Children hospitalized for COVID-19 during the first winter of the pandemic in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Although there are reports on COVID-19 in pediatrics, the characteristics of the population of each country, its health systems, and how the pandemic was addressed could give the disease distinctive features worldwide. We aimed to describe the characteristics of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in a tertiary pediatric hospital in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive study, including all patients hospitalized for COVID-19 from 04/26/2020 to 10/31/2020 in a tertiary pediatric hospital. We described the demographic, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics of the patients. RESULTS: During the period studied, 578 patients were hospitalized with COVID-19. The median age was 4.2 years, and 83% reported close contact with a confirmed COVID-19 case. Regarding severity, 30.8% were asymptomatic, and 60.4% showed mild, 7.4% moderate, and 1.4% severe symptoms. Among symptomatic patients, fever was the most frequent symptom, followed by sore throat and cough. CONCLUSIONS: We reported 578 cases of children and adolescents hospitalized with COVID-19, of which the majority showed mild or asymptomatic disease.

Blood neutrophils from children with COVID-19 exhibit both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers.

BACKGROUND: Perhaps reflecting that children with COVID-19 rarely exhibit severe respiratory symptoms and often remain asymptomatic, little attention has been paid to explore the immune response in pediatric COVID-19. Here, we analyzed the phenotype and function of circulating neutrophils from children with COVID-19. METHODS: An observational study including 182 children with COVID-19, 21 children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), and 40 healthy children was performed in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Neutrophil phenotype was analyzed by flow cytometry in blood samples. Cytokine production, plasma levels of IgG antibodies directed to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and citrullinated histone H3 were measured by ELISA. Cell-free DNA was quantified by fluorometry. FINDINGS: Compared with healthy controls, neutrophils from children with COVID-19 showed a lower expression of CD11b, CD66b, and L-selectin but a higher expression of the activation markers HLA-DR, CD64 and PECAM-1 and the inhibitory receptors LAIR-1 and PD-L1. No differences in the production of cytokines and NETs were observed. Interestingly, the expression of CD64 in neutrophils and the serum concentration of IgG antibodies directed to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 distinguished asymptomatic from mild and moderate COVID-19. INTERPRETATION: Acute lung injury is a prominent feature of severe COVID-19 in adults. A low expression of adhesion molecules together with a high expression of inhibitory receptors in neutrophils from children with COVID-19 might prevent tissue infiltration by neutrophils preserving lung function. FUNDING: This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion, IP-COVID-19-0277 and PMO BID PICT 2018-2548), and University of Buenos Aires from Argentina (20020170100573BA).

Pacientes asistidos en el Departamento de Medicina de un hospital pediátrico en el inicio de la pandemia COVID-19 en Buenos Aires, Argentina / Patients assisted at the Department of Medicine of a pediatric hospital at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Introducción. A pesar de la magnitud de la pandemia por COVID-19, la información sobre su desarrollo en pediatría es aún limitada. Se describen las características de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 en un hospital pediátrico durante los primeros tres meses de la pandemia.Método. Estudio descriptivo, que incluyó a todos los pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19, desde el 1/4/2020 al 30/6/2020.Resultados. Se hospitalizaron 191 pacientes por COVID-19; la edad mediana fue 7,7 años; el 89 % presentaban antecedente de contacto. El 35,6 % se consideraron asintomáticos; el 61,2 %, leves, y el 3,2 %, moderados (no se observaron pacientes graves). Ninguno recibió tratamiento específico para la enfermedad. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron fiebre, odinofagia y tos. La duración de la hospitalización tuvo una mediana de 6 días.Conclusión. Se reportaron 191 casos de niños y adolescentes hospitalizados por COVID-19. La mayoría fueron asintomáticos o presentaron enfermedad leve.

Introduction. Despite the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic, the information about its development in pediatrics is still limited. This report describes the characteristics of patients admitted to a children's hospital due to COVID-19 during the first three months of the pandemic.Method. Descriptive study including all patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 between 4/1/2020 and 6/30/2020.Results. A total of 191 patients were hospitalized due to COVID-19; their median age was 7.7 years; 89 % had a history of close contact. Of them, 35.6 % were considered asymptomatic; 61.2 %, mild cases; and 3.2 %, moderate cases (no severe cases). None of them received a specific treatment for the disease. The most common symptoms were fever, sore throat, and cough. The median length of stay was 6 days.Conclusion. A total of 191 cases of children and adolescents admitted due to COVID-19 are reported. Most were asymptomatic or presented with a mild disease

