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1.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 60(6): 604, 2022 Oct 25.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36282726

ABSTRACT

We have read an article published in the Revista Médica del IMSS in which it is mentioned that the prevalence of cognitive impairment in older adults reached 26.2%. It is known that cognitive tests must be adapted and validated for each population, in order to avoid overestimation of cognitive impairment.


Leímos un artículo publicado en la Revista Médica del IMSS en el cual se menciona que la prevalencia del deterioro cognitivo de los adultos mayores alcanzó un 26.2%. Se conoce que las pruebas cognitivas deben ser adaptadas y validadas para cada población, a fin de evitar la sobreestimación del deterioro cognitivo.


Subject(s)
Sleep Wake Disorders , Humans , Aged , Mexico/epidemiology , Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis , Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology , Sleep Wake Disorders/etiology , Prevalence , Sleep
3.
Dement Neuropsychol ; 13(3): 321-328, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31555405

ABSTRACT

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is a subtle alteration in cognitive function that does not affect day-to-day activities and can precede Alzheimer's dementia. An increase in the prevalence of both these conditions is expected given the growing elderly population and recognizing risk factors can help reduce the burden. OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to determine the frequency and associated factors of aMCI in senior citizen clubs (SCC) at four districts with different socioeconomic status in Lima, Peru. METHODS: we applied Petersen's criteria to determine the presence of the condition in an interview which included the use of the Memory Alteration Test (M@T) and the Pfeffer Functional Activity Questionnaire (PFAQ). RESULTS: sixty-three out of 352 (17.9%) participants had aMCI. Factors associated with this condition were older age, fewer years of education at marriage whereas being from the SCC La Molina (district with highest socioeconomic status and resources for activities for the elderly) were associated with not having aMCI. There was no difference for sex, body mass index or history of hypertension. CONCLUSION: this predementia stage is frequent and usually undetected in urban Lima. Tools such as the M@T could help general practitioners detect this condition before its progression to dementia.


O comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico (aMCI) é uma alteração sutil na função cognitiva que não altera as atividades do dia-a-dia e pode preceder a demência de Alzheimer. Um aumento na prevalência de ambas as condições é esperado devido ao crescimento da população idosa e o reconhecimento de fatores de risco pode ajudar a reduzir a carga de doença. OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste estudo foi o de determinar a freqüência e fatores associados a MCI em clubes de cidadãos idosos (CCI) em quatro distritos com diferentes condições socioeconômicas em Lima, Peru. MÉTODOS: aplicamos os critérios de Petersen para determinar a presença da condição em uma entrevista que incluiu o uso do Teste de Alteração de Memória (M@T) e do Questionário de Atividades Funcionais de Pfeffer (QAFP). RESULTADOS: sessenta e três dos 352 (17,9%) participantes tinham MCI. Os fatores associados a essa condição foram idade avançada, menor tempo de estudo ao se casar enquanto ser provenientes do CCI La Molina (distrito com maior nível socioeconômico e recursos para atividades para idosos) foram associados a não possuir um MCI. Não houve diferença por sexo, índice de massa corporal e história de hipertensão. CONCLUSÃO: este estágio de pré-demência é frequente e geralmente não detectado na cidade de Lima. Ferramentas como o M@T poderiam ajudar os clínicos gerais a detectar essa condição antes da progressão para a demência.

4.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 13(3): 321-328, July-Sept. 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1039657

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is a subtle alteration in cognitive function that does not affect day-to-day activities and can precede Alzheimer's dementia. An increase in the prevalence of both these conditions is expected given the growing elderly population and recognizing risk factors can help reduce the burden. Objective: the aim of this study was to determine the frequency and associated factors of aMCI in senior citizen clubs (SCC) at four districts with different socioeconomic status in Lima, Peru. Methods: we applied Petersen's criteria to determine the presence of the condition in an interview which included the use of the Memory Alteration Test (M@T) and the Pfeffer Functional Activity Questionnaire (PFAQ). Results: sixty-three out of 352 (17.9%) participants had aMCI. Factors associated with this condition were older age, fewer years of education at marriage whereas being from the SCC La Molina (district with highest socioeconomic status and resources for activities for the elderly) were associated with not having aMCI. There was no difference for sex, body mass index or history of hypertension. Conclusion: this predementia stage is frequent and usually undetected in urban Lima. Tools such as the M@T could help general practitioners detect this condition before its progression to dementia.


