Detection of thermotolerant coliforms and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage and recreational waters in the Ecuadorian coast: A call for improving water quality regulation.

Wastewater surveillance represents an alternative approach to regulating contamination and the early detection of infectious agents and outbreaks of diseases of public health importance. This study evaluated domestic wastewater effects on recreational waters in estuarine and seawater bodies in Guayas and Santa Elena provinces in Ecuador, South America. Fecal indicator bacteria (thermotolerant coliforms) served as key indicators for evaluation. Physical, chemical, and microbiological quality markers following the Ecuadorian environmental quality standard and the discharge of effluents to the water resource were analyzed. Samples were collected from 44 coastal sites and 2 oxidation lagoons during the dry and rainy seasons of 2020 and 2021, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in samples with higher E. coli concentrations using reverse transcription quantitative PCR to detect the genes N and ORF1ab. All samples analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 showed Ct ˂ 40 for at least one gene. Four samples showed at least 20 genome copies of gene N per reaction. These were at an artisanal fishing port, an estuarine area (Palmar), a recreational bay, and an oxidation lagoon. A moderate correlation was found between SARS-CoV-2 RNA, thermotolerant coliform and E. coli (p-value ≤ 0.0037), and a strong and positive correlation between thermotolerant coliform and E. coli. (p-value ≤ 0.00001), highlighting the utility of these established parameters as a proxy of the virus. Significant differences were found in the concentrations of thermotolerant coliforms between seasons (p-value = 0.016) and sites (p-value = 0.005). The highest levels of coliforms were found in the dry season (63000 MPN/100 mL) in Anconcito and during the rainy season (14000 MPN/100 mL) at Esterillo in Playas County. It is recommended that the decentralized autonomous governments of the surveyed provinces in Ecuador implement urgent corrective actions and establish medium-term mechanisms to minimize a potential contamination route. Additional parameters must be included in the monitoring, such as Enterococcus and intestinal parasites, due to their public health implications. In the oxidation lagoons, maintenance actions must be carried out, including the dissolution of sediments, an increase in water retention times, and in situ treatment of the sludge, to improve the system's performance.

A pilot feasibility study of Conexiones, a telephone-delivered cancer parenting education program for Hispanic mothers.

OBJECTIVE: To test the short-term impact of Conexiones, a culturally adapted cancer parenting education program for diagnosed child-rearing Hispanic mothers. DESIGN: Single group, pre-post-test design. SAMPLE: 18 U.S. Hispanic mothers diagnosed within 2 years with early-stage cancer (0-III) raising a child (5-17 years). METHODS: Participants completed consent, baseline measures, and five telephone-delivered Conexiones sessions at 2-week intervals from trained patient educators in English or Spanish. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and at 3 months. RESULTS: Maternal depressed mood, parenting self-efficacy, and parenting quality significantly improved. Children's anxious/depressed mood tended to significantly improve. Outcomes did not co-vary with mothers' level of acculturation. CONCLUSIONS: Conexiones appears to positively improve Hispanic mothers' distress and parenting competencies; efficacy testing is warranted within a larger randomized control trial. IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOSOCIAL PROVIDERS: A brief, culturally adapted cancer parenting education program has potential to enhance Hispanic mothers' and children's behavioral-emotional adjustment to a mother's cancer.

A new immunochemotherapy schedule for visceral leishmaniasis in a hamster model.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment with a recombinant cysteine proteinase from Leishmania, rldccys1, associated with allopurinol or miltefosine on Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi-infected hamsters. Golden Syrian hamsters infected with L. (L.) infantum chagasi were treated with either miltefosine (46 mg/kg) or allopurinol (460 mg/kg) alone by oral route or associated with rldccys1 (150 µg/hamster) by subcutaneous route for 30 days. Infected hamsters were also treated with miltefosine (46 mg/kg) plus rldccys1 (150 µg/hamster) for 30 days (phase 1) followed by two additional doses of rldccys1 (250 µg/hamster) (phase 2). After the end of treatment, the animals were analyzed for parasite load, body weight, serum levels of immunoglobulins, cytokine expression, and drug toxicity. The data showed a significant decrease of parasite load in infected hamsters treated with allopurinol or miltefosine alone or associated with rldccys1, as well as in those treated with rldccys1 alone. Significantly lower levels of serum IgG were detected in hamsters treated with allopurinol plus rldccys1. The treatment with miltefosine associated with rldccys1 prevented relapse observed in animals treated with miltefosine alone. A significant loss of body weight was detected only in some hamsters treated with miltefosine for 1 month and deprived of this treatment for 15 days. There were no significant differences in transcript expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in any of treated groups. Neither hepatotoxicity nor nephrotoxicity was observed among controls and treated groups. These findings open perspectives to further explore this immunochemotherapeutic schedule as an alternative for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.

Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Lactose Differentially Affect Infant Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier In Vitro.

BACKGROUND: The infant gut microbiota establishes during a critical window of opportunity when metabolic and immune functions are highly susceptible to environmental changes, such as diet. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) for instance are suggested to be beneficial for infant health and gut microbiota. Infant formulas supplemented with the HMOs 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) reduce infant morbidity and medication use and promote beneficial bacteria in the infant gut ecosystem. To further improve infant formula and achieve closer proximity to human milk composition, more complex HMO mixtures could be added. However, we currently lack knowledge about their effects on infants' gut ecosystems. METHOD: We assessed the effect of lactose, 2'-FL, 2'-FL + LNnT, and a mixture of six HMOs (HMO6: consisting of 2'-FL, LNnT, difucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, 3'- and 6'-sialyllactose) on infant gut microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity using a combination of in vitro models to mimic the microbial ecosystem (baby M-SHIME®) and the intestinal epithelium (Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture). RESULTS: All the tested products had bifidogenic potential and increased SCFA levels; however, only the HMOs' fermented media protected against inflammatory intestinal barrier disruption. 2'-FL/LNnT and HMO6 promoted the highest diversification of OTUs within the Bifidobactericeae family, whereas beneficial butyrate-producers were specifically enriched by HMO6. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that increased complexity in HMO mixture composition may benefit the infant gut ecosystem, promoting different bifidobacterial communities and protecting the gut barrier against pro-inflammatory imbalances.

Innovation and immunization program management: traceability and quality in Latin America and the Caribbean, laying the groundwork for a regional action plan.

INTRODUCTION: The Latin American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE by its Spanish acronyms) is working to understand the current situation, gaps, and opportunities for traceability of the quality vaccination process in Latin America and the Caribbean. AREAS COVERED: On September 24th and 25th, a Latin American forum of experts in immunization programs was held through the Zoom platform; the topics discussed included: computerized systems for recording immunizations, vaccination programs traceability, challenges, and information systems for the integrated management of vaccination. EXPERT OPINION: Latin American countries have transitioned from having a nominal registration system to a nominal tracking system, with many of them not migrating their platforms to new technologies; therefore, the low-quality data, fragmented databases, and slow information traffic present a challenge that must be taken on.

Detection of fecal coliforms and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage and recreational waters in the Ecuadorian Coast: a call for improving water quality regulation

Wastewater surveillance represents an alternative approach for the diagnosis and early detection of infectious agents of public health importance. This study aimed to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 and other quality markers in oxidation lagoons, estuarine areas and seawater at Guayas and Santa Elena in Ecuador. Sample collections were conducted twice at 42 coastal sites and 2 oxidation lagoons during dry and rainy seasons (2020-2021). Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were evaluated to determine organic pollution. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was conducted to detect SARS-CoV-2. Results showed high levels of Escherichia coli and low dissolved oxygen concentrations. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in sea-waters and estuaries with salinity levels between 34.2-36.4 PSU and 28.8 {degrees}C-31.3 {degrees}C. High amounts of fecal coliforms were detected and correlated with the SARS-CoV-2 shedding. We recommend to decentralized autonomous governments in developing countries such as Ecuador to implement corrective actions and establish medium-term mechanisms to minimize a potential contamination route. HIGHLIGHTSO_LISARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in estuaries, bays and the wastewater treatment systems in Playas and Santa Elena. C_LIO_LIHigh levels of fecal coliforms were detected along shorelines. C_LIO_LIWater quality parameters revealed a negative impact on the beaches studied associated with human activities. C_LI