Patients assisted at the Department of Medicine of a pediatric hospital at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Buenos Aires, Argentina. / Pacientes asistidos en el Departamento de Medicina de un hospital pediátrico en el inicio de la pandemia COVID-19 en Buenos Aires, Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic, the information about its development in pediatrics is still limited. This report describes the characteristics of patients admitted to a children's hospital due to COVID-19 during the first three months of the pandemic. METHOD: Descriptive study including all patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 between 4/1/2020 and 6/30/2020. RESULTS: A total of 191 patients were hospitalized due to COVID-19; their median age was 7.7 years; 89% had a history of close contact. Of them, 35.6 % were considered asymptomatic; 61.2 %, mild cases; and 3.2 %, moderate cases (no severe cases). None of them received a specific treatment for the disease. The most common symptoms were fever, sore throat, and cough. The median length of stay was 6 days. CONCLUSION: A total of 191 cases of children and adolescents admitted due to COVID-19 are reported. Most were asymptomatic or presented with a mild disease.

Introducción. A pesar de la magnitud de la pandemia por COVID-19, la información sobre su desarrollo en pediatría es aún limitada. Se describen las características de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 en un hospital pediátrico durante los primeros tres meses de la pandemia. Método. Estudio descriptivo, que incluyó a todos los pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19, desde el 1/4/2020 al 30/6/2020. Resultados. Se hospitalizaron 191 pacientes por COVID-19; la edad mediana fue 7,7 años; el 89 % presentaban antecedente de contacto. El 35,6 % se consideraron asintomáticos; el 61,2 %, leves, y el 3,2 %, moderados (no se observaron pacientes graves). Ninguno recibió tratamiento específico para la enfermedad. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron fiebre, odinofagia y tos. La duración de la hospitalización tuvo una mediana de 6 días. Conclusión. Se reportaron 191 casos de niños y adolescentes hospitalizados por COVID-19. La mayoría fueron asintomáticos o presentaron enfermedad leve.

Prevalencia de personas sordas que cuentan con un intérprete profesional de Lengua de Señas Argentina en la consulta médica de sus hijos / Prevalence of deaf people who have a professional Argentine Sign Language interpreter during their children's medical consultations

Introducción. En Argentina, la discapacidad auditiva representa 18% de las discapacidades. La Lengua de Señas Argentina (LSA) es el sistema de comunicación de elección en personas sordas (PS). La incorrecta comunicación con el médico impide una adecuada asistencia. Las PS precisan a un intérprete profesional de LSA (IPLSA) durante la atención médica de sus hijos. La Ley Nacional 26378 establece ofrecer IPLSA para facilitar el acceso a instalaciones públicas. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las PS no cuentan con intérprete ni conocen este derecho. Objetivos. Describir la prevalencia de PS que cuentan con IPLSA en la consulta médica de sus hijos y que conocen su derecho a tener acceso gratuito a un IPLSA. Material y método. Estudio descriptivo, transversal, con encuesta estructurada autoadministrada. Se incluyeron PS que supieran LSA, con hijos entre 1 mes y 18 años. Variables de resultado: contar con IPLSA y conocer el derecho a tenerlo. Tamaño de muestra calculado: 220. Muestreo por conveniencia en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y la provincia del Chaco. Se calculó prevalencia e intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Estudio aprobado y registrado. Resultados. Se analizaron 222 encuestas. Edad: 34,9 ± 10,1 años. El 15,3% (IC95%: 11,1-20,6) contaron con un IPLSA en alguna consulta de sus hijos. El 48,6% (IC95%: 42,1-55,1) conocía su derecho a contar con uno. Conclusión. La prevalencia de PS que han contado con un IPLSA en la consulta médica de sus hijos fue baja. Casi la mitad conocía su derecho de contar con un IPLSA.

Introduction. In Argentina, hearing disability accounts for 18% of disabilities. Argentine Sign Language (ASL) is the communication system of choice used by deaf people (DP). An incorrect communication with physicians hampers the adequate provision of health care. DP require a professional ASL interpreter (PASLI) in the context of health care provided to their children. National Act no. 26378 stipulates the provision of a PASLI to facilitate access to public facilities. However, most DP neither have an interpreter nor know this right. Objectives. To describe the prevalence of DP who have a PASLI present during their children's medical consultations and who know their right to access one at no charge. Material and method. Approved and registered, descriptive, cross-sectional study with a structured, self-administered survey. Participants: DP who knew ASL and had children aged 1 month to 18 years old. Outcome variables: to have a PASLI and to know the right to have one. Estimated sample size: 220. Convenience sampling selected from the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and the province of Chaco. The prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated. Results. Two hundred and twenty-two surveys were analyzed. Age: 34.9 ± 10.1 years old. Among all participants, 15.3% (95% CI: 11.1-20.6) sometimes had a PASLI during their children's medical consultations. Also, 48.6% (95% CI: 42.155.1) knew their right to have one. Conclusion. The prevalence of DP who had a PASLI present during their children's medical consultations was low. Less than a half knew their right to have one.