RESUMO O comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico (aMCI) é uma alteração sutil na função cognitiva que não altera as atividades do dia-a-dia e pode preceder a demência de Alzheimer. Um aumento na prevalência de ambas as condições é esperado devido ao crescimento da população idosa e o reconhecimento de fatores de risco pode ajudar a reduzir a carga de doença. Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi o de determinar a freqüência e fatores associados a MCI em clubes de cidadãos idosos (CCI) em quatro distritos com diferentes condições socioeconômicas em Lima, Peru. Métodos: aplicamos os critérios de Petersen para determinar a presença da condição em uma entrevista que incluiu o uso do Teste de Alteração de Memória (M@T) e do Questionário de Atividades Funcionais de Pfeffer (QAFP). Resultados: sessenta e três dos 352 (17,9%) participantes tinham MCI. Os fatores associados a essa condição foram idade avançada, menor tempo de estudo ao se casar enquanto ser provenientes do CCI La Molina (distrito com maior nível socioeconômico e recursos para atividades para idosos) foram associados a não possuir um MCI. Não houve diferença por sexo, índice de massa corporal e história de hipertensão. Conclusão: este estágio de pré-demência é frequente e geralmente não detectado na cidade de Lima. Ferramentas como o M@T poderiam ajudar os clínicos gerais a detectar essa condição antes da progressão para a demência.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dementia , Cognitive Dysfunction , Memory
5.
Interciencia (Lima, Impr.) ; 3(4): 10-20, oct.-dic. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LIPECS | ID: biblio-1108923

ABSTRACT

Algunos síntomas conductuales en personas de la tercera edad, como cambios recientes relacionados a la desinhibición social, podrían representar el estadio inicial de una demencia degenerativa escasamente reconocida por la comunidad médica: la antigua enfermedad de Pick. La degeneración lobar frontotemporal (DLFT) es un desorden neurodegenerativo progresivo que compromete los lóbulos frontal y temporal anterior. Se caracteriza por desórdenes conductuales y del lenguaje. Existen cuatro variantes clínicas: demencia frontotemporal variante conductual (DFTvc), demencia semántica (DS), afasia progresiva no fluente (APNF) y afasia logopénica (AL). La DLFT puede ser confundida con la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) o con desórdenes psiquiátricos, especialmente en estadios tempranos. Describimos con detalle las características epidemiológicas, aspectos etiológicos y cuadro clínico, y con especial énfasis, los criterios de diagnóstico y algunas pautas de tratamiento.


Some behavioral symptoms in elderly people, such as recent changes related to social disinhibition, could represent an early stage of a degenerative dementia, barely recognized by medical community: the former Pick's disease. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that involves the frontal and anterior temporal lobes. It is characterized by prominent behavioral and language disorders. There are four variants of FTLD: behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), semantic dementia (SD), progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) and logopenic aphasia (LA). FTLD may be mistaken for Alzheimer's disease (AD) or psychiatric disorders especially in the early stages. We describe in detail epidemiologic characteristics, etiologic aspects, and clinical features; with special emphasis on diagnosis criteria and some treatment guidelines.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration , Frontotemporal Dementia , Alzheimer Disease , Pick Disease of the Brain , Behavioral Symptoms
6.
Interciencia (Lima, Impr.) ; 3(4): 25-30, oct.-dic. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LIPECS | ID: biblio-1108925

