ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: As well as adhering to the safe limit for gluten intake, a suitable gluten-free (GF) diet must also be nutritionally balanced. However, malnutrition has been observed in the population with celiac disease (CD). This is even more important in the case of children and adolescents, whose GF diet must also ensure their proper growth. The aim of the present study was to assess the diet quality of children and adolescents with CD to attain optimal nutritional status, determining the most relevant factors that affect a balanced diet. METHODS: Eighty-three children and adolescents with CD (9.2 ± 3.8 years) took part in the study. Height, weight and body composition were measured. An analysis of energy consumption and of the macronutrient distribution of their diet was carried out. Adherence to Mediterranean diet by KIDMED index was analyzed, and energy and nutrients intake. RESULTS: The diet of participants was not balanced, containing more fat and less carbohydrate than recommended. Most children and adolescents revealed adequate body mass index and suitable body fat percentage. Two-thirds of them showed moderate or poor KIDMED index, the case of girls being remarkable. When the GF diet, containing GF-rendered foodstuffs, was compared to a similar type of diet but substituting GF products with their analogs containing gluten, important nutritional differences were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Even though celiac children and adolescents' diet is unhealthy due to its inappropriate dietary pattern, following a diet based on GF products raises extra difficulty in complying with the nutritional recommendations.
Subject(s)
Celiac Disease/diet therapy , Diet, Gluten-Free/adverse effects , Nutrition Surveys/statistics & numerical data , Nutritional Status , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Nutrition Surveys/methods , Prospective Studies , SpainABSTRACT
El síndrome de Stiff Man o síndrome de la persona rígida es una enfermedad rara de causa inmunológica. Se caracteriza por la rigidez en la musculatura axial y las extremidades inferiores, y espasmos dolorosos desencadenados por estímulos. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 44 años con síndrome de la persona rígida al que se le realizó una infiltración del esfínter uretral con toxina botulínica bajo sedación. Antes de la inducción anestésica todo el equipo quirúrgico estuvo preparado con el objetivo de minimizar el tiempo anestésico. Se realizó una monitorización continua de ECG, SpO2 por pulsioximetría y presión no invasiva. Fue inducido con dosis fraccionadas de propofol hasta 150 mg, fentanilo 50 μg y midazolam 1 mg. A pesar de las dosis bajas y fraccionadas el paciente presentó una desaturación máxima del 90% que fue resuelta con ventilación manual. Durante la intervención no hubo episodios de espasmos ni de rigidez muscular. El paciente fue dado de alta 2 días después, sin incidencias. Aprovechamos el caso para revisar aquellos publicados hasta la fecha sobre este tema. El interés sobre el manejo anestésico de estos pacientes viene dado por las interacciones entre la medicación preoperatoria, los fármacos anestésicos y el sistema GABA. Recomendamos el uso de la anestesia total intravenosa frente a los agentes anestésicos inhalatorios, la vigilancia estrecha de la función respiratoria y el uso de la monitorización neuromuscular cuando sean utilizados relajantes musculares para un manejo anestésico más seguro (AU)
Stiff Man syndrome or stiff-person syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder. It is characterized by increased axial muscular tone and limb musculature, and painful spasms triggered by stimulus. The case is presented of a 44-year-old man with stiff-person syndrome undergoing an injection of botulinum toxin in the urethral sphincter under sedation. Before induction, all the surgical team were ready in order to minimise the anaesthetic time. The patient was monitored by continuous ECG, SpO2 and non-invasive blood pressure. He was induced with fractional dose of propofol 150 mg, fentanyl 50 μg and midazolam 1 mg. Despite careful titration, the patient had an O2 saturation level of 90%, which was resolved by manual ventilation. There was no muscle rigidity or spasm during the operation. Post-operative recovery was uneventful and the patient was discharged 2 days later. A review of other cases is presented. The anaesthetic concern in patients with stiff-person syndrome is the interaction between the anaesthetic agents, the preoperative medication, and the GABA system. For a safe anaesthetic management, total intravenous anaesthesia is recommended instead of inhalation anaesthetics, as well as the close monitoring of the respiratory function and the application of the electrical nerve stimulator when neuromuscular blockers are used (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Stiff-Person Syndrome/surgery , Anesthesia/methods , Anesthetics/administration & dosage , Glutamate Decarboxylase/analysis , /methodsABSTRACT
