Motivation, Discipline, and Academic Performance in Physical Education: A Holistic Approach From Achievement Goal and Self-Determination Theories.

The analysis of disciplined behaviors and academic performance in a school context has become one of the main concerns within the educational community. Physical Education is highlighted as a key subject to analyze students' behavior. Researchers and Physical Education teachers are interested on the motivational processes that predict positive student outcomes in order to support them. Thus, the main purpose was to determine a predictive model of disciplined behaviors and academic performance in Physical Education students. The Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination Theory acted as the theoretical framework. A total of 919 Spanish secondary school students participated in the study. The studied variables were task-oriented motivational climate, basic psychological needs, autonomous motivation, disciplined behavior, and academic performance. Data collection included Spanish validated questionnaires. The Mplus statistical program was used to perform a structural equation model of prediction. It included antecedents (task-oriented climate), motivational processes (basic psychological needs and autonomous motivation), and consequences (disciplined behavior, Physical Education and overall students' performance). The results revealed that positive outcomes (discipline and academic performance in Physical Education) were positively predicted by autonomous motivation; autonomous motivation was positively predicted by basic psychological needs and these, in addition, by the task-oriented climate. The results highlighted the importance of the task-oriented motivational climate and the mediating role of the basic psychological needs and autonomous motivation in order to generate these positive student outcomes in Physical Education. This study could be a useful resource for teachers, since it offers the motivational variables that lead students to achieve disciplined behaviors and academic performance in Physical Education. Intervention programs based on the results of the present study could be applied in Physical Education classes in order to obtain better behavioral as well as cognitive positive student outcomes.

Variables that Predict Serve Efficacy in Elite Men's Volleyball with Different Quality of Opposition Sets.

The objective of this study was to determine the variables that predicted serve efficacy in elite men's volleyball, in sets with different quality of opposition. 3292 serve actions were analysed, of which 2254 were carried out in high quality of opposition sets and 1038 actions were in low quality of opposition sets, corresponding to a total of 24 matches played during the Men's European Volleyball Championships held in 2011. The independent variables considered in this study were the serve zone, serve type, serving player, serve direction, reception zone, receiving player and reception type; the dependent variable was serve efficacy and the situational variable was quality of opposition sets. The variables that acted as predictors in both high and low quality of opposition sets were the serving player, reception zone and reception type. The serve type variable only acted as a predictor in high quality of opposition sets, while the serve zone variable only acted as a predictor in low quality of opposition sets. These results may provide important guidance in men's volleyball training processes.

The effect of small-sided games with different levels of opposition on the tactical behaviour of young footballers with different levels of sport expertise.

To optimize players' tactical abilities, coaches need to design training sessions with representative learning tasks, such as, small-sided games. Moreover, it is necessary to adapt the complexity of the tasks to the skill level of the athletes to maximally improve their perceptual, visual and attentive abilities. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of two teaching programs, each utilizing modified games with varied levels of opposition, on decision-making and action execution in young players with different levels of sports expertise. 19 football players (U12), separated into two ability groups (Average versus Low skill-level), participated in a series of training sessions that were spread over 4 phases: Pre-intervention 1, Intervention 1 (teaching program based on modified games with numerical superiority in attack), Pre-intervention 2 and Intervention 2 (teaching program based on modified games with numerical equality). Each intervention phase lasted 14 sessions. Decision-making and the execution of pass action during league matches over the same period were evaluated using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET). The Average skill-level group showed significant differences after the first intervention in decision-making and execution of the pass action (decision-making, p = .015; execution, p = .031), but not after the second intervention (decision-making, p = 1.000; execution, p = 1.000). For the Low skill-level group, significant differences were only observed in the execution of passing between the first and last phases (p = .014). These findings seem to indicate that for groups with an average level of expertise, training with numerical superiority in attack provides players with more time to make better decisions and to better execute actions. However, for lower-level groups programs may take longer to facilitate improvement. Nevertheless, numerical equality did not result in improvement for either group.