ABSTRACT

Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 56 años de edad, con lumbago refractario, que fue referido para tratamiento especializado. Presentó leucocitos, anemia y aumento de la velocidad de sedimentación globular. La tomografía computarizada (TC) lumbosacra evidenció destrucción de los cuerpos vertebrales L4 y L5, y absceso de psoas, que requirió biopsia guiada por TC, limpieza quirúrgica posterior y tratamiento antibiótico por seis meses con ciprofloxacino y clindamicina, así como uso de corsé semirígido lumbosacro. A los doce meses del inicio del tratamiento, la TC lumbosacra de control presentaba signos de fusión de los cuerpos vertebrales L4 y L5, y el paciente pudo reintegrase a su actividad laboral con limitaciones. En conclusión, aunque el lumbago es de una patología frecuente y benigna, hay que tener cuidado en ampliar los exámenes auxiliares cuando el dolor se hace refractario al tratamiento y existen síntomas asociados, para diagnosticar en forma precoz enfermedades como la espondilodiscitis bacteriana realizar un tratamiento oportuno.


A 56-year-old man witch refractory low back pain, who was referred to specialized treatment. He had leukocytosis, anaemia and elevated erythocyte sedimentation rate. Computed tomography (CT) ot the lumbosacral spine showed destruction of the L4 and L5 vertebral bodies and psoas abscess, which required CT-guided biopsy, subsequent surgical cleaning and antibiotic therapy for six months with ciprofloxacin and clindamycin, as well as the wearing of a semirigid lumbosacral corset. Twelve months after starting the treatment, the lumbosacral CT of control presented signs of fusion of the L4 and L5 vertebral bodies, and this patient could return to his labor activity with limitations. In conclusion, although low back pain is a frequent and benin pathology, it is necessary to be careful and apply auxiliary examinations when the pain is refractory to treatmen and there are associated symptoms to diagnose diseases, such as bacterial spondylodiscitis, in early stages, and to give a convenient treatment.


Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Middle Aged , Psoas Abscess , Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use , Discitis , Low Back Pain , Osteomyelitis , Staphylococcus aureus , Leukocytosis
7.
Interciencia (Lima, Impr.) ; 3(5): 35-38, mar. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LIPECS | ID: biblio-1108931

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Reportar dos casos de Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt y hacer una revisión de esta patología. Descripción. Caso 1. Paciente femenina de 29 años de edad con cefalea hemicrania izquierda y oftalmoplejia izquierda con RM cerebral con engrosamiento del seno cavernoso izquierdo, que responde al uso de corticoides. Caso 2. Paciente masculino de 53 años de edad con cefalea hemicrania izquierda y oftalmoplejia izquierda con RM cerebral normal que responde al uso de corticoides. Conclusiones. El Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt es una entidad poco frecuente caracterizada por cefalea asociada a parálisis de uno o más pares craneales, generalmente unilateral. Su diagnóstico es por exclusión, la RM es el examen de neuroimágenes de elección. Los corticoides son el tratamiento de elección, con respuesta inmediata de la cefalea y posterior recuperación de la oftalmoplejia; puede presentar recurrencias por lo que el seguimiento de estos pacientes es fundamental.


Objective. Report two cases of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and a review of this pathology. Description. Case 1. Female patient aged 29 with hemicrania headache left and left ophthalmoplegia, brain MRI reveal thickening of the left cavernous sinus, which responds to steroids. Case 2. Male patient, 53 years of age with left hemicrania headache and left ophthalmoplegia with normal brain MRI, which responds to steroids. Conclusions. The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a rare entity characterized by headache associated with paralysis of one or more cranial nerves, usually unilateral. Diagnosis is by exclusion, MRI is the neuroimaging test of choice. Corticosteroids are the treatment of choice, with immediate response of headache and subsequent recovery of ophthalmoplegia, recurrences can be present, therefore monitor these patients is essential.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Headache , Ophthalmoplegia , Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome
8.
Acta méd. peru ; 28(4): 221-223, oct.-dic. 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-645846

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La demencia por deficiencia de vitamina B12 es una causa de demencia reversible que se presenta principalmente en adultos mayores. Casos clínicos: Presentamos tres pacientes quienes fueron diagnosticados de demencia, con niveles séricos bajos de vitamina B12 y recibieron tratamiento de reposición con hidroxicobalamina. Dos pacientes tuvieron mejoría clínica y uno, solo normalizó los niveles séricos de vitamina B12 sin mejoría clínica, posiblemente por una coexistencia con enfermedad de Alzheimer.


