Propolis, Aloe Vera, Green Tea, Cranberry, Calendula, Myrrha and Salvia Properties against Periodontal Microorganisms.

The oral cavity harbors hundreds of microorganisms that may be uncontrolled and provoke several diseases. In this sense, periodontitis is a complex multifactorial disease with an essential microbial component in its etiology. Periodontal treatment involves mechanical control of the supra- and subgingival biofilm, but not all patients respond predictably to treatment. In this way, the biofilm chemical control helps in the reduction of periodontal pathogens during treatment or in the delay of bacterial re-colonization after scaling and root planning. Several products have been studied as adjunctive therapy and have shown promising results. Therefore, the present article reviews the biological effects of propolis, aloe vera, green tea, cranberry, calendula, myrrha and salvia that may support their use in the control of subgingival biofilm in patients with periodontitis. All the natural products cited above showed exciting results against microorganisms related to oral diseases, mainly periodontitis. These substances also have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The natural agents propolis, aloe vera, green tea, cranberry, calendula, myrrha and salvia demonstrated potential to be used as oral hygiene products, based on their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions.

Metronidazole and amoxicillin for patients with periodontitis and diabetes mellitus: 5-year secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to perform a 5-year follow-up analysis of a previously-published randomized trial (RCT) evaluating the 2-years effects of metronidazole (MTZ) plus amoxicillin (AMX) as adjuncts to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of periodontitis in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Volunteers who received periodontal treatment in the aforementioned RCT were selected for clinical and microbiological evaluation. Patients did not receive regular supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) from 2 to 5 years post-treatment. RESULTS: Of the patients enrolled in the RCT, 43% entered this study (n = 10/control and 15/test group). Most of clinical parameter values, including the number of sites with probing depth ≥ 5 mm (primary outcome variable), were reduced at 5 years post-therapy when compared with baseline in the antibiotic-treated group (P < 0.05), but presented higher values than those at 2 years (P < 0.05). The mean proportions of microbial complexes did not differ between MTZ+AMX+SRP and SRP-only groups at 5 years post-treatment (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Diabetic patients treated with adjunctive MTZ+AMX were better maintained over a period of 5 years than those treated with SRP only. However, the clinical and microbiological benefits obtained up to 2 years post-treatment were not fully sustained in these patients who did not receive SPT between 2 and 5 years post-treatment.

The ratios of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines in the serum of chronic periodontitis patients with and without type 2 diabetes and/or smoking habit.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the impact of chronic periodontitis (CP) and CP associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or smoking on the serum ratios of pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were assigned into one of the following groups: control (n = 25, non-diabetic non-smokers with no history of periodontitis), CP (n = 26, non-diabetic non-smokers with CP), DMCP (n = 30, non-smokers with DM and CP), SCP (n = 27, non-diabetic smokers with CP), and SDMCP (n = 22, smokers with type 2 DM and CP). Serum levels of 18 cytokines were measured using multiplex immunoassays. RESULTS: Six ratios of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in the CP group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Eleven, seventeen and nine ratios of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in the DMCP, SCP and SDMCP groups than in the control group, respectively (p < 0.05). The SCP group presented higher serum ratios of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/interleukin (IL)-4, TNF-α/IL-5, IL-17/IL-13 and IL-6/IL-13 (p < 0.05) than the CP group. Cluster analysis revealed a relevant cluster composed of ten cytokines (IL-17, IL-23, interferon-γ, IL-12, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-21, IL-6, IL-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]) in the serum of subjects from the DMCP group. CONCLUSIONS: The ratios of pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokines shift to favor a pro-inflammatory status in the serum of patients with CP and even more when CP is associated with one or both risk factors. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CP and CP associated with hyperglycemia and/or smoking might contribute to a systemic inflammatory burden and increased risk of systemic complications.

Antagonists of Wnt/ß-catenin signalling in the periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes and smoking.