Stiff Man syndrome or stiff-person syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder. It is characterized by increased axial muscular tone and limb musculature, and painful spasms triggered by stimulus. The case is presented of a 44-year-old man with stiff-person syndrome undergoing an injection of botulinum toxin in the urethral sphincter under sedation. Before induction, all the surgical team were ready in order to minimise the anaesthetic time. The patient was monitored by continuous ECG, SpO2 and non-invasive blood pressure. He was induced with fractional dose of propofol 150 mg, fentanyl 50 µg and midazolam 1mg. Despite careful titration, the patient had an O2 saturation level of 90%,which was resolved by manual ventilation. There was no muscle rigidity or spasm during the operation. Post-operative recovery was uneventful and the patient was discharged 2 days later. A review of other cases is presented. The anaesthetic concern in patients with stiff-person syndrome is the interaction between the anaesthetic agents, the preoperative medication, and the GABA system. For a safe anaesthetic management, total intravenous anaesthesia is recommended instead of inhalation anaesthetics, as well as the close monitoring of the respiratory function and the application of the electrical nerve stimulator when neuromuscular blockers are used.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Intravenous/methods , Stiff-Person Syndrome/complications , Urinary Retention/drug therapy , Adult , Anesthesia, Inhalation , Autoantibodies/immunology , Autoantigens/immunology , Botulinum Toxins, Type A/therapeutic use , Contraindications , Glutamate Decarboxylase/immunology , Humans , Hypoxia/etiology , Intraoperative Complications/etiology , Male , Parasympatholytics/therapeutic use , Stiff-Person Syndrome/drug therapy , Stiff-Person Syndrome/immunology , Urethra/drug effects , Urinary Retention/etiology , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiologyABSTRACT
The gluten-free (GF) products market represents one of the most prosperous markets in the field of food and beverages in the immediate future. Historically, counselling for celiac disease has focused on the absence of gluten in foods, however the nutritional quality of GF foodstuffs is an important aspect to consider. The aim of the present work was to compare the nutritional composition of the 206 GF rendered products most consumed in Spain, against the composition of 289 equivalent foods with gluten, and to make a comparison between the diet including GF products and the same diet with equivalent products with gluten in a 58 adult celiac population. The results of the present collaborative study pointed out differences in calorie, macronutrient, fiber, sodium, salt and cholesterol content between GF rendered and gluten-containing foodstuffs. Thus, calorie and nutrient intake in a GF diet is different when compared to its equivalent diet with gluten. Following a diet based on GF products could suppose a nutritional imbalance for celiac patients as well as for non-celiacs who follow a diet that includes many GF rendered foodstuffs.
Subject(s)
Celiac Disease/diet therapy , Diet, Gluten-Free , Nutritive Value , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Cholesterol/analysis , Dietary Fiber/analysis , Dietary Proteins/analysis , Female , Food Analysis , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nutrition Surveys , Spain , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and resveratrol have been shown to reduce TG content in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocyte acting on different pathways. In recent years, the method of simultaneously targeting several signal transduction pathways with multiple natural products in order to achieve additive or synergistic effects has been tested. However, the combined effect of both molecules on lipid metabolism has not been described before. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present work was to analyze the effect of the combination of trans-10, cis-12 CLA and resveratrol on TG accumulation as well as on FAS, HSL and ATGL expression in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes, in order to assess a potential interaction between both molecules. METHODS: For this purpose, 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes were treated with the two molecules, both separately and combined, in 10 and 100 µM for 20 hours. TG content and FAS, ATGL and HSL expression were measured by spectrophotometry and Real Time RT-PCR respectively. RESULTS: Both doses of CLA and 100 M resveratrol decreased TG content in mature adipocytes. The combination of both molecules reduced TG accumulation to the same extent as each one separately. No change in FAS and HSL mRNA levels after CLA and resveratrol treatment was observed. ATGL was not modified by CLA but it was increased by resveratrol and by the combination. This combination did not increase the effect caused by resveratrol on its own. CONCLUSION: Lipolysis increase via ATGL is involved in the TG reduction induced by resveratrol and the combination of both molecules. The combination of these two molecules does not increase the efficacy of each molecule separately in mature adipocytes and thus it does not represent an advantage for obesity treatment or prevention.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Linoleic Acid/pharmacology , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Stilbenes/pharmacology , 3T3-L1 Cells , Animals , Fatty Acid Synthases/analysis , Fatty Acid Synthases/genetics , Indicators and Reagents , Lipase/analysis , Lipase/genetics , Lipolysis/drug effects , Mice , RNA/analysis , RNA/biosynthesis , RNA/genetics , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Resveratrol , Sterol Esterase/analysis , Sterol Esterase/genetics , Triglycerides/analysisABSTRACT