Introduction: Dementia due to vitamin B12 deficiency is a reversible condition which occurs more frequently in the elderly. Clinical cases: We present three elderly patients who were diagnosed with dementia and low serum B12 levels, and they received therapy with hydroxocobalamin. Two patients clinically improved and only one had normalized his vitamin B12 blood levels with no clinical improvement, possibly because of the coexistence of AlzheimerÆs disease.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Dementia
9.
Interciencia (Lima, Impr.) ; 2(3): 4-9, nov. 2011. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LIPECS | ID: biblio-1108915

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Identificar las características demográficas y clínicas de pacientes con migraña de la Clínica Internacional (CI). Sujetos y métodos: Se evaluaron pacientes con migraña que acudieron al consultorio externo de neurología de la CI. Resultados: Fueron diagnosticados con migraña 64 pacientes. El 78.12% fueron mujeres, con 32.62 años de edad promedio. Reportaron grado de instrucción superior 35 pacientes (54.69%), secundaria 26 (40.63%) y primaria 3 (4.69%). Reportaron crisis mensuales 14 pacientes (21.88%), semanales 40 (62.50%) y variables 10 (15.62%). La hora más frecuente de presentación fueron las tardes en 11 pacientes (17.18%), mañanas 10(15.62%), noches 9 (14.06%) y variable 34 (53.12%). Las crisis duraron 2 horas en 32 (50.00%), 1 día en 11 (17.18%), >1 día en 11 (17.18%) y variables en 7(10.94%). Tuvieron dolor tipo opresivo 23 pacientes (35.94%), pulsatil 33 (51.56%), punzada 39 (60.94%), quemazón 17(26.56%) y variables 2 (3.13%). Alteraron sus actividades por crisis 45 pacientes (70.31%), continuaron sus actividades 16 (25.00%) y variables 4 (6.25%). El 92.19% tuvieron antecedente familiar de migraña. El factor precipitante de migraña más frecuente fue el ruido en 82.81% de pacientes, el factor aliviador más frecuente fue el sueño en 75.00%. Conclusiones: La mayoría de pacientes fueron mujeres, con crisis semanales, de presentación variable, con antecedentes familiares de migraña, alterando sus actividades habituales.


Objective: Identify demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with migraine of International Clinic (CI). Subjects and methods: we evaluated the Migraine patients who attended the outpatient clinic of neurology at the CI. Results: Migraine was diagnosed in 64 patients. The 78.12% were women, average age 32.62 years. Reported Higher educational attainment 35 patients (54.69%), secondary 26 (40.63%) and primary 3 (4.69%). Reported monthly crisis 14 patients (21.88%), weekly 40 (62.50%) and variable 10 (15.62%). The time of presentation were more frequent in evenings in 11 patients (17.18%), morning 10 (15.62%), nights 9 (14.06%) and variable in 34 (53.12%). The crisis lasted 2 hours in 32 (50.00%), 1 day in 11 (17.18%), >1 day in 11 (17.18%) and variables in 7(10.94%). The type of pain was squeezing in 23 patients (35.94%), pulsatile 33 (51.56%), stitch 39 (60.94%), burning 17 (26.56%) and variable 2 (3.13%). The pain altered their activities in 45 patients (70.31%), continued their activities 16 (25.00%) and variables 4 (6.25%). The 92.19% had family history of migraine. The most frequent precipitating factor of migraine was noise in 82.81% of patients; the most common soothing factor was sleep at 75.00%. Conclusions: Most patients were women, with weekly crisis, variable presentation, family history of migraine, altering their normal activities.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Migraine without Aura , Migraine without Aura/etiology , Hospitals, Private
10.
Interciencia (Lima, Impr.) ; 2(3): 20-24, nov. 2011. ilus
Article in Spanish | LIPECS | ID: biblio-1108917

ABSTRACT

Se describen los primeros cuatro casos tratados con rTPA, asi como sus resultados y complicaciones clínicas inmediatas, tras 24 horas de evolución y tres meses después. Determinamos la gran dificultad que existe para intervenir pacientes con menos de tres horas de evolución por la escasa información del público general y los mismos médicos con respecto al manejo agudo de la enfermedad vascular cerebral, sin embargo demostramos que es posible de realizar en la mayoría de los centros hospitalarios del país con los recursos actuales y estimulando la creación de unidades especializadas en el manejo de esta enfermedad.


