total of 10 components were detected in D. huoshanense, 6 components in D. nobile, 3 components in D. chrysotoxum, and 4 components in D. fimbriatum. The consistent evaluation revealed that the similarities among the four original plants of Shihu were 38.2-86.0% based on the 11 polyphenols and 92.5-97.7% based on the pCEC fingerprints. These further suggested that the components of the four original plants of TCM Shihu might be significantly different. Further investigation should be conducted to confirm and evaluate if the four species could be used as the same medicine with the same amount according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP).

Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for Hyperoside Biosynthesis.

Hyperoside (quercetin 3-O-galactoside) exhibits many biological functions, along with higher bioactivities than quercetin. In this study, three UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) were screened for efficient hyperoside synthesis from quercetin. The highest hyperoside production of 58.5 mg·L-1 was obtained in a recombinant Escherichia coli co-expressing UGT from Petunia hybrida (PhUGT) and UDP-glucose epimerase (GalE, a key enzyme catalyzing the conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose) from E. coli. When additional enzymes (phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (GalU)) were introduced into the recombinant E. coli, the increased flux toward UDP-glucose synthesis led to enhanced UDP-galactose-derived hyperoside synthesis. The efficiency of the recombinant strain was further improved by increasing the copy number of the PhUGT, which is a limiting step in the bioconversion. Through the optimization of the fermentation conditions, the production of hyperoside increased from 245.6 to 411.2 mg·L-1. The production was also conducted using a substrate-fed batch fermentation, and the maximal hyperoside production was 831.6 mg·L-1, with a molar conversion ratio of 90.2% and a specific productivity of 27.7 mg·L-1·h-1 after 30 h of fermentation. The efficient hyperoside synthesis pathway described here can be used widely for the glycosylation of other flavonoids and bioactive substances.

Rapid Detection of Adulteration in Dendrobium Huoshanense with Dendrobium Henanense by ATR-FTIR Combined with Multivariate Methods.

Dendrobium huoshanense (DHS) has long been used to make tea drink, soup, and porridge to protect eye and liver in many Southeast Asian countries for centuries. As a rare and endangered functional food, adulteration in DHS with visually similar but cheaper and more accessible plants such as Dendrobium henanense (DHN) because of their similarities in morphology has become prevalent in the market. In this study, the Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) combined with chemometric methods was established to detect fraudulent addition in DHS with DHN. The partial least squares (PLS) models based on the ATR-FTIR files of DHS mixed with different proportions of DHN were built under cross validation and tested with different independent data sets. To reduce the variables' lack of information and increase the accuracy of the model, different wavelength selection methods including Moving Window Partial Least Squares (MW-PLS), Monte Carlo-uninformative variable elimination (MC-UVE), and interval random frog (iRF) were compared.The results showed that iRF performed the most perfectly with the number of latent variables (nLVs = 7), the lowest Root Mean Square Error of Cross-Validation (RMSECV = 7.37), and the maximum determination coefficients (R2 = 0.9721). The excellent performance of the model was proved by the low RMSEP value of 6.44% and the high R2 value of 0.9556. The developed method could rapidly quantify the adulteration DHN in DHS, and our study might provide an efficient and great potential technique tool for the rapid, green, low-cost, and nondestructive identification and quantification for DHS adulterated with DHN.

Simultaneous Quantification of 11 Phenolic Compounds and Consistency Evaluation in Four Dendrobium Species Used as Ingredients of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Shihu.

The interchangeable use of different herbs to prepare the same formulation is a common practice in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). However, this practice would require the component herbs to share similar compositions, at least in terms of the bioactive agents, to ensure they can replace each other in drug preparation. In this study, we developed an effective and comprehensive high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method for simultaneous analysis of 11 phenolic compounds in the methanol extracts of Dendrobium huoshanense, Dendrobium nobile (D. nobile), Dendrobium chrysotoxum (D. chrysotoxum), and Dendrobium fimbriatum (D. fimbriatum), which have been identified as interchangeable ingredients for the same TCM preparation "Shihu" in the Chinese pharmacopeia (ChP). The consistency of the four Dendrobium species was evaluated on the basis of the presence of the 11 investigated compounds and the HPLC fingerprints of the methanol extracts of the plants. When gradient elution was performed with a solvent system of acetonitrile and water on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with monitoring at 220 nm, all 11 investigated compounds were isolated at the baseline. The established HPLC method showed excellent linearity (all analytical curves showed relative coefficients [R2] > 0.999), sensitivity, precision (relative standard deviation [RSD] < 2%), and accuracy (recovery, 90.65-99.17%). These findings confirmed that the method we constructed was reliable. Quantification analysis showed significant differences in the contents of the investigated polyphenols in the four Dendrobium species. Evaluations of consistency revealed that the similarities among the four species were 0.299-0.906 in assessments based on the 11 polyphenols and 0.685-0.968 in assessments based on HPLC fingerprints. Thus, the components of the four Dendrobium species may be significantly different, and more experiments are required to determine whether they can be used interchangeably in the same amounts for preparing the formulation according to ChP.

Simultaneous analysis of 20 free amino acids by a single marker combined with an HPLC fingerprint evaluation of Dendrobium huoshanense.