Introduction: Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and resveratrol have been shown to reduce TG content in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocyte acting on different pathways. In recent years, the method of simultaneously targeting several signal transduction pathways with multiple natural products in order to achieve additive or synergistic effects has been tested. However, the combined effect of both molecules on lipid metabolism has not been described before. Objective: The aim of the present work was to analyze the effect of the combination of trans-10, cis-12 CLA and resveratrol on TG accumulation as well as on FAS, HSL and ATGL expression in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes, in order to assess a potential interaction between both molecules. Methods: For this purpose, 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes were treated with the two molecules, both separately and combined, in 10 and 100 μM for 20 hours. TG content and FAS, ATGL and HSL expression were measured by spectrophotometry and Real Time RT-PCR respectively. Results: Both doses of CLA and 100 M resveratrol decreased TG content in mature adipocytes. The combination of both molecules reduced TG accumulation to the same extent as each one separately. No change in FAS and HSL mRNA levels after CLA and resveratrol treatment was observed. ATGL was not modified by CLA but it was increased by resveratrol and by the combination. This combination did not increase the effect caused by resveratrol on its own. Conclusion: Lipolysis increase via ATGL is involved in the TG reduction induced by resveratrol and the combination of both molecules. The combination of these two molecules does not increase the efficacy of each molecule separately in mature adipocytes and thus it does not represent an advantage for obesity treatment or prevention (AU)
Introducción: Se ha demostrado que el ácido linoleico trans-10, cis-12 conjugado (ALC) y el resveratrol reducen el contenido de TG en el adipocito 3T3-L1 cultivado actuando sobre distintas vías. En los últimos años, se ha probado el método de llegar a diferentes vías de transducción de señal simultáneamente con múltiples productos naturales con el fin de alcanzar efectos aditivos o sinérgicos. Sin embargo, el efecto combinado de ambas moléculas sobre el metabolismo de los lípidos no se ha descrito previamente. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto de la combinación del ALC trans-10, cis-12 y el resveratrol sobre la acumulación de TG así como sobre la expresión de FAS, HSL y ATGL en los adipocitos maduros 3T3-L1 con el propósito de evaluar la interacción potencial entre ambas moléculas. Métodos: Para este propósito, se trató a adipocitos maduros 3T3-L1 con las dos moléculas, de forma separada y combinada, en 10 y 100 μM durante 20 horas. El contenido de TG y la expresión de FAS, ATGL y HSL se midieron con espectrofotometría y en RT-PCR en tiempo real, respectivamente. Resultados: ambas dosis de ALC y 100 μM de resveratrol disminuyeron el contenido de TG en los adipocitos maduros. La combinación de ambas moléculas redujo la acumulación de TG en el mismo grado que cada una de ellas por separado. No se observaron cambios en los niveles de ARNm de FAS y HSL tras el tratamiento con ALC y resveratrol. El ATGL no se modificó por el ALC pero se incrementó por el resveratrol y la combinación. Esta combinación no aumentó el afecto causado por el resveratrol solo. Conclusión: el aumento de la lipólisis vía ATGL está implicado en la reducción de TG inducida por resveratrol y la combinación de ambas moléculas. Esta combinación no aumenta la eficacia de cada una de las moléculas por separado en los adipocitos maduros y, por lo tanto, no representa una ventaja en la prevención ni el tratamiento de la obesidad (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy , Obesity/prevention & control , Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/therapeutic use , Drug Combinations , Adipocytes , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
The potential of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as an anti-obesity molecule for humans is still a matter for debate. Thus, a great deal of scientific work is focussed on the research of new effective molecules without deleterious effects on health. The aim of the present work was to analyse the effects of jacaranda seed oil, rich in a conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA), jacaric acid (cis-8,trans-10,cis-12), on body fat, serum parameters and liver composition in rats, and to compare these effects with those of trans-10,cis-12 CLA. Twenty-six male Wistar rats were divided into three groups fed with high-fat diets, supplemented or not (control group) with 0.5% trans-10,cis-12 CLA (CLA group) or 0.5% jacaric acid (CLNA group) for 7 weeks. No statistical differences in food intake or in final body weight were found. Whereas CLA reduced adipose tissue size, CLNA did not. Both CLA and CLNA significantly reduced non-HDL-cholesterol. In spite of a lack of significant changes in glucose and insulin levels, HOMA-IR index was significantly increased, as well as did non-esterified fatty acid levels in CLNA-fed rats. No changes in liver composition were observed. In conclusion, under our experimental conditions, jacaric acid, unlike CLA, does not show a body-fat lowering effect. Even though it leads to a healthy lipoprotein profile, it impairs insulin function. Consequently, it cannot be proposed as an anti-obesity molecule.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/drug effects , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/pharmacology , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Animals , Body Weight/drug effects , Eating , Male , Organ Size/drug effects , Plant Oils/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Seeds/chemistryABSTRACT