We describe the first four patients treated with rTPA and those results and complications that were seen immediately, 24 hours and three months later. It was clear how difficult was to treat patients during the first three hours of stroke onset, since most of the general population and sometimes even physicians, lack information regarding the modern and right management of acute stroke. However we demonstrated that it is possible to use trombolysis in almost every hospital in the country with nearly the same resources we already have, and promoting the creation of stroke units.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Aged , Stroke , Stroke/therapy , Hemiplegia , Thrombolytic Therapy
11.
Interciencia (Lima, Impr.) ; 2(1): 11-23, feb. 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LIPECS | ID: biblio-1108910

ABSTRACT

Con el redescubrimiento de las causas vasculares en el deterioro cognitivo, el concepto de trastorno cognitivo vascular (TCV) busca cambiar los paradigmas establecidos en el antiguo concepto de demencia vascular. El TCV sería el resultado de una cascada de eventos: los factores de riesgo vascular conducen a enfermedad vascular cerebral, la cual origina injuria vascular cerebral en las vías nerviosas importantes para la cognición. Tanto el TCV como la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) se incrementan exponencialmente con la edad y sus interacciones son comunes y controversiales. No obstante la capacidad de los criterios de consenso actuales para distinguir TCV de EA es limitada, la identificación en estadios tempranos nos va a dar la oportunidad de influir sobre la tasa de progresión de la enfermedad. Actualmente, la prevención primaria y secundaria es esencialmente la misma establecida para ictus, mientras que el tratamiento sintomático de TCV es similar a EA.


With the rediscovering of the importance of vascular causes related to cognitive impairment, the new concept of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) seeks to change the paradigms established in the old concept of vascular dementia. The VCI is the outcome of a cascade of events: vascular risk factors lead to vascular disease which causes vascular brain injury (VBI) in the nervous network important for cognition. Both VCI and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) increase exponentially with age, and their interactions are common and controversial. However, the capacity of current consensus criteria to distinguish VCI from AD is limited; the identification of cases at the earliest possible stage will give us the excellent opportunity to provide medical treatment that may retard the disease rate of progression. Currently, the primary and secondary prevention of VCI is essentially the same for stroke, whereas the symptomatic treatment of VCI is similar to AD.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dementia , Dementia, Vascular/prevention & control , Alzheimer Disease , Risk Factors , Cognition Disorders
12.
Interciencia (Lima, Impr.) ; 2(1): 24-27, feb. 2011.
Article in Spanish | LIPECS | ID: biblio-1108911

ABSTRACT

Se presentan cinco casos de pacientes de sexo femenino, referían quejas subjetivas de deterioro de memoria, con cuadros clínicos compatibles con demencia, a las que después de realizar el protocolo para el estudio de causas de esta entidad, se encontró niveles bajos de hormonas tiroideas, siendo catalogados como demencia reversible secundaria a hipotiroidismo, se les administró levotiroxina por un periodo de seis meses y se reevaluó la función cognitiva, encontramos que dos pacientes no presentaron mejoría, pero tres pacientes tuvieron recuperación de la función cognitiva. La revisión de la bibliografía muestra que la respuesta a la reposición de hormona tiroidea es variable, en caso de no obtener mejoría después de un periodo de por lo menos seis meses, debería de reevaluarse el caso para considerar otra causa de demencia.