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood immunisation in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood vaccination coverage in Colombia by age group, rural/urban residence, state and vaccine type. DESIGN: Ecological study of official monthly vaccination records. SETTING: Vaccination records from the Colombian Ministry of Health (March-October 2019 and 2020). PARTICIPANTS: Aggregated data for Colombian children (<12 months, n=676 153; 12-23 months, n=700 319; and 5 years, n=734 295) participating in the Expanded Program on Immunization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of eligible population receiving vaccination. RESULTS: Vaccination coverage showed an overall decline of approximately 14.4% from 2019 to 2020 (2019 coverage=76.0, 2020 coverage=61.6%). The greatest reduction in proportion vaccinated was observed in children <12 months of age for pneumococcal vaccine (second dose) (2019 coverage=81.4%; 2020 coverage=62.2%; 2019-2020 absolute difference, 19.2%; 95% CI 14.8% to 23.7%). For children aged 12-23 months, the proportion vaccinated for yellow fever declined by 16.4% (12.4% to 20.9%) from 78.3% in 2019 to 61.8% in 2020. Among children 5 years of age, the biggest decrease occurred for the oral polio vaccine (second dose), with a difference of 11.4% (7.1% to 15.7%) between 2019 and 2020 (73.1% and 61.7% for 2019 and 2020). We observed a statistically significant effect on vaccine coverage in rural versus urban areas for children <12 months and 5 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced uptake of immunisations during the COVID-19 pandemic poses a serious risk of vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks. Colombia and other middle-income countries need to continue to monitor immunisation programme coverage and disease outbreaks at the national and subnational levels and undertake catch-up vaccination activities.

Efeito do treinamento combinado sobre a pressão arterial de idosos hipertensos: uma revisão sistemática / Effect of combined training on hypertensive blood pressure of hypertensive elderly: a systematic review

O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi analisar o efeito do treinamento combinado na pressão arterial de idosos hipertensos. As buscas foram realizadas em novembro de 2021 nas bases de dados: National library of medicine, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde e Scopus. Os critérios de inclusão foram: ensaios clínicos randomizados; população com idade ≥60 anos e com diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial; exercício combinado como intervenção; pressão arterial como um dos desfechos; publicados no idioma inglês e/ou português entre 2007 e 2021 e disponíveis em texto completo. Após as buscas, foram identificados 991 artigos científicos. Destes, 9 estudos foram selecionados por atenderam ao objetivo e aos critérios propostos. O tamanho das amostras variou de 20-115 participantes, com média de 48,7 ± 29,8. Todos os estudos foram conduzidos com idosos; 44,4% foram realizados com população somente do sexo feminino e 22,2% dos estudos com população do sexo masculino. No que se refere ao período de realização da intervenção, observou-se que o treinamento combinado foi executado desde uma única sessão até 16 semanas, numa frequência de três vezes por semana. Os estudos apontaram que após a realização do treinamento combinado, ocorreram reduções significativas nos valores de pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica. Apesar do treinamento combinado ter contribuído significativamente para reduzir os valores de pressão arterial, os resultados desta revisão sistemática devem ser interpretados com cautela, devido ao pequeno número de artigos inclusos e de suas respectivas limitações metodológicas. (AU)

The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the effect of combined training on blood pressure in hypertensive older adults. Searches were conducted in November 2021 in the databases: National library of medicine, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were: randomized clinical trials; population aged ≥60 years and diagnosed with hypertension; combined exercise as intervention; blood pressure as one of the endpoints; published in English and/or Portuguese between 2007 and 2021 and available in full text. After the searches, 991 scientific articles were identified. From those, 9 studies were selected as they met the objective and the research criteria. Sample sizes ranged from 20-115 participants, with a mean of 48.7 ± 29.8. All studies were performed with seniors; 44.4% were conducted with a femaleonly population and 22.2% of the studies with a male-only population. Regarding the period of the intervention, it was observed that the combined training was executed from a single session up to 16 weeks, three times a week. The studies indicated that after the combined training, there were significant reductions in the values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Although combined training contributed significantly to reduce blood pressure values, the results of this systematic review should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of articles included and their respective methodological limitations. (AU)