Asociación entre la función en juego, toma de decisiones y rendimiento en voleibol / Association between in-game role of the player, decision-making and performance in volleyball

El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer la asociación entre la función en juego con la toma de decisiones y el rendimiento en las diferentes acciones de juego en voleibol (saque, recepción, ataque, bloqueo y defensa). Se analizaron 3.262 acciones de juego (708 de saque, 625 de recepción, 748 de ataque, 710 de bloqueo y 471 de defensa), correspondientes a los cuatro equipos mejor clasificados en el Campeonato del Mundo Masculino Under-21 de voleibol, celebrado en México en 2015. Las variables del estudio fueron: la función en juego (colocador, opuesto, central, líbero y receptor-atacante), la toma de decisiones y el rendimiento en las acciones de juego (saque, recepción, ataque, bloqueo y defensa). Los resultados mostraron asociación significativa entre: la función en juego y la toma de decisiones en bloqueo, y la función en juego y el rendimiento en saque. Esta información puede ser de utilidad en el proceso de entrenamiento en voleibol, poniendo de manifiesto la conveniencia de tratar de optimizar la toma de decisiones de los jugadores centrales en bloqueo, y su rendimiento en la acción de saque

Thee main aim of the research was to determine the association between the in-gamerole and players' decision-making and performance of game actions in volleyball. A total of 3.262 actions were analyzed (708 serves, 625 receptions, 748 attacks, 710 blocks and 471 defenses), in the FIVB Volleyball Men’s U21 World Championship (Russia, Argentina, China and Brazil) that took place in Mexico in 2015. The variables of the study were: in-game role of the player (setter, opposite, middle attacker, libero, and receiver-attacker), decision-making and performance of the game actions (serve, reception, attack, block and defense). The results showed significant association between: in-game role of the player and decision-making of the block, and the in-game role of the player and performance of the serve action. This information could be useful in the training process in volleyball, showing the convenience of improving the decision making of the middle attacker in blocking, and their performance in the serve action

The Cognitive and Motivation Intervention Program in Youth Female Volleyball Players.

This study, grounded in Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985, 2002) was aimed to determine the influence of a cognitive-motivational intervention program, to improve the basic psychological need satisfaction of autonomy and competence, autonomous motivation, procedural knowledge, perceived performance and sport commitment, in youth volleyball players. Participants included 34 Under-19 female volleyball players. A quasi-experimental design was carried out with an experimental group (n = 16; M = 17.45; SD = .45) and a control group (n = 18; M = 16.64; SD = .70). The experimental group followed a multidimensional intervention program comprised of 24 sessions held over three months (two training sessions per week). It was based on two strategies: giving athletes the possibility of choice in specific training tasks (proposing training situations with several action alternatives) and questioning (cognitively involving players through tactical questions). A repeated-measures MANOVA 2 (group: experimental and control) x 2 (time: pre-test and post-test) was used to analyse the effect of Group x Time interaction. The results of the inter-group analysis showed significant differences in the post-test measurement between the experimental group and the control group (in favour of the experimental group) in the variables: basic psychological need satisfaction of autonomy and competence, autonomous motivation, procedural knowledge, perceived performance and sport commitment. Given the relevance of the cognitive-motivational processes, not only for performance but also for sport commitment, this intervention has important implications for sport coaching.

Analysis of the relationship between the amount of training and cognitive expertise. A study of young volleyball players.

The main goal of this research was to analyze the relationship between the amount of practice accumulated in training and the level of cognitive expertise achieved by volleyball players who are still in training. Another goal was to determine the number of training hours per week needed to improve knowledge significantly. The study's sample was composed of 520 volleyball players between the ages of 12 and 16 years. The independent variable was the amount of training, defined as the number of weekly hours that the volleyball player devoted to training. The dependent variable was cognitive expertise, measured by declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. A univariate analysis of variance was done to examine the relationship between the number of weekly hours and the declarative and procedural knowledge reached by volleyball players in the athletic formation training stages. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. There were significant differences in knowledge according to the number of weekly training hours (p < 0.001). These results confirm that there is a relationship between the quantity of practice and the development of cognitive expertise. It is recommended that young players dedicate at least 4 hours weekly to training to achieve a significant improvement in cognitive expertise.