Presented five cases of female patients, who reported subjective memory complaints, with clinical symptoms of dementia. After performing the study protocol for causes of dementia, we found low levels of thyroid hormones, being classified as reversible dementia secondary to hypothyroidism, they were prescribed with levothyroxine for a period of six months, at the end of the sixth month the cognitive function was re-evaluated founding that two patients had no improvement, but three patients had cognitive functional recovery. The review of the literature shows that the response to the thyroid hormone replacement is variable, if the patient does not get better after a period of at least six months, the case should be re-evaluated to consider other causes of dementia.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Aged , Dementia , Hypothyroidism
13.
Interciencia (Lima, Impr.) ; 1(1): 5-10, oct. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LIPECS | ID: biblio-1108904

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El dolor es el síntoma con mayor número de consultas médicas, siendo éste el dolor que presentan las personas con amputación de extremidades poco conocido y tratado de manera inadecuada. Pacientes y métodos. Se evaluaron las características clínicas y tratamiento medicamentoso del dolor en pacientes con amputación de extremidades admitidos desde enero de 2009 hasta julio de 2010 en la Clínica Internacional y el Hospital Militar Central en Lima. Resultados. Evaluamos 31 pacientes con edad promedio de 33.29 años, 96.77% eran varones. Sufrieron amputación de miembro superior a nivel distal 51.61%, miembro inferior distal 25.81%. El 46.16% presentó dolor antes y 100% después de la amputación. 45.16% tuvieron sensación de miembro fantasma, 19.35% dolor de miembro fantasma y 90.32% dolor de muñón. El traumatólogo indicó el tratamiento analgésico inicial al 54.84%, ketoprofeno fue el fármaco más empleado (45.16%), el tiempo promedio para inicio de tratamiento adecuado para dolor neuropático fue 42.81 días, oxcarbazepina (32.26%) fue el fármaco que a criterio del paciente logró mayor reducción del dolor. Conclusiones. El dolor neuropático es frecuente en pacientes amputados, sufriendo retraso para inicio del tratamiento adecuado; es necesario convocar a médicos de especialidades quirúrgicas para involucrarlos en el tratamiento analgésico de estos pacientes.


Introduction. Pain is the symptom with the highest number of medical visits, pain presented by persons with limb amputation little known and inadequately treated. Patients and methods. We evaluated the clinical characteristics and pharmacological treatment of pain in patients admitted with limb amputation from January 2009 until July 2010 at the Clinica Internacional and the Hospital Militar Central in Lima. Results. We evaluated 31 patients with mean age of 33.29 years, 96.77% were male. Suffered amputation of distal upper limb 51.61%, 25.81% distal lower limb. 45.16% had before amputation and 100% after. 45.16% had phantom limb sensation, 19.35% phantom limb pain and stump pain 90.32%. The orthopedic surgeon stared initial analgesic treatment 54.84% ketoprofen was the drug most commonly used (45.16%), the average time to onset of treatment for neuropathic pain was 42.81 days, oxcarbazepine (32.26%) was the drug at discretion of patients achieved greater reduction in pain. Conclusions. Neuropathic pain is common in patients amputees experienced delays in starting appropriate treatment, it is necessary to convene medical surgical specialties to involve in the analgesic treatment of these patients.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Adult , Amputation, Surgical , Pain , Pain/therapy , Pain/drug therapy , Phantom Limb
14.
Interciencia (Lima, Impr.) ; 1(1): 11-21, oct. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LIPECS | ID: biblio-1108905

ABSTRACT

Con el incremento de la prevalencia de demencia en el mundo, y sobre todo en los países en desarrollo, se le debe dar mayor atención a la evaluación diagnóstica temprana de pacientes con demencia, poniendo especial énfasis en la identificación de pacientes con síntomas cognitivos que puedan tener condiciones tratables, antes de realizar el diagnóstico de enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). La prevalencia de EA en Latinoamérica (LA) es similar a la de los países desarrollados, con la particularidad de presentarse en individuos más jóvenes que los de los países desarrollados. Sugerimos seguir ordenadamente la solución de cuatro preguntas básicas antes de iniciar un tratamiento sintomático. Las preguntas deben ser resueltas en orden correlativo: Primero, ¿El “deterioro cognitivo” es demencia?; segundo, ¿Ésta demencia, no es una demencia reversible?; tercero, ¿La demencia es enfermedad de Alzheimer? y cuarto, ¿Cuál es el estadio de la enfermedad?. El tratamiento actual obedece al enfoque de dos modelos: sintomático y modificador de la enfermedad; siendo este último promisorio, pero aun con escasos resultados clínicos. El tratamiento Sintomático está dirigido a aliviar los síntomas cognitivos y conductuales. Los inhibidores de colinesterasa y memantina parecen ofrecer un cierto beneficio, sin afectar claramente la evolución de la enfermedad.