The potential of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as an anti-obesity molecule forhumans is still a matter for debate. Thus, a great deal of scientific work is focussed onthe research of new effective molecules without deleterious effects on health. The aimof the present work was to analyse the effects of jacaranda seed oil, rich in a conjugatedlinolenic acid (CLNA), jacaric acid (cis-8,trans-10,cis-12), on body fat, serumparameters and liver composition in rats, and to compare these effects with those oftrans-10,cis-12 CLA. Twenty-six male Wistar rats were divided into three groups fedwith high-fat diets, supplemented or not (control group) with 0.5% trans-10,cis-12CLA (CLA group) or 0.5% jacaric acid (CLNA group) for 7 weeks. No statisticaldifferences in food intake or in final body weight were found. Whereas CLA reducedadipose tissue size, CLNA did not. Both CLA and CLNA significantly reduced non-HDL-cholesterol. In spite of a lack of significant changes in glucose and insulin levels,HOMA-IR index was significantly increased, as well as did non-esterified fattyacid levels in CLNA-fed rats. No changes in liver composition were observed. Inconclusion, under our experimental conditions, jacaric acid, unlike CLA, does notshow a body-fat lowering effect. Even though it leads to a healthy lipoprotein profile,it impairs insulin function. Consequently, it cannot be proposed as an anti-obesitymolecule(AU)
El potencial del ácido linoleico conjugado(CLA) como molécula anti-obesidad para sereshumanos sigue siendo una cuestión en debate.Por ello, gran cantidad de trabajos científicosse centra en la investigación de nuevas moléculaseficaces y sin efectos nocivos sobre la salud.El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar, enrata, los efectos del aceite de semillas de jacaranda,rico en un ácido linolénico conjugado(CLNA), el ácido jacárico (cis-8,trans-10,cis-12), sobre la grasa corporal, parámetros séricosy la composición del hígado, y comparar estosefectos con los del trans-10,cis-12 CLA. Se utilizaron26 ratas Wistar macho divididas en tresgrupos que fueron alimentados durante 7semanas con dietas hipergrasas, suplementadaso no (grupo control) al 0,5% con el trans-10,cis-12 CLA (grupo CLA) o al 0,5% con elácido jacárico (grupo CLNA). No se encontrarondiferencias significativas en la ingesta dedieta, ni en el peso corporal final, ni en la composicióndel hígado. El CLA redujo la masaadiposa, pero no lo hizo el CLNA. Ambos disminuyeronsignificativamente el colesterol no-HDL. A pesar de la ausencia de cambios significativosen la glucemia e insulinemia, el índiceHOMA-IR y los niveles séricos de AGLaumentaron significativamente en las ratas alimentadascon CLNA. En conclusión, en nuestrascondiciones experimentales, el ácido jacárico,a diferencia del CLA, no muestra un efectoreductor de la grasa corporal. A pesar de quemejora el perfil de lipoproteínas, altera la funcióninsulínica. Por lo tanto, este CLNA nopuede ser propuesto como una molécula antiobesidad(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Linoleic Acids, Conjugated , Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/analysis , Anti-Obesity Agents , Jacaranda caroba , Jacaranda gualanday , Body Weight , Liver , 28573ABSTRACT
The potential involvement of the melanocortin system in the beneficial effects of heat application in rats submitted to activity-based anorexia (ABA), an analogous model of anorexia nervosa (AN), was studied. Once ABA rats had lost 20% of body weight, half of the animals were exposed to a high ambient temperature (HAT) of 32 degrees C, whereas the rest were maintained at 21 degrees C. Control sedentary rats yoked to ABA animals received the same treatment. ABA rats (21 degrees C) showed increased Melanocortin 4 (MC4) receptor and Agouti gene Related Peptide (AgRP) expression, and decreased pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels (Real Time PCR), with respect to controls. Heat application increased weight gain and food intake, and reduced running rate in ABA rats, when compared with ABA rats at 21 degrees C. However, no changes in body weight and food intake were observed in sedentary rats exposed to heat. Moreover, heat application reduced MC4 receptor, AgRP and POMC expression in ABA rats, but no changes were observed in control rats. These results indicate that hypothalamic MC4 receptor overexpression could occur on the basis of the characteristic hyperactivity, weight loss, and self-starvation of ABA rats, and suggest the involvement of hypothalamic melanocortin neural circuits in behavioural changes shown by AN patients. Changes in AgRP and POMC expression could represent an adaptative response to equilibrate energy balance. Moreover, the fact that HAT reversed hypothalamic MC4 receptor overexpression in ABA rats indicates the involvement of brain melanocortin system in the reported beneficial effects of heat application in AN. A combination of MC4 receptor antagonists and heat application could improve the clinical management of AN.
