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Subject(s)
Humans , Health Occupations/history , Education, Medical/history , Schools, Health Occupations/history , Biological Science Disciplines/education , Students, Health Occupations/history , Chile , ArgentinaABSTRACT
Este artículo explora las condiciones de instalación de la medicina profesional en el Chile de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, por medio de las denuncias y demandas judiciales presentadas por médicos titulados ante tribunales contra hombres y mujeres que, dedicados al oficio de curar, no contaban con las certificaciones exigidas por la ley. A través de estos registros, indaga en los esfuerzos desplegados por los profesionales para posicionar los saberes, ideales y roles que parecieron definir su identidad, al mismo tiempo que revisa la noción de profesionalización instalada por la historiografía, como un proceso sucesivo y ordenado de adquisición de credenciales que llevó a la conformación de un espacio experto y otro amateur (AU)
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Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , Education, Medical/history , Schools, Medical/history , Health Occupations/history , Professionalism/history , Accreditation/history , Certification/history , Legislation, Medical/history , ChileABSTRACT
Objetivo: Determinar si difieren los valores espirométricos evaluados en niños sanos de 7- 8 años provenientes de comunas con niveles históricos de alta versus baja contaminación atmosférica en Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, no experimental, exploratorio y transversal y ex post facto causa y efecto. Se realizaron en total 261 encuestas de salud respiratoria y calificaron, según criterios de inclusión, 110 niños sanos de 7 y 8 años (55 niños en cada comuna). Se realizaron exámenes espirométricos: Con espirómetro de turbina SPIROBANK G, considerando variables vefi, FEF25-75, pef y cvf. La obesidad, actividad física, contaminación intramuros por calefacción y exposición a humo de tabaco también fueron descritas. Resultados: Las variables espirométricas analizadas vefi y FEF25-75 mostraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) y pef mostró diferencias altamente significativas (p <0.005) según localidad, es decir, que la media de estas variables en Los Andes, comuna agroindustrial con baja contaminación atmosférica, es mayor que la de Cerro Navia, comuna con altos niveles de contaminación del aire. En la variable pef se encontró, además, significancia entre género. La cvf no presentó diferencia entre comunas. Conclusiones: Los niños sanos de 7 y 8 años que habitan en comunas donde la exposición a contaminación atmosférica es alta presentan una menor función pulmonar comparada con los niños sanos, de similares características, que habitan en comunas con bajos niveles de contaminación atmosférica. Existen otros factores que podrían influir en el detrimento de la función pulmonar y que en este estudio fueron descritos como factores confundentes.
Objective: To determine if spirometric values evaluated in healthy children aged 7-8 years differ from one locality with high historical levels of air pollution versus a locality with lower levels of air pollution in Chile. Materials and methods: Descriptive, non-experimental, exploratory and ex post facto cross and cause and effect. In total 261 surveys were performed of respiratory health and rated according to inclusion criteria, 110 healthy children between 7 and 8 years (55 children in each commune). Spirometric tests were performed, considering variables FEV1, FEF25-75, PEF and FVC. Obesity, physical activity, indoor pollution from heating and snuff smoke exposure were also described. Results: The analyzed spirometry FEV1 and FEF25-75 showed significant differences (p <0.05) and PEF showed high significant differences (p<0.005) by location, that it to say, the average of these variables in the locality of Los Andes, commune with low air pollution is greater than Cerro Navia, a commune with high levels of air pollution. Variable in PEF was found also between gender significance. FVC showed no difference between communities. Conclusions: Healthy children of 7 and 8 who live in the locality where exposure of air pollution is high, have lower lung functions compared with healthy children with similar characteristics who live in communities with lower levels of air pollution. There are other factors that could influence the detriment of pulmonary function, in this study were described as confounding factors.
ABSTRACT
Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito da aplicação de herbicidas em pós-emergência sobre a eficiência fotoquímica de duas cultivares de soja (M-SOY 7908 RR e M-SOY 8001). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicação de herbicidas isolados e em misturas: lactofen, glyphosate, lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr, chlorimuron-ethyl + bentazon, glyphosate + imazethapyr, lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr e lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr/haloxyfop-methyl. Além disso, foram mantidas duas testemunhas sem aplicação de herbicida. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 4; 11; 18; 25 e 32 dias após aplicação dos herbicidas (DAA) no primeiro ano, e aos 6, 14, 21, 28 e 35 DAA, no segundo. A cultivar M-SOY 8001 foi suscetível à aplicação dos herbicidas, principalmente às misturas contendo lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl e lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr + haloxifop-methyl, os quais provocaram redução no rendimento quântico máximo do PSII (Fv/Fm). As duas cultivares apresentaram suscetibilidade aos herbicidas quando tratados com lactofen aplicado isolado e nas misturas lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr, lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr e lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr + haloxifop-methyl com redução nos teores de clorofila, estimados pelo Medidor Portátil de Clorofilas. Os danos foram reversíveis, desaparecendo gradativamente com a idade das plantas.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of post-emergency herbicide application on the photosynthetic activity of two soybean cultivars (M-SOY 7908 RR and M-SOY 8001). A randomized block experimental design was used with four replicates. Treatments consisted of applied herbicide mixtures or herbicides only: lactofen, glyphosate, lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr, chlorimuron-ethyl + bentazon, glyphosate + imazethapyr, lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr, lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr / haloxyfop-methyl. The tests included two control. The evaluations were taken after the application of herbicides at 4; 11; 18; 25 and 32 in the first crop and at 6, 14, 21, 28 and 35 DAA in the second crop. The M-SOY 8001 was susceptible the herbicides application mostly the herbicide mixture lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl and lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr + haloxifop-methyl the herbicides caused reduction in maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm). However, both varieties were susceptible to the treatments lactofen alone applied and the mixtures lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr, lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr and lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr + haloxifop-methyl with reduction in chlorophyll relative content by portable chlorophyll meter. However, these damages were reversible, disappearing gradually with plant growth.
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Foi pesquisada afIa toxina B" por cromatografia em camada delgada, em 100 amostras de feijão de várias espécies provenientes de diferentes regiões do Estado de São Paulo. Em 10% destas amostras foi detectada aflatoxina B, em concentrações que variaram de 30 a 500 p.g/kg (ppb), valores estes superiores aos tolerados pela legislação brasileira vigente (AU).