With the increase in the prevalence of dementia in the world, and particularly in developing countries increased attention should be given to evaluation diagnosed early patients with dementia, with particular emphasis on the identification of patients with cognitive symptoms who may be treatable conditions, before realizing the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The prevalence of AD in Latin America (LA) is similar to that of the developed countries, with the particularity of appearing in individuals younger than those of the developed countries. We suggest it to follow tidily the solution of four basic questions before initiating a symptomatic treatment. The questions must be resolved in correlative order: first, is the “cognitive deterioration” a dementia?; second, this one dementia, is not it a reversible dementia?; third, is this on dementia, an Alzheimer’s Disease? and quarter, is which the status of the disease?. The current treatment obeys the approach of two models: symptomatic and modifier of the disease; being this I finalize promissory, but even with scanty clinical results. The symptomatic treatment is directed to relieve the cognitive and behavioral symptoms. The cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine seem to offer certain benefit, without affecting clearly the evolution of the disease.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dementia , Alzheimer Disease , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Alzheimer Disease/therapy , Cholinesterase Inhibitors
15.
Int Psychogeriatr ; 21(4): 622-30, 2009 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19505354

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Dementia is becoming a major public health problem in Latin America (LA), yet epidemiological information on dementia remains scarce in this region. This study analyzes data from epidemiological studies on the prevalence of dementia in LA and compares the prevalence of dementia and its causes across countries in LA and attempts to clarify differences from those of developed regions of the world. METHODS: A database search for population studies on rates of dementia in LA was performed. Abstracts were also included in the search. Authors of the publications were invited to participate in this collaborative study by sharing missing or more recent data analysis with the group. RESULTS: Eight studies from six countries were included. The global prevalence of dementia in the elderly (> or =65 years) was 7.1% (95% CI: 6.8-7.4), mirroring the rates of developed countries. However, prevalence in relatively young subjects (65-69 years) was higher in LA studies The rate of illiteracy among the elderly was 9.3% and the prevalence of dementia in illiterates was two times higher than in literates. Alzheimer's disease was the most common cause of dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with studies from developed countries, the global prevalence of dementia in LA proved similar, although a higher prevalence of dementia in relatively young subjects was evidenced, which may be related to the association between low educational level and lower cognitive reserve, causing earlier emergence of clinical signs of dementia in the LA elderly population.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Dementia, Vascular/epidemiology , Developing Countries , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cohort Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Latin America , Male
16.
An. Fac. Med. (Perú) ; 67(3): 243-254, jul.-sept. 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-499643

ABSTRACT

La demencia asociada a infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (DVIH) es una entidad caracterizada por la tríada de compromiso cognitivo, síntomas conductuales y motores, que generan serias dificultades en la capacidad funcional del paciente. Las múltiples denominaciones generan confusión y alta probabilidad de subreconocimiento. No obstante, la incidencia de DVIH es controversial; se tiene claro que más de 90 por ciento de pacientes con sida tiene anormalidades neuropatólogicas compatibles con DVIH. Los mecanismos patogénicos involucran una compleja interacción entre el VIH y las células del cerebro, que generan claramente dos vías incluyentes, la inflamatoria y la no inflamatoria, las cuales generan factores neurotóxicos y quimiotácticos, inductores de apoptosis, que conducen a una disrupción neuronal-glial, probablemente responsable de la injuria y/o muerte neuronal, que conduciría a un fenómeno de neurodegeneración acelerada. Los síntomas son de una demencia subcortical, siendo los síntomas de presentación más comunes el compromiso de la memoria, enlentecimiento mental, dificultad para la marcha y depresión. El diagnóstico es esencialmente clínico y se realiza por exclusión. Son de utilidad práctica la HIV Dementia Scale (HDS) y la internacional HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS), como pruebas iniciales de descarte. El tratamiento debe incluir la combinación de antiretrovirales y neuroprotectores. Como conclusión, la DVIH es una complicación devastadora de la infección por VIH que debe ser reconocida tempranamente.