AIM: This study evaluated the levels of sclerostin (SOST) and Dickkopf (DKK)-1 in the chronic periodontitis (CP) associated with type 2 diabetes (DM) and/or smoking. Relationships between SOST, DDK1, RANKL, OPG, IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α, and pathogens were assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study population included non-diabetic non-smokers (control), non-smokers with DM (DM group), non-diabetic smokers (S group) and smokers with DM (SDM group), all with CP. Serum and gingival levels of SOST, DKK1, RANKL, OPG, IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α were evaluated by multiplex immunoassay. Gene expressions of these biomarkers and subgingival levels of pathogens were assessed by qPCR. RESULTS: Gingival protein and/or mRNA levels of DKK1 and SOST were higher in subjects with DM and/or smoking than in controls (p < .05). Serum levels of SOST were higher in the DM group than in controls (p < .05). DKK1 positively correlated with SOST in the DM, SDM and control groups (p < .05) at mRNA levels. DKK-1 and SOST correlated with pathogens, especially in both groups with DM. CONCLUSIONS: SOST and DKK1 were upregulated in patients with CP presenting DM and/or smoking. DM, alone or with smoking, particularly influenced the correlations of SOST and DKK1 with each other and with the other biomarkers mostly at mRNA levels, as well as with periodontal pathogens.

Role of Metformin in Reversing the Negative Impact of Hyperglycemia on Bone Healing Around Implants Inserted in Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

PURPOSE: There is interest in establishing hypoglycemiant agents able to contain/revert the impact of diabetes mellitus on osseointegration. The purpose of this study was to assess the possible effect of metformin in reversing the negative effects of hyperglycemia on the healing of bone surrounding implants inserted in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats (10 per group) were assigned to one of the following groups: DM group: type 2 diabetic rats deprived of metformin (M) treatment; MDM group: type 2 diabetic rats under M treatment (40 mg/kg/day, starting on the 15th day after implant placement); control group: nondiabetic rats without M treatment. At 30 days after streptozotocin injection, titanium implants were placed in tibiae. Animals were euthanized 30 days after implant surgery. Bone-to-implant contact (BIC), bone area (BA), and the number of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)- and osteoprotegerin (OPG)-stained cells were assessed in cortical and medullary areas. RESULTS: The percentages of BIC and BA in the cortical bone were reduced in the DM and MDM groups compared with the control group (P < .05). The percentage of BA in the medullary region was reduced in the DM group compared with the control group (P < .05). The MDM group showed the greatest number of OPG-stained cells, while the DM group presented the greatest ratio of RANKL/OPG in the medullary area (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Metformin did not modulate the damaging effect of hyperglycemia on bone healing around implants at histometric levels, but increased the expression of OPG and decreased the RANKL/OPG ratio in the medullary area, yielding some molecular benefits in the osseointegration of implants under the hyperglycemic state.

Effects of metformin on bone healing around titanium implants inserted in non-diabetic rats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of metformin on bone healing around titanium implants inserted in non-diabetic rats. METHODS: Twenty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: control group (n = 10): rats without metformin treatment; MT group (n = 10): rats treated with metformin (40 mg/kg/day by gavage). At thirty days after implant placement, animals were euthanized. Histometric measurements of bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area (BA), in addition to immunohistochemical analysis of the number of cells stained for RANKL and OPG, were assessed in the cortical and medullary areas around implants. RESULTS: The percentages of BIC and BA in the cortical bone were significantly lower in the MT group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the medullary bone around the implants inserted in the metformin-treated animals exhibited an increased number of RANKL-stained cells than that around the implants inserted in the control animals (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Metformin negatively affected osseointegration by reducing the percentages of BIC and BA and increasing the expression of RANKL around titanium implants inserted in non-diabetic rats.