Neumotórax espontáneo secundario a embolias sépticas pulmonares por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina / Spontaneous Pneumothorax Due to Septic Pulmonary Embolism Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

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Effect of Isolated Proteins from Crotalus Durissus Terrificus Venom on Leishmania (Leishmania) Amazonensis-Infected Macrophages.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are parasitic diseases characterized by skin manifestations. In Brazil, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis is one of the etiological agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The therapeutic arsenal routinely employed to treat infected patients is unsatisfactory, especially for pentavalent antimonials, as they are often highly toxic, poorly tolerated and of variable effectiveness. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the leishmanicidal activity of toxins isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom as a new approach for the treatment of leishmaniasis. METHODS: The comparative effects of crotamine, crotoxin, gyrotoxin, convulxin and PLA2 on bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with L. (L.) amazonensis as well as the release of TGF-ß from the treated macrophages were studied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Crotamine had the strongest inhibitory effect on parasite growth rate (IC50: 25.65±0.52 µg/mL), while convulxin showed the weakest inhibitory effect (IC50: 52.7±2.21 µg/mL). In addition, TGF-ß was significantly reduced after the treatment with all toxins evaluated. CONCLUSION: The Crotalus durissus terrificus toxins used in this study displayed significant activity against L. (L.) amazonensis, indicating that all of them could be a potential alternative for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

The application of transmission reference ionization chamber in the relative dosimetry of stereotatic radiotherapy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the application value of a transmission reference stealth ionization chamber in the relative dosimetry of stereotactic radiotherapy.Methods The relative dosage of Varian (R) Novalis 6 MV photon rays equipped with Brainlab (R) conical applicators was determined by two different approaches in the IBA (R) Blue Phantom.One approach was designed to utilize IBA (R) SFD3G semiconductor ionization chamber alone in the "step by step" measurement mode,whereas the other method was to utilize IBA (R) SFD as the field detector combined with stealth ionization chamber as the reference detector in the "continuous" measurement mode.The central axial percentage depth dose (PDD) and off axis ratio (OAR) in a diameter of 4 and 15 mm were measured and the time spent on each measurement was recorded.Results The PDDs at the central axis and OARs at a depth of 10 cm for both conical applicators were in good agreement between the two measurement approaches with a dose difference of＜ 1％.The time spent on PDDs and OARs measurement with stealth ionization chamber was shortened by 13.1％ and 20.7％ compared with those without Stealth ionization chamber.Conclusion Stealth ionization chamber can be applied in the retative dosimetry of stereotactic radiotherapy with high dose accuracy and high efficiency.

Vitamin D and risk of preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Human vitamin D levels have been increasingly related to a wide range of clinical outcomes. There is a large amount of reports on its associations, especially with obstetric complications, including preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. These results are scarcely consistent and there is still a lack of quality intervention studies to confirm the role of vitamin D in those outcomes. Objective: To review the available scientific evidence on the role of maternal vitamin D in the development of preeclampsia. Materials and methods: The methodology used followed the recommendations of the Cochrane guide for the preparation of systematic reviews, and for metaanalysis, the Guide of the Metaanalysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology group (MOOSE). The search included both observational studies and controlled clinical trials. Results: Low vitamin D levels, measured by the 25-hydroxyvitamin D test, are common in pregnancy. The results of this systematic review and metaanalysis suggest an inverse ratio between vitamin D levels and the development of preeclampsia. There was heterogeneity among the studies with regard to the design, population, geographic location, definitions of exposure, and the outcome. We excluded randomized controlled trials from this meta-analysis. Conclusion: The inverse association we found suggests that the higher the levels of vitamin D the lesser the probability of developing preeclampsia, in spite of the heterogeneity of the global measurement in this type of analysis.