Elaboración de herramientas cognitivas para la detección, seguimiento y optimización de talentos deportivos en voleibol / Development of cognitive tools for detection, tracking and optimization of sports talents in volleyball

El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer el perfil cognitivo de jugadoras de voleibol expertas, en la acción de saque, con la intención de elaborar a partir del mismo, herramientas cognitivas que orienten la detección, formación y optimización de jóvenes talentos deportivos en voleibol. La muestra de estudio estuvo compuesta por 13 jugadoras de la Selección Nacional Absoluta Femenina de Voleibol. Las variables de estudio fueron: el conocimiento procedimental, la toma de decisiones y el rendimiento, todas ellas evaluadas en la acción de saque. Las técnicas de recogida de datos empleadas fueron la entrevista y la observación sistemática. Los resultados muestran un conocimiento procedimental próximo al perfil experto en la sofisticación conceptual (lo que implica que las jugadoras adaptan y modifican sus interpretaciones a las distintas acciones de juego) pero no en el contenido y estructura conceptual. Consideramos que estos resultados están relacionados con el planteamiento estratégico empleado por el equipo en la acción de saque, caracterizado por el marcaje y decisión de la bloqueadora central del lugar de envío y características del saque que debe ser realizado por la sacadora. De acuerdo con ello, el subconcepto de condición referido fundamentalmente por las jugadoras es marcaje de las bloqueadoras centrales. Existen correlaciones significativas entre toma de decisiones y rendimiento, y entre rendimiento y nivel de calidad 3 en la sofisticación conceptual. De este modo, la verbalización minuciosa de las condiciones que acontecen en las distintas acciones de juego, podría presentarse como un indicador de rendimiento en el deporte. Sin embargo, consideramos conveniente realizar más estudios en este sentido para confirmar los citados hallazgos (AU)

The purpose of this research was to determine the serve cognitive profile of experts volleyball players to develop cognitive tools to guide the detection, training and optimization of young sport talents in volleyball. The simple of this study consisted of 13 players of the Women’s National Volleyball Team. The variables studied were: procedural knowledge, decision making and performance, in volleyball serve. The data collection techniques used were interviews and systematic observation. The results show a profile close to procedural knowledge expert in conceptual sophistication (which implies that the players adapt and adjust their interpretations to different game actions) but not in the content and conceptual structure. We believe that these results are related to the team’s strategic plan when serving, which is characterized by the marking and the decision of the midblocker about the serve direction and the kind of serve that should be done by the server. Accordingly, the players relate primarily to subconcept condition “marking of central players”. There are significant correlations between decision making and performance, between performance and quality level 3 on the conceptual sophistication. So, verbalization conditions that occur in the differents game actions, there could be an indicator of performance in sport. However, further studies should consider in this regard to confirm the above findings (AU)

[Surgical treatment of refractory hyperparathyroidism and usefulness of the intraoperative PTH]. / Tratamiento quirúrgico del hiperparatiroidismo refractario y utilidad de la paratirina intraoperatoria.

OBJECTIVE: To share our experience in the surgery of so-called refractory hyperparathyroidism (secondary and tertiary without response to therapy with calcitriol). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study based on 41 patients-5 with secondary and 6 with tertiary hyperparathyroidism-referred by nephrology for surgical evaluation of their illness because of poor response to the medical treatment given. RESULTS: In 18 of the 41 cases we used the fast or turbo intra-operative PTH with reduction of more than 60 % in all patients. In the group in whom normal PTH was performed, we registered 2 secondary hyperparathyroidisms with no significant decrease and persistence of symptoms. One of them was reoperated successfully. DISCUSSION: Subtotal or total parathyroidectomy with reimplant represents the treatment of choice in refractory hyperparathyroidism with good results in most of the series reviewed.