Avaliação da composição corporal e do consumo alimentar de nadadores adolescentes / Assessment of body composition and dietary intake of adolescent swimmers / Evaluación de la composición corporal y de la ingesta de alimentos de nadadores adolescentes

RESUMOIntrodução:A composição corporal e a alimentação de nadadores têm influência direta em seu desem-penho esportivo. Objetivo: Avaliar a composição corporal e o consumo alimentar de nadadores adolescentes.Métodos:Estudo transversal realizado com 15 nadadores adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, de um clube de São Paulo, Brasil. Aplicou-se um questionário de identificação e houve aferição de peso, estatura, circunferências corporais e dobras cutâneas. Para a avaliação do consumo alimentar foi aplicado um recordatório de 24 horas.Resultados:A maioria dos atletas apresentou percentual de gordura corporal adequado. Houve ingestão de suplementos alimentares por todos os nadadores. Observou-se elevado consumo de proteínas e baixa ingestão de carboidratos. As maiores prevalências de inadequação de micronutrientes foram para vitamina B9, iodo e cálcio.Conclusão:Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de intervenção nutricional nesse grupo de atletas.

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Body composition and nutritional habits of swimmers have a direct influence on their sports perfor-mance.Objective:To assess body composition and dietary intake of adolescent swimmers.Method:Cross-sectional study with 15 adolescent swimmers of both genders from a club in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. An identification questionnaire was applied, registering information on weight, height, body circumferences and skinfolds. For the assessment of dietary intake, a 24-hour recall was applied.Results:Most of the athletes presented appropriate body fat percentage. All swimmers ingested dietary supplements. Protein consumption was high and carbohydrate, low. The highest prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients were vitamin B9, iodine and calcium.Conclusion:The results suggest the need for nutritional intervention in this group of athletes.

RESUMENIntroducción: La composición corporal y la alimentación de los nadadores tienen influencia directa en su rendi-miento deportivo.Objetivo:Evaluar la composición corporal y la ingesta de alimentos de nadadores adolescentes.Métodos:Estudio transversal con 15 nadadores adolescentes de ambos sexos, en un club de São Paulo, Brasil. Fue aplicado un cuestionario de identificación y fueron evaluados peso, la altura, la circunferencia del cuerpo y los plie-gues de la piel. Para la evaluación de la ingesta alimentaria se aplicó de un recordatorio de 24 horas.Resultados:La mayoría de los atletas presentó porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuada. Hubo ingesta de suplementos alimenticios por todos los nadadores. Hubo un alto consumo de proteínas y la ingesta baja en carbohidratos. Las mayores prevalencias de insuficiencia de micronutrientes fueron la vitamina B9, yodo y calcio.Conclusión:Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de intervención nutricional en este grupo de atletas.

Local and serum levels of adipokines in patients with obesity after periodontal therapy: one-year follow-up.

AIM: This study evaluated the effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum levels of adipokines in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) with or without obesity. METHODS: Twenty patients with obesity and 20 patients without obesity, all with CP, received SRP. Serum and GCF levels of resistin, adiponectin, leptin, tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α and interleukin [IL]-6 were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months post-therapy. RESULTS: SRP reduced the amounts of TNF-α in deep sites and increased the concentration of adiponectin in shallow sites of non-obese patients (p < 0.05). SRP increased the concentrations of TNF-α and leptin in patients with obesity (p < 0.05). GCF levels of TNF-α were higher in patients with obesity than in patients without obesity at all time-points (p < 0.05). There were no changes in serum levels of any adipokines for any group after therapy (p > 0.05). Patients with obesity exhibited higher serum levels of leptin at all time-points and IL-6 at 3 months post-therapy (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity may modulate systemic and periodontal levels of adipokines in favour of pro-inflammation, independently of periodontal therapy. SRP did not affect the circulating levels of adipokines in patients with or without obesity.

Educação corporativa: A proposta empresarial no discurso e na prática / Corporate education: a company proposal in theory and practice

Análise do modelo de Educação Corporativa adotado pela Leader Magazine e as expectativas dos funcionários sobre suas trajetórias em termos de apropriação de conhecimentos e crescimento profissional. Um estudo de caso crítico, com análise documental e entrevistas. O referencial abordou as mudanças que influenciaram o cenário global e a influência do empresariado sobre as políticas de educação nas três últimas décadas. Nos resultados, vemos que, embora a empresa, no discurso, apresente a Escola de Varejo como uma política formal de EC, na prática se reduz a ações isoladas, com cursos na maioria comportamentais. A proposta voltou-se para objetivos estratégicos, focando no mercado, não levando em conta os interesses dos funcionários. Apesar de a empresa considerar sua política relevante, os funcionários desconhecem a EC como um modelo educacional e encaram as ações como cursos pontuais, acreditando, porém, que o trabalho desenvolvido pela empresa de fato contribui para o seu crescimento.