Subject(s)
Anorexia Nervosa/metabolism , Hot Temperature/therapeutic use , Hypothalamus/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism , Agouti-Related Protein/metabolism , Animals , Anorexia Nervosa/therapy , Disease Models, Animal , Male , Pro-Opiomelanocortin/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
In the present study, we report on the application of two specific polyclonal antibodies to different intracellular domains of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor to define the expression of the neural CB1 cannabinoid receptor at the histochemical level in frontal cortex and related limbic areas of the obese Zucker rats. Higher levels of CB1 receptor expression in frontal, cingulated and piriform cortex, without differences in temporal, parietal and occipital cortex, were observed in obese Zucker rats, with respect to their lean littermates. CB1 phosphorylated receptor (CB1-P) levels were also higher in frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital cortex in obese rats with respect to lean controls. Potential involvement of brain cortical CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the long-term effects of fluoxetine was studied. Experimental animals were administered with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 3 weeks, whereas the control group was given 0.9% NaCl solution. In obese Zucker rats, a significant decrease in CB1 receptor levels, measured by western blot, was observed in brain cortex after fluoxetine treatment. Immunostaining for CB1 receptor expression was also carried out, showing a significant decrease in the density of neural cells positive for CB1 receptor in frontal, cingulate and piriform cortex, without changes in parietal, temporal and occipital regions. Regional prosencephalic immunostaining for CB1-P receptor level showed a significant decrease in the density of stained neural cells in frontal, temporal and parietal cortex, without changes in cingulated, piriform and occipital cortex. These results suggest the involvement of endocannabinoid system in the chronic effects of fluoxetine, especially in the frontal cortex.
Subject(s)
Fluoxetine/pharmacology , Frontal Lobe/metabolism , Limbic System/metabolism , Obesity/pathology , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Cell Count , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Fluoxetine/therapeutic use , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Male , Obesity/drug therapy , Obesity/genetics , Rats , Rats, Zucker , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic useABSTRACT
The aim of the present work was to study the potential involvement of melanocortin system in the anorectic mechanism of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, in obese Zucker rats. Male obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats were administered fluoxetine (10 mg/kg; i.p.) daily for two weeks. The control group was given 0.9% NaCl solution. RT-PCR for pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), Agouti gene related peptide (AgRP) and melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4-R) in the hypothalamus, as well as regional immunostaining for alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and MC4-R were carried out. Fluoxetine administration increased POMC expression and reduced MC4-R expression in the hypothalamus, without changes in AgRP mRNA levels. Moreover, an increase in the numbers of alpha-MSH positively immunostained neural cells in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), as well as a significant decrease in the numbers of neural cells positively immunostained for MC4-R in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), without changes in lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), were observed. These results suggest the involvement of alpha-MSH in central fluoxetine anorectic action.