A phenylhexyl isothiocyanate (PITC) precolumn derivatization quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single marker (QAMS) strategy for the simultaneous analysis of 20 free amino acids (FAA) in Dendrobium huoshanense is proposed. The method was validated by the linearity, limit of detection (LDO), and limit of quantitation (LOQ), recovery, precision, and stability. The results showed that when applying the established method, the LOQ of the FFAs was lower than 1 ng/ml except threonine (1.32 ng) and cysteine (1.16 ng). The QAMS investigation revealed that, using any one of the 20 FAAs as the reference internal standard, no significant differences were observed between the external standard method and the QAMS method for the quantification of FAAs in D. huoshanense by PITC precolumn derivatization [The relative standard deviation (RSD, %) by QAMS and ESM were all below 5%]. HPLC fingerprint investigation combined with similar analysis (the similarity values for S1-S25 were >0.875) and quality fluctuation analysis showed that the cultivation environment might have a great effect on the accumulation of FAAs in D. huoshanense. Overall, our study showed that we might increase the accuracy and scope of the simultaneous quantification of multicomponents using the QAMS technique by being derivatized with a strong UV absorbing group, and QAMS combined with chromatographic fingerprinting can be considered good quality criteria for the quality control of D. huoshanense and may provide analytical technical support for research on Maillard Reaction during the further processing of D. huoshanense.

Simultaneous determination of 16 important biologically active phytohormones in Dendrobium huoshanese by pressurized capillary electrochromatography.

A rapid pressurized capillary electrochromatography (pCEC) method has been successfully developed for the simultaneous determination of 16 phytohormones in Dendrobium huoshanense. Effects of wavelength, mobile phase, the flow rate, pH value, concentration of buffer and applied voltage were investigated, respectively. The results showed that the 16 phytohormones could be baseline-separated rapidly in less than 21 min on a reversed-phase EP-100-20/45-3-C18 capillary column (total length of 45 cm, effective length of 20 cm, diameter of 100 µm, ODS packing inside for 3 µm) with ACN/5.0 mM ammonium acetate (containing 0.05% formic acid, pH = 3) as the mobile phase using gradient elution mode as follows: 0.1-10.0 min 40%ACN,10-15.0 min 70%ACN, 15.0-20 min 80% ACN, 20-21.0 min 80% ACN at a flow rate of 0.12 mL/min, applied voltage of -5 kV and a UV detection wavelength of 210 nm. The method validation howed that the established method is precise and stability, and the RSDs of intra- and inter-day precision based retention time and peak area were all below 5%. Employed the established method, in our experimental conditions, total 6 endogenous hormones including IAA, IBA, NAA, GA, ABA, t-Z were detected in D. huoshense. However, a relative larger amount of exogenous hormone 2,4-D (25.3 ~ 4.2 µg/kg) and 6-BA (79.5 ~ 35.4 µg/kg) were detected in 1 ~ 4 year old cultivated D. huoshense, suggesting there were still a certain amount of exogenous hormone residue in tissue-cultured D. huoshanese though they had been transplanted to field cultivation from the test-tube plantlets for several years.

Rapid Detection of Adulteration in Dendrobium huoshanense Using NIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometric Methods.

BACKGROUND: Dendrobium huoshanense (DHS) is a typical traditional Chinese medicine with unique medical and high economic values; however, it may easily be adulterated with cheaper alternatives (e.g. Dendrobium henanese, DHN), because of their similar appearances and tastes. OBJECTIVE: In this study, adulteration of DHN in DHS was detected by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods. METHODS: By performing partial least squares (PLS) analysis, PLS multivariate methods including partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and partial least-squares regressions (PLSR) were applied to the obtained spectral data to build models. The PLS-DA model was employed to differentiate between pure DHS samples and those adulterated with DHN. RESULTS: The R2 value obtained for the PLS-DA model was 0.4898 with an RMSEP error of 0.1554, resulting in a 100% accuracy of validation sample sets. Similarly, a PLSR model was also developed to quantify the amount of DHN adulterant in DHS samples. Experimental results indicated that the good performance of the multiplicative scattering correction (MSC) model is the better model showing a prediction performance of RMSEP of 2.38 and R2 of 0.9946. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the combination of NIR spectroscopy and chemometric method provides a fast, simple and reliable method for detecting adulteration of DHS. HIGHLIGHTS: The method of classification allowed identification of both authentic and adulterated DHS samples. Comparison of six different techniques for spectra preprocessing to improve quantitative model performance was obtained with MSC derivative spectra. The method can detect most of the current DHS adulterations in the Chinese market.

A Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of Dendrobium Huoshanense Using Long Reads and Hi-C Data.

Dendrobium huoshanense is used to treat various diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Recent studies have identified active components. However, the lack of genomic data limits research on the biosynthesis and application of these therapeutic ingredients. To address this issue, we generated the first chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation of D. huoshanense. We integrated PacBio sequencing data, Illumina paired-end sequencing data, and Hi-C sequencing data to assemble a 1.285 Gb genome, with contig and scaffold N50 lengths of 598 kb and 71.79 Mb, respectively. We annotated 21,070 protein-coding genes and 0.96 Gb transposable elements, constituting 74.92% of the whole assembly. In addition, we identified 252 genes responsible for polysaccharide biosynthesis by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional annotation. Our data provide a basis for further functional studies, particularly those focused on genes related to glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and have implications for both conservation and medicine.