Dementia associated to human immunodeficiency virus infection (DHIV) is an entity distinguished by three main signs -cognitive, behavioral and motor symptoms- which generate serious difficulties in the functional capacity of the patient. The multiple denominations generate confusion and diagnostic difficulties. In spite of controversy in DHIV incidence, it is clear that more than 90 per cent of patients with AIDS has compatible neuropathological anormalities with DHIV. The pathogenic mechanisms involve complex interactions between the HIV and the brain cells generating two inclusive paths, inflammatory and non inflammatory, that produce neurotoxic and chemotactic factors, inductors of apoptosis that lead to neuro-glial disruption probably responsible of injury and/or neuron cell death, that finally would lead to accelerated neurodegeneration phenomenon. Symptoms are subcortical dementia, mental sluggishness, walking difficulties and depression. Diagnosis is essentially clinical and by exclusion. The HIV Dementia Scale (HDS) and the International HIVD Scale (IHDS) are of practical usefulness as initial screening tests. Treatment should include the combination of antiretrovirals and neuroprotectors. We conclude that DHIV is a devastating complication of HIV infection that should have early recognition.


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS Dementia Complex/diagnosis , AIDS Dementia Complex/epidemiology , AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
17.
Hipertensión ; 4(2): 78-85, dic. 1998. tab
Article in Spanish | LIPECS | ID: biblio-1108790

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVOS. Conocer las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y tomográficas de pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad vascular cerebral (EVC) ehipertensión arterial (HTA) y compararlas con pacientes con diagnóstico EVC, HTA y diabetes mellitus(DM). PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS. El presente estudio se realizó en la sala "San Vicente" del Instituto de Ciencias Neurológicas "Oscar Trelles Montes" entre Enero de 1996 y Agosto de 1998. El diagnóstico de pacientehipertenso es hecho en base al antecedente personal de HTA y si estaba en tratamiento con modificacionesdel estilo de vida, o en tratamiento farmacológico (especificando tipo de medicamento y tiempo de prescripción).Para efectos de análisis estadístico, paciente en tratamiento irregular fue considerado sin tratamiento. No consideramos la presión arterial al momento del ingreso. En cuanto a resultados de glicemia y test de tolerancia oral a la glucosa, los pacientesfueron clasificados en tres categorías: (1) Diabético ya diagnosticado, (2) Diabético recién diagnosticado y (3) No diabético. Finalmente, consideramos 2 grupos: Pacientes con diagnóstico de EVC + HTA, y Pacientes con diagnóstico de EVC + DM + HTA. El análisis estadístico se realizó con la ayuda del programa Epi-Info versión 6. Se estudió 116 pacientes, agrupados de la siguiente manera: 71 pacientes en el grupo con diagnóstico EVC + HTA y 45 pacientes en el grupo EVC + DM + HTA. RESULTADOS. El tiempo desde el diagnóstico de HTA hasta producirse el cuadro compatible con EVC fue 9.6 años en el grupo EVC + HTA, diferencia altamente significativa (p < 0.001) con respecto al grupo EVC + DM + HTA, que fue 2.6 años. El déficit motor tuvo mayor severidad en el grupo EVC + DM + HTA(P=O.OO1). En el grupo EVC + DM + HTA el compromiso de conciencia y de los nervios craneales fue altamente significativo, respecto del grupo EVC + HTA (p = 0.001). ..


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus , Cerebral Arterial Diseases , Cerebral Arterial Diseases/epidemiology , Vascular Diseases , Vascular Diseases/epidemiology , Hypertension , Prospective Studies
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