Subject(s)
Appetite Depressants , Fluoxetine/pharmacology , Hypothalamus/metabolism , Obesity/metabolism , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , alpha-MSH/metabolism , Agouti-Related Protein/metabolism , Animals , Body Weight/drug effects , DNA Primers , Eating/drug effects , Hypothalamus/drug effects , Immunohistochemistry , Male , Pro-Opiomelanocortin/biosynthesis , Pro-Opiomelanocortin/metabolism , RNA/biosynthesis , RNA/isolation & purification , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Rats , Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/biosynthesis , Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/drug effects , Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , alpha-MSH/biosynthesisABSTRACT
Numerous studies have demonstrated that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) modulatesbody composition, reducing body fat accumulation in various mammalianspecies. However, very few studies have been carried out to assess the effect of CLAon previously stored body fat. The aim of the present work was to analyse the effectivenessof trans-10,cis-12 CLA in improving alterations produced by high-fat feedingin body fat and serum parameters when it was included in an energy-restricteddiet. For this purpose male Syrian Golden hamsters were fed on high-fat diet for 7weeks in order to increase their body fat content, and a further 25% energy-restricteddiet supplemented or not with 0.5% trans-10,cis-12 CLA for 3 weeks. Adipose tissues,liver and gastrocnemious muscles were dissected and weighed. Adipocyte diameterand number were assessed in epididymal adipose tissue. Total cholesterol, triacylglycerols,non-esterified fatty acids and glucose were measured in serum. Threeweeks of energy restriction resulted in a reduction in body weight and white adiposetissue size in all anatomical locations, without changes in liver and gastrocnemiousmuscle weights. Epididymal adipocyte size was reduced, but total adipocyte numberremained unchanged. Serum cholesterol, triacylglycerols and glucose were significantlyreduced. No differences were observed between the restricted groups (controland CLA supplemented). In conclusion, under our experimental conditions, theaddition of trans-10,cis-12 CLA to the diet does not increase the benefits producedby energy restriction (AU)
No disponible
Subject(s)
Animals , Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/metabolism , Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/physiology , Cricetinae/physiology , Diet/classification , Diet/methods , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Analysis of Variance , Body Composition/physiology , Cricetinae/growth & development , Adipose Tissue/physiology , Dietary Fats/therapeutic use , Cholesterol/analysis , Cholesterol/physiology , Adipocytes/physiology , Triglycerides/physiologyABSTRACT
Apelin is a bioactive peptide known as the ligand of the G protein-coupled receptorAPJ. Diverse active apelin peptides exist under the form of 13, 17 or 36 aminoacids, originated from a common 77-amino-acid precursor. Both apelin and APJmRNA are widely expressed in several rodent and human tissues and have functionaleffects in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Apelin has beenshown to be involved in the regulation of cardiovascular functions, fluid homeostasis,vessel formation and cell proliferation. More recently, apelin has been describedas an adipocyte-secreted factor (adipokine), up-regulated in obesity. By acting as circulatinghormone or paracrine factor, adipokines are involved in physiological regulations(fat depot development, energy storage, metabolism or eating behavior) or inthe promotion of obesity-associated disorders (type 2 diabetes and cardiovasculardysfunctions). In this regard, expression of apelin gene in adipose tissue is increasedby insulin and TNFalpha. This review will consider the main roles of apelin in physiopathologywith particular attention on its role in energy balance regulation and inobesity-associated disorders (AU)
No disponible
Subject(s)
Adipocytes/physiology , Obesity/physiopathology , Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology , Insulin/therapeutic use , Homeostasis/physiology , Adipocytes/metabolism , Adipocytes/pathology , Arteriosclerosis/physiopathology , Angiotensins/physiology , GTP-Binding Proteins/physiologyABSTRACT
Apelin is a bioactive peptide known as the ligand of the G protein-coupled receptorAPJ. Diverse active apelin peptides exist under the form of 13, 17 or 36 aminoacids, originated from a common 77-amino-acid precursor. Both apelin and APJmRNA are widely expressed in several rodent and human tissues and have functionaleffects in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Apelin has beenshown to be involved in the regulation of cardiovascular functions, fluid homeostasis,vessel formation and cell proliferation. More recently, apelin has been describedas an adipocyte-secreted factor (adipokine), up-regulated in obesity. By acting as circulatinghormone or paracrine factor, adipokines are involved in physiological regulations(fat depot development, energy storage, metabolism or eating behavior) or inthe promotion of obesity-associated disorders (type 2 diabetes and cardiovasculardysfunctions). In this regard, expression of apelin gene in adipose tissue is increasedby insulin and TNFá. This review will consider the main roles of apelin in physiopathologywith particular attention on its role in energy balance regulation and inobesity-associated disorders (AU)