Introducción: Cada vez son más los hallazgos sobre la relación entre las concentraciones de vitamina D en el ser humano y diversas condiciones clínicas. Hay una gran cantidad de estudios que informan sobre dicha asociación, especialmente con complicaciones obstétricas, incluidas la preeclampsia y la diabetes mellitus de la gestación, entre otras, pero sus resultados todavía no son definitivos, por lo que se requieren estudios de intervención de calidad que confirmen la relación de la vitamina D con dichos resultados. Objetivo: Revisar la información plasmada en estudios en torno al papel de la vitamina D materna y el desarrollo de la preeclampsia. Materiales y métodos: La metodología usada siguió las recomendaciones de la guía Cochrane para la elaboración de revisiones sistemáticas y de la guía del grupo Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) para los metaanálisis. La búsqueda incluyó estudios observacionales y ensayos clínicos controlados. Resultados: Los niveles bajos de vitamina D, medida con el examen de 25-hidroxivitamina D, son comunes en el embarazo. Los resultados de esta revisión sistemática y del metaanálisis sugieren una asociación inversa entre los niveles de vitamina D y el desarrollo de preeclampsia. Hubo heterogeneidad en los estudios en cuanto a su diseño, población y ubicación geográfica, así como a las definiciones de exposición y resultado. Los ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados se excluyeron del metaanálisis. Conclusión: Se encontró una asociación inversa que sugiere que, a mayores concentraciones de vitamina D, menor es la probabilidad de desarrollar preclampsia, a pesar de la heterogeneidad de la medida global en este tipo de análisis.

Vitamina D y riesgo de preeclampsia: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Vitamin D and risk of preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumen Introducción. Cada vez son más los hallazgos sobre la relación entre las concentraciones de vitamina D en el ser humano y diversas condiciones clínicas. Hay una gran cantidad de estudios que informan sobre dicha asociación, especialmente con complicaciones obstétricas, incluidas la preeclampsia y la diabetes mellitus de la gestación, entre otras, pero sus resultados todavía no son definitivos, por lo que se requieren estudios de intervención de calidad que confirmen la relación de la vitamina D con dichos resultados. Objetivo. Revisar la información plasmada en estudios en torno al papel de la vitamina D materna y el desarrollo de la preeclampsia. Materiales y métodos. La metodología usada siguió las recomendaciones de la guía Cochrane para la elaboración de revisiones sistemáticas y de la guía del grupo Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) para los metaanálisis. La búsqueda incluyó estudios observacionales y ensayos clínicos controlados. Resultados. Los niveles bajos de vitamina D, medida con el examen de 25-hidroxivitamina D, son comunes en el embarazo. Los resultados de esta revisión sistemática y del metaanálisis sugieren una asociación inversa entre los niveles de vitamina D y el desarrollo de preeclampsia. Hubo heterogeneidad en los estudios en cuanto a su diseño, población y ubicación geográfica, así como a las definiciones de exposición y resultado. Los ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados se excluyeron del metaanálisis. Conclusión. Se encontró una asociación inversa que sugiere que, a mayores concentraciones de vitamina D, menor es la probabilidad de desarrollar preclampsia, a pesar de la heterogeneidad de la medida global en este tipo de análisis.

Abstract Introduction: Human vitamin D levels have been increasingly related to a wide range of clinical outcomes. There is a large amount of reports on its associations, especially with obstetric complications, including preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. These results are scarcely consistent and there is still a lack of quality intervention studies to confirm the role of vitamin D in those outcomes. Objective: To review the available scientific evidence on the role of maternal vitamin D in the development of preeclampsia. Materials and methods: The methodology used followed the recommendations of the Cochrane guide for the preparation of systematic reviews, and for metaanalysis, the Guide of the Metaanalysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology group (MOOSE). The search included both observational studies and controlled clinical trials. Results: Low vitamin D levels, measured by the 25-hydroxyvitamin D test, are common in pregnancy. The results of this systematic review and metaanalysis suggest an inverse ratio between vitamin D levels and the development of preeclampsia. There was heterogeneity among the studies with regard to the design, population, geographic location, definitions of exposure, and the outcome. We excluded randomized controlled trials from this meta-analysis. Conclusion: The inverse association we found suggests that the higher the levels of vitamin D the lesser the probability of developing preeclampsia, in spite of the heterogeneity of the global measurement in this type of analysis.