To analyze the Corporate Educational (CE) model adopted by Leader Magazine and the employees expectations about their development due to knowledge acquisition and professional improvement. A critical case study, with documental analysis and inter views. The referential discussed the changes occurred in the last three decades that influ enced the global scenario and the influence of business people upon educational poli cies. As a result, we noticed that, although companies speak of the Retail Education as a formal CE policy, in practical terms it is reduced to a few isolated actions, offering behavioral courses on its majority. The proposal was aimed at strategic objectives, focus ing on the market and without considering the interests of the employees. Although the company regards its policies as relevant, the employees have failed to recognize the CE as an educational model and regard the actions as specific courses, believing however, that the work developed in the company really contributes for their personal and profes sional development.

Adesão do cliente hipertenso ao tratamento: análise com abordagem interdisciplinar / Hypertensive client adhesion to their treatment: an analysis with an interdisciplinary approach

Estudo exploratório-descritivo, cujo objetivo foi analisar a adesão do cliente hipertenso ao tratamento com abordagem interdisciplinar. Foi desenvolvido com 50 clientes acompanhados na Liga de Hipertensão Arterial do Hospital de Messejana, em Fortaleza-Ceará.Os dados foram coletados através da entrevista. Na amostra investigada, somente 6 (12%) entrevistados revelaram algum conhecimento sobre a hipertensão arterial e 28 (56%) conheciam parcialmente a suas conseqüências. A adesão ao tratamento foi considerada insatisfatória, principalmente em relação às condutas higieno-dietéticas. A irregularidade no esquema medicamentoso esteve associada ao custo e aos efeitos colaterais. Os resultados demonstram a necessidade de atuação interdisciplinar da equipe de saúde, junto à clientela hipertensa, contribuindo para a adesão às condutas de manutenção e promoção da saúde...

This is an exploratory-descriptive study, whose aim was to analyze the hypertensive client's adhesion to their treatment with an interdisciplinary approach. It was developed with 50 clients accompanied by the League of Arterial Hypertension of Messejana Hospital, in Fortaleza-Ceará. The data was collected through interviews. In the investigated sample only 6 (12%) revealed some knowledge about arterial hypertension and 28 (56%) knew partially of its consequences. Their adhesion to the treatment was considered unsatisfactory, principally in relation to their hygiene-dietetic conduct. The irregularity in following the medicinal treatment was associated to its cost and to its collateral effects. The results show the necessity for interdisciplinary action on the part of the health team towards hypertensive clientele, contributing to their adhesion to maintaining and promoting their health behavior...

Estudio exploratorio-descriptivo, cuyo objetivo fue analizar la adhesión del cliente hipertenso al tratamiento con un abordaje interdisciplinario. Fue desarrollado con 50 clientes en seguimiento inscritos en la Liga de Hipertensión Arterial del Hospital de Messejana, en Fortaleza-Ceará. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante la entrevista. En la muestra investigada, solamente 6 (12%) entrevistados revelaron tener algún conocimiento sobre la hipertensión arterial y 28 (56%) conocían parcialmente sus consecuencias. La adhesión al tratamiento fue considerado como insatisfactorio, principalmente, con respecto a las conductas higiénico-dietéticas. La irregularidad en el esquema medicamentoso estaba asociado al costo y a los efectos colaterales. Los resultados demuestran la necesidad de una actuación interdisciplinaria del equipo de la salud junto a la clientela hipertensa, contribuyendo para su adhesión frente a las conductas de manutención y promoción de la salud...