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology , Obesity/complications , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Ligands , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiologyABSTRACT
Numerous studies have demonstrated that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) modulatesbody composition, reducing body fat accumulation in various mammalianspecies. However, very few studies have been carried out to assess the effect of CLAon previously stored body fat. The aim of the present work was to analyse the effectivenessof trans-10,cis-12 CLA in improving alterations produced by high-fat feedingin body fat and serum parameters when it was included in an energy-restricteddiet. For this purpose male Syrian Golden hamsters were fed on high-fat diet for 7weeks in order to increase their body fat content, and a further 25% energy-restricteddiet supplemented or not with 0.5% trans-10,cis-12 CLA for 3 weeks. Adipose tissues,liver and gastrocnemious muscles were dissected and weighed. Adipocyte diameterand number were assessed in epididymal adipose tissue. Total cholesterol, triacylglycerols,non-esterified fatty acids and glucose were measured in serum. Threeweeks of energy restriction resulted in a reduction in body weight and white adiposetissue size in all anatomical locations, without changes in liver and gastrocnemiousmuscle weights. Epididymal adipocyte size was reduced, but total adipocyte numberremained unchanged. Serum cholesterol, triacylglycerols and glucose were significantlyreduced. No differences were observed between the restricted groups (controland CLA supplemented). In conclusion, under our experimental conditions, theaddition of trans-10,cis-12 CLA to the diet does not increase the benefits producedby energy restriction (AU)
No disponible
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Adiposity , Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/administration & dosage , Energy Intake , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood , Cholesterol/blood , Cricetinae , Body Weight , Adipose TissueABSTRACT
Numerous studies have demonstrated that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) modulates body composition, reducing body fat accumulation in various mammalian species. However, very few studies have been carried out to assess the effect of CLA on previously stored body fat. The aim of the present work was to analyse the effectiveness of trans-10,cis-12 CLA in improving alterations produced by high-fat feeding in body fat and serum parameters when it was included in an energy-restricted diet. For this purpose male Syrian Golden hamsters were fed on high-fat diet for 7 weeks in order to increase their body fat content, and a further 25% energy-restricted diet supplemented or not with 0.5% trans-10,cis-12 CLA for 3 weeks. Adipose tissues, liver and gastrocnemious muscles were dissected and weighed. Adipocyte diameter and number were assessed in epididymal adipose tissue. Total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, non-esterified fatty acids and glucose were measured in serum. Three weeks of energy restriction resulted in a reduction in body weight and white adipose tissue size in all anatomical locations, without changes in liver and gastrocnemious muscle weights. Epididymal adipocyte size was reduced, but total adipocyte number remained unchanged. Serum cholesterol, triacylglycerols and glucose were significantly reduced. No differences were observed between the restricted groups (control and CLA supplemented). In conclusion, under our experimental conditions, the addition of trans-10,cis-12 CLA to the diet does not increase the benefits produced by energy restriction.
Subject(s)
Adiposity/drug effects , Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/administration & dosage , Adipose Tissue/drug effects , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Animals , Body Weight , Cholesterol/blood , Cricetinae , Energy Intake , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood , MaleABSTRACT
Apelin is a bioactive peptide known as the ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Diverse active apelin peptides exist under the form of 13, 17 or 36 amino acids, originated from a common 77-amino-acid precursor. Both apelin and APJ mRNA are widely expressed in several rodent and human tissues and have functional effects in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Apelin has been shown to be involved in the regulation of cardiovascular functions, fluid homeostasis, vessel formation and cell proliferation. More recently, apelin has been described as an adipocyte-secreted factor (adipokine), up-regulated in obesity. By acting as circulating hormone or paracrine factor, adipokines are involved in physiological regulations (fat depot development, energy storage, metabolism or eating behavior) or in the promotion of obesity-associated disorders (type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular dysfunctions). In this regard, expression of apelin gene in adipose tissue is increased by insulin and TNFalpha. This review will consider the main roles of apelin in physiopathology with particular attention on its role in energy balance regulation and in obesity-associated disorders.