The German version of the Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR).

The Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR) is a new parent/patient reported outcome measure that enables a thorough assessment of the disease status in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). We report the results of the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the parent and patient versions of the JAMAR in the German language. The reading comprehension of the questionnaire was tested in 10 JIA parents and patients. The participating centres were asked to collect demographic and clinical data along the JAMAR questionnaire in 100 consecutive JIA patients or all consecutive patients seen in a 6-month period and to administer the JAMAR to 100 healthy children and their parents. The statistical validation phase explored descriptive statistics and the psychometric issues of the JAMAR: the three Likert assumptions, floor/ceiling effects, internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha, interscale correlations, test-retest reliability, and construct validity (convergent and discriminant validity). A total of 319 JIA patients (2.8% systemic, 36.7% oligoarticular, 23.5% RF negative polyarthritis, and 37% other categories) and 100 healthy children were enrolled in eight centres. The JAMAR components discriminated well healthy subjects from JIA patients. All JAMAR components revealed good psychometric performances. In conclusion, the German version of the JAMAR is a valid tool for the assessment of children with JIA and is suitable for use both in routine clinical practice and in clinical research.

Fisiopatologia do dano cerebral e traumatismo encéfalo craniano / Fisiopatologia del daño cerebral en el trauma encéfalo-craneano

Resumo O trauma craniocerebral é considerado a causa mais comum de dano cerebral adquirido. É um problema de saúde pública devido à sua grande incidência em todo o mundo, sua alta mortalidade e as sequelas que causa nas funções motoras, endócrinas, cognitivas, ou sensoriais que aparecem imediatamente ou após o dano cerebral causado. Métodos: foram analisados alguns bancos de dados, foram encontrados 33 artigos de revisão sobre a fisiopatologia, chave para definir os dois mecanismos: lesões primárias e secundárias. Estes últimos estão associados ao aparecimento de necrose e apoptose no tecido comprometido e geralmente são induzidos após alterações na homeostase do cálcio, excitotoxi-cidade e neuroinflamação. Posteriormente, a neurodegeneração ocorre, associada a alterações difusas devido a alterações na fisiopatologia. O conhecimento básico dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos que medeiam danos cerebrais no trauma cerebral-cérebro nos permite compreender as diferentes intervenções que são realizadas e melhorar o prognóstico neurológico do paciente.

Resumen El trauma encéfalo-craneano se considera como la causa más común de daño cerebral adquirido. Es un problema de salud pública por su alta incidencia a nivel mundial, su alta mortalidad y las secuelas que ocasiona en las funciones motoras, endocrinas, cognitivas, sensitivas o sensoriales que aparecen inmediatamente o después del daño cerebral ocasionado. Métodos: se revisaron algunas bases de datos encontrándose 33 artículos de revisión sobre la fisiopatología, clave para la definir los dos mecanismos: lesiones primarias y lesiones secundarias. Estas últimas están vinculadas con la aparición de necrosis y apoptosis en el tejido comprometido y generalmente se inducen luego de alteraciones en la homeostasis del calcio, excitotoxicidad y neuroinflamación. Posteriormente, se presenta neurodegeneración, asociada a los cambios difusos por las alteraciones en la fisiopatología. El conocimiento básico de los mecanismos fisiopatoló-gicos que median el daño cerebral en el trauma encéfalo-craneano permite comprender las diferentes intervenciones que se realizan y mejorar el pronóstico neurológico del paciente.