Tratamiento quirúrgico del hiperparatiroidismo refractario y utilidad de la paratirina intraoperatoria / Surgical treatment of refractory hyperparathyroidism and usefulness of the intraoperative PTH

Objetivo: Dar a conocer nuestra experiencia en la cirugía del denominado hiperparatiroidismo refractario (secundario y terciario sin respuesta al tratamiento con calcitriol). Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo con revisión de 41 pacientes (35 con hiperparatiroidismos secundarios y 6 terciarios) remitidos por nefrología para valoración quirúrgica de su enfermedad ante la mala respuesta al tratamiento médico. Resultados: En 18 de los 41 casos se utilizó la determinación de paratirina rápida o turbo intraoperatoria, con descenso superior al 60 % en todos los pacientes. En el grupo en que se empleó paratirina normal registramos 2 hiperparatiroidismos secundarios en los que la citada hormona no descendió significativamente y los síntomas persistieron, uno de los cuales fue reintervenido con éxito. Conclusiones: La paratiroidectomía subtotal o total con autotrasplante es el tratamiento de elección en el hiperparatiroidismo refractario, con buenos resultados en la mayoría de las series consultadas

Objective: To share our experience in the surgery of so-called refractory hyperparathyroidism (secondary and tertiary without response to therapy with calcitriol). Material and methods: Retrospective study based on 41 patients­5 with secondary and 6 with tertiary hyperparathyroidism­referred by nephrology for surgical evaluation of their illness because of poor response to the medical treatment given. Results: In 18 of the 41 cases we used the fast or turbo intra-operative PTH with reduction of more than 60 % in all patients. In the group in whom normal PTH was performed, we registered 2 secondary hyperparathyroidisms with no significant decrease and persistence of symptoms. One of them was reoperated successfully. Discussion: Subtotal or total parathyroidectomy with reimplant represents the treatment of choice in refractory hyperparathyroidism with good results in most of the series reviewed

Mucoceles de los senos paranasales. Presentación de 10 casos y revisión de la literatura / No disponible

Los mucoceles tienen su origen en una obstrucción de los conductos de drenaje de los senos paranasales con retención de exudado mucinoso, en ocasiones purulento, y adelgazamiento progresivo más destrucción gradual de las paredes óseas. Presentamos una revisión propia de 10pacientes con este diagnóstico, 6 varones y 4 mujeres, con una edad media de 51 años. En 6 casos el mucocele se localizaba a nivel fronto-etmoidal; en 3, a nivel maxilar y un paciente fue diagnosticado de mucocele esfenoidal. Las manifestaciones clínicas oculares (diplopía, exoftalmos y desplazamiento del globo ocular) fueron las más frecuentes junto con la cefalea. El tipo de cirugía ,realizada en 9 ocasiones, varió en función de la localización de la lesión(C.E.N.F. con marsupialización, etmoidectomía externa,Caldwell-Luc). Realizamos un seguimiento clínico-evolutivo de los pacientes y una revisión de la literatura al respecto

Mucoceles have been origined by blockage of the paranasal sinuses ostium with mucinous retention in side, sometimes purulent, and progressive slimming more gradual destruction on the bone walls. We report an own review of 10 patients with that diagnosis, 6 males and 4females, 51-years average. The mucocele was located infrontal ethmoidal level in 6 cases; 3 for maxillary sinus and one patient was diagnosed as sphenoidal mucocele.The oftalmologic clinical symptoms (diplopia, exoftalmosand the eyeball movement) were the most frequent jointlyto cefalea. The kind of surgery that we have performed, in9 times, was variable according to the lesional location (F. E. S. with marsupialization, extern ethmoidectomy, Caldwell-Luc approach). A clinical and evolutive followuphas been made besides a literature review at this respect

Epístaxis severa secundaria a enfermedad de Rendú-Osler-Weber. A propósito de 2 casos

La enfermedad de Rendú-Osler-Weber es una telangiectasia muco-cutánea hemorrágica hereditaria que se transmite de forma autosómica dominante. Las epístaxis son sólo un síntoma de esta rara patología que puede afectar a órganos internos y llegar a comprometer la vida de los pacientes. Presentamos dos casos clínicos registrados en nuestro Hospital donde destacamos la severidad de la hemorragia y la necesidad de diversos tratamientos consecutivos que permitieron salvarles la vida. Ambos permanecieron ingresados más de 40 días hasta poder controlar la epístaxis y posteriormente su evolución fue favorable. Realizamos una revisión bibliográfica actualizada para subrayar la importancia y el compromiso vital que puede ocasionar esta enfermedad, incluso utilizando todos los medios terapéuticos a nuestro alcance (AU)