Subject(s)
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Animals , Apelin , Apelin Receptors , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology , Humans , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism , Ligands , Obesity/complications , Obesity/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/metabolismABSTRACT
The aim of the present work was to determine whether t-10, c-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) feeding was able to reduce body fat accumulation and improve the serum lipid profile in adult hamsters fed an atherogenic diet, in order to compare these effects with those observed in young growing hamsters. Young and adult hamsters were fed semi-purified atherogenic diets supplemented with 0.5% linoleic acid or 0.5% t-10, c-12 CLA for 6 weeks. Body weight and food intake were measured every two days. Adipose tissue from different anatomical locations, liver and gastrocnemious muscle were dissected and weighed. Cholesterol, triacylglycerols, non-esterified fatty acids and proteins were determined spectrophotometrically and water content by gravimetry. In young hamsters, no significant differences were found in food intake, final body weight and gastrocnemious muscle weight. White adipose tissue weights were reduced, liver weight was increased and cholesterol and triacylglycerols in both serum and liver were reduced. In adult hamsters, CLA feeding decreased food intake and adipose tissue weights. No changes were observed in other parameters. The present study demonstrates that age has an influence in hamster responsiveness to t-10, c-12 CLA because, although when this isomer is added to an atherogenic diet it reduces body fat accumulation in both young and adults hamsters, the lessening of the effects on serum lipids brought about by atherogenic feeding is only observed in young animals. Moreover, it is clear that liver is a target for CLA in young but not in adult hamsters (AU)
El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar si el isómero t-10, c-12 del ácido linoleico conjugado (ALC) era capaz de reducir la acumulación de grasa corporal y de mejorar el perfil lipídico en hámsteres adultos alimentados con una dieta aterogénica, con el fin de compararlos con los observados en hámsteres jóvenes en crecimiento. Los animales se alimentaron con dietas aterogénicas suplementadas con 0,5% de ácido linoleico ó 0,5% de ALC t-10, c-12 durante 6 semanas. Se midió cada dos días la ingesta de alimento y el peso corporal. Se diseccionaron y pesaron tejidos adiposos de diferentes localizaciones anatómicas, el hígado y los dos músculos gastrocnemios. El colesterol, los triglicéridos, los ácidos grasos libres y las proteínas se valoraron espectrofotométricamente ricamente y el agua por gravimetría. En los animales jóvenes no se observaron diferencias significativas en la ingesta, el peso corporal final y el peso de los músculos gastrocnemios. Los pesos de los tejidos adiposos blancos se redujeron, el peso de hígado aumentó y el colesterol y los triglicéridos disminuyeron, tanto en suero como en higado. En hámsteres adultos, el ALC disminuyó la ingesta y los pesos de los tejidos adiposos, pero no se observaron cambios en los demás parámetros. El presente estudio demuestra que la edad influye en la respuesta del hámster al ALC t-10, c-12 porque, aunque al ser anadido a una dieta aterogénica reduce la grasa corporal tanto en animales jóvenes como adultos, la atenuación de los efectos de esta dieta sobre los lípidos séricos sólo se pone de manifiesto en los jóvenes. Además, sólo en estos últimos, el hígado es claramente una diana para el ALC (AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Subcutaneous Fat , Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/pharmacokinetics , Diet, Atherogenic , Cricetinae , Protective Agents/pharmacokinetics , Disease Models, Animal , Age FactorsABSTRACT
Different reasons which justify differences between rodents and humans in body fat reduction produced by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) could be proposed. The doses used in humans are lower then those used in rodents. Human experiments have been performed with CLA isomer mixtures instead of isolated isomers. The variable dilution of t-10, c-12, the active isomer, among different preparations might explain the reduced responsiveness in humans. Diet composition may modulate CLA effects on body fat accumulation. As far as human studies are concerned, a specific dietary pattern has not been established. As a result differences among studies and also among subjects in the same study are likely. In rodents, the effects of CLA vary with genotype, suggesting that genetic predisposition to fat accumulation can play an important role in the effectiveness of CLA. Human volunteers with different body mass index have participated in the published studies and even in the same experiment. So, differences in lipid metabolism among subjects could help to explain the discrepancies observed in the literature. Age and maturity may also be crucial. Experiments using rodents have been conducted with growing animals and there is little evidence of CLA effectiveness in adult animals. By contrast, human studies have been performed with adults. Inhibition of lipogenesis in white adipose tissue is one of the mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the body-fat lowering effect of CLA, but lipogenesis in this tissue is very low in humans. Another mechanism suggested is increased fatty acid oxidation in the liver associated with peroxisome proliferation, but humans are relatively insensitive to this effect (AU)
Se pueden proponer diferentes razones para justificar las diferencias en el efecto reductor de la grasa corporal inducido por ácido linoleico conjugado (ALC) entre roedores y humanos. Las dosis utilizadas en humanos son menores que las empleadas en roedores. Además, en humanos se suelen utilizar mezclas de isómeros de ALC en lugar de isómeros aislados. La dilución variable del isómero activo, t-10, c-12, en las distintas mezclas podría explicar la baja respuesta observada en los humanos. La composición de la dieta puede modular los efectos del ALC. En los estudios con humanos no se establece un patrón de alimentación concreto y específico, lo que hace probables las diferencias entre estudios, e incluso entre los individuos de un mismo estudio. Los estudios en roedores han puesto de manifiesto que los efectos del ALC varían con el genotipo del animal, lo que sugiere que la eficacia del ALC puede depender de la predisposición del individuo a la acumulación de grasa corporal. En los estudios con humanos han participado individuos con distintos valores de índice de masa corporal, incluso en un mismo estudio. Por tanto, las diferencias en el metabolismo lipídico entre los distintos individuos pueden ayudar a explicar las discrepancias encontradas en la bibliografía. La edad y el estado de maduración pueden (..) (AU)