Calidad de vida en adultos mayores con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Quality of life in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / Qualidade de vida em idosos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica

Introducción: Laenfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es una importante causa de mortalidad y morbilidad a nivel mundial y tiene efectos psicosociales y fisiopatológicos que repercuten de manera significativa en la calidad de vida de quienes la padecen. Objetivo:Evaluar la calidad de vida de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica a través del instrumento SF-36, versión en español para Colombia (SF-36 v2), en un servicio de consulta externa de Floridablanca, Colombia, durante el año 2015. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal descriptivo realizado en 40 pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica que asistieron al servicio de consulta externa por Neumología entre los meses de febrero y noviembre de 2015. El cuestionario SF-36 v2 fue diligenciado por todos los participantes; previamente, se firmó el consentimiento informado. La base de datos fue digitada, bajo licencia, en QualityMetric Health Outcomes™ Scoring Software 4.0. Resultados: Participaron 40 pacientes, con una edad media de 73 (DE ± 8.4) años. En las dimensiones de funcionamiento físico se encontraron valores inferiores a 50; por otra parte, las dimensiones Funcionamiento Social y Rol Emocional presentaron valores superiores y cercanos a los reportados por población sana. Conclusiones:Los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica mostraron una disminución en la calidad de vida comparado con los valores de referencia en población en general en sus dos componentes: físico y mental. Se ratifica el impacto que tiene esta enfermedad en todas las subescalas que componen este constructo, especialmente en el componente físico

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one the most significant causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. It has psychosocial and pathophysiological effects that impact in a significant way to those who suffer from it. Objective: To evaluate quality of life from patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through the SF-36 survey (Spanish version for Colombia (SF-36 v2)) made during an external medical appointment made in Floridablanca, Colombia in 2015. Methodology:Descriptive cross sectional study performed to 40 patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These patients attended to external pulmonology medical appointments between February and November of 2015 and filled out the short form SF-36 v2 after signing informed consent. The database was created under license using QualityMetric Health Outcomes™ Scoring Software 4.0. Results: 40 patients, with an average age of 73 years (DE ± 8.4), participated in this study. When analyzing data, it was found that the physical functioning dimensions were values lower than 50. On the other hand, it was found that dimensions related to social functioning and emotional role had higher values and close to the ones reported by healthy population. Conclusions: Patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease showed a decrease in quality of life, in both of its dimensions: physical and mental, compared to healthy population's reference values. It is ratified that this disease impacts all sub-scales of this construct, specially the ones related to the physical component

Introdução: Adoença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica é uma importante causa de mortalidade e morbidade em todo o mundo e tem efeitos psicossociais e fisiopatológicos que têm um impacto significativo na qualidade de vida daqueles que sofrem com ela. Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica através do instrumento SF-36, versão em espanhol para a Colômbia (SF-36 v2), em um serviço ambulatorial de Floridablanca, Colômbia, durante 2015. Metodologia:Estudo descritivo de corte transversal feito em 40 pacientes com diagnóstico de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica que compareceram ao ambulatório de Pneumologia entre os meses de fevereiro e novembro de 2015. O questionário SF-36 v2 foi preenchido por todos os participantes; anteriormente, o consentimento informado foi assinado. O banco de dados foi digitado, sob licença, em Quality Metric Health Outcomes™ Scoring Software 4.0. Resultados:Participaram 40 pacientes, com média de idade de 73 (DE ± 8.4) anos. Nas dimensões do funcionamento físico, valores menores que 50 foram encontrados; por outro lado, as dimensões do Funcionamento Social e do Papel Emocional apresentaram valores superiores e próximos aos relatados pela população saudável. Conclusões: Os pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica apresentaram diminuição da qualidade de vida em relação aos valores de referência na população geral em seus dois componentes: físico e mental. O impacto desta doença em todas as subescalas que compõem este construto, especialmente no componente físico, é confirmado

Caquetá: De territorio de guerra a territorio de paz / Caquetá: From a territory of war to a peace territory / Caquetá: Território de guerra ao território de paz