Prevalence of deaf people who have a professional Argentine Sign Language interpreter during their children's medical consultations. / Prevalencia de personas sordas que cuentan con un intérprete profesional de Lengua de Señas Argentina en la consulta médica de sus hijos.

INTRODUCTION: In Argentina, hearing disability accounts for 18% of disabilities. Argentine Sign Language (ASL) is the communication system of choice used by deaf people (DP). An incorrect communication with physicians hampers the adequate provision of health care. DP require a professional ASL interpreter (PASLI) in the context of health care provided to their children. National Act no. 26378 stipulates the provision of a PASLI to facilitate access to public facilities. However, most DP neither have an interpreter nor know this right. OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of DP who have a PASLI present during their children's medical consultations and who know their right to access one at no charge. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Approved and registered, descriptive, cross-sectional study with a structured, self-administered survey. Participants: DP who knew ASL and had children aged 1 month to 18 years old. Outcome variables: to have a PASLI and to know the right to have one. Estimated sample size: 220. Convenience sampling selected from the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and the province of Chaco. The prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-two surveys were analyzed. Age: 34.9 ± 10.1 years old. Among all participants, 15.3% (95% CI: 11.1-20.6) sometimes had a PASLI during their children's medical consultations. Also, 48.6% (95% CI: 42.155.1) knew their right to have one. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of DP who had a PASLI present during their children's medical consultations was low. Less than a half knew their right to have one.

Introducción. En Argentina, la discapacidad auditiva representa 18% de las discapacidades. La Lengua de Señas Argentina (LSA) es el sistema de comunicación de elección en personas sordas (PS). La incorrecta comunicación con el médico impide una adecuada asistencia. Las PS precisan a un intérprete profesional de LSA (IPLSA) durante la atención médica de sus hijos. La Ley Nacional 26378 establece ofrecer IPLSA para facilitar el acceso a instalaciones públicas. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las PS no cuentan con intérprete ni conocen este derecho. Objetivos. Describir la prevalencia de PS que cuentan con IPLSA en la consulta médica de sus hijos y que conocen su derecho a tener acceso gratuito a un IPLSA. Material y método. Estudio descriptivo, transversal, con encuesta estructurada autoadministrada. Se incluyeron PS que supieran LSA, con hijos entre 1 mes y 18 años. Variables de resultado: contar con IPLSA y conocer el derecho a tenerlo. Tamaño de muestra calculado: 220. Muestreo por conveniencia en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y la provincia del Chaco. Se calculó prevalencia e intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Estudio aprobado y registrado. Resultados. Se analizaron 222 encuestas. Edad: 34,9 ± 10,1 años. El 15,3% (IC95%: 11,1-20,6) contaron con un IPLSA en alguna consulta de sus hijos. El 48,6% (IC95%: 42,1-55,1) conocía su derecho a contar con uno. Conclusión. La prevalencia de PS que han contado con un IPLSA en la consulta médica de sus hijos fue baja. Casi la mitad conocía su derecho de contar con un IPLSA.

[Using Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) across different levels of pediatric training]. / Empleo del examen clínico objetivo estructurado (ECOE) en diversos niveles de educación de la pediatría.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate professional competences is the main goal of every training program; the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a useful tool for this task. OBJECTIVE: We describe OSCE administration across three different levels of pediatric training (postgraduate, internship and graduate medical education). METHODS: Regarding the most common pediatric scenarios, knowledge, clinical judgment and communicational skills were evaluated. RESULTS: In the postgraduate setting OSCE was used for the last 8 years, testing 330 students, and passing 60%-82% of them. In the internship setting OSCE was used for the last 2 years, testing 12 students, and passing 84% of them. In the medical school setting OSCE was used just once, testing 15 students, and passing 93.4% of them. CONCLUSION: Despite logistic issues, OSCE could be administered across three different levels of pediatric training.

Antecedentes:Evaluar competencias profesionales es objetivo principal de todo programa de capacitación; el examen clínico objetivo estructurado (ECOE) es una herramienta útil para explorarlas. Objetivo:Describimos la implementación del ECOE en tres instancias de enseñanza de la pediatría (carrera de especialista, módulo pediatría del internado anual rotatorio, materia pediatría en el grado). Métodos: En relación con situaciones y patologías frecuentes en pediatría, se evaluaron conocimiento aplicado, juicio clínico y habilidad comunicacional. Resultados: En el posgrado el ECOE se aplica desde hace 8 años, examinando 330 alumnos, con 60%-82% de aprobación. En el Internado Anual Rotatorio el ECOE se emplea desde hace 2 años, examinando 12 alumnos, con 84% de aprobación. En el grado el ECOE se empleó sólo en una oportunidad, examinando 15 alumnos, con 93,4% de aprobación. Conclusión