El devenir histórico del Caquetá ha estado determinado por tres tipos básicos de poblamiento: ocupación indígena; proceso de colonización agraria, que inició con la reforma agraria (1936) de López Pumarejo, dinamizada desde 1950; y el proceso de urbanización de las últimas décadas, especialmente del piedemonte amazónico. En estas etapas de poblamiento espacial se han vinculado diversas manifestaciones violentas por el control territorial, debido a su ubicación geográfica nacional e internacional, favorable a intereses geopolíticos, económicos y espaciales para las Fuerzas Armadas estatales y los grupos armados insurgentes (FARC, M-19), por sus condiciones topográficas. Igualmente, como territorio de ocupación para la producción coquera. Colonización, narcotráfico y guerrilla son factores de su identidad política y económica, con diversas vicisitudes en el desarrollo histórico de apropiación y control de libertades de la población caqueteña, por las acciones beligerantes del Estado en sus políticas diversas de colonización, conflicto armado, narcotráfico, deterioro ambiental y la explotación minera a expensas de las políticas económicas del gobierno de turno. Por su ubicación geográfica en la Amazonia, Caquetá es un territorio propicio y estratégico para lograr un territorio de paz.

The historical path of Caquetá has been determined by three basic types of settlement: the indigenous occupa-tion, the process of agrarian colonization initiated with the agrarian reform of López Pumarejo (1936), boost-ed since 1950; and the urbanization process of the last decades, especially of the Amazon piedmont. Diverse manifestations of violence over territorial control have arisen in Caquetá due to its national and international geographical location, which is favorable to geopolitical economic and spatial interests of the State Armed Forces and the armed insurgent groups (FARC, M-19); its topographic conditions and for being an occupation territory of coca production. Colonization, drug trafficking and guerrilla groups are part of Caquetá ́s political and economic identity, with various vicissitudes in he historical development of appropriation and control of liberties of people from Caquetá, by the belligerent actions of the State in its diverse colonization policies, armed conflict, drug trafficking, environmental damage, and mining, at the expense of the government's economic policies. Due to its geographical location in Amazonia, Caquetá is propitious and strategic to become a territory of peace.

O desenvolvimento histórico de Caquetá foi determinado por três tipos básicos de assentamento: ocupação indígena; Processo de colonização agrária iniciado com a reforma agrária (1936) de López Pumarejo, energi-zado desde 1950; E processo de urbanização das últimas décadas, especialmente do Piemonte da Amazônia. Nessas etapas do estabelecimento espacial, várias manifestações violentas têm sido associadas ao controle territorial, devido à sua localização geográfica, econômica e espacial geopolítica, nacional e internacional para as Forças Armadas do Estado e os grupos armados insurgentes (FARC, M-19). Condições topográficas; Além disso, como território de ocupação para produção de coque. A colonização, o tráfico de drogas e os grupos de guerrilha são fatores de identidade política e econômica, com várias vicissitudes no desenvolvimento histórico de apropriação e controle das liberdades da população caqueteña, pelas ações beligerantes do Estado em suas diversas políticas de colonização, conflito armado, tráfico de drogas, A deterioração ambiental, a mineração em detrimento das políticas econômicas do governo. Devido à sua localização geográfica na Amazônia, Caquetá é um território propício e estratégico para alca-nçar um território de paz.

Waist-to-height ratio and its relation with cardiometabolic risk factors in children from Bucaramanga, Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Currently, the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) has emerged as a practical and useful indicator for identifying cardiometabolic risk in child and adolescent population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the WHtR and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) in a cohort of children in Bucaramanga, Colombia. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study. Child population between 6-10 years old from Bucaramanga (n = 1,282). Dependent variables: hypertension, pre-hypertension, overweight/obesity, impaired glucose, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Main independent variable: waist-toheight ratio. The association between dependent and independent variables was evaluated using binomial regression models. RESULTS: 9.77% of the children presented a WHtR of risk (95% CI: 8.19% to 11.52%). After adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status and physical activity, the WHtR of risk was significantly associated with lower HDL levels and higher levels of triglycerides, insulin resistance, hypertension and pre-hypertension (PR = 2.46 95% CI :1.70 to 3.55, p = 0.000, PR = 2.24 95% CI: 1.50 to 3.35, p = 0.000, PR = 9.39 95% CI: 5.40 to 16.30, p = 0.000, PR = 8.03 95% CI: 2.01 to 32.07, p = 0.003 y PR = 2.67 95% CI: 1.60 to 4.47, p = 0.000, respectively). CONCLUSION: Children with WHtR of risk were more likely to develop high levels of blood pressure and triglycerides, insulin resistance and lower levels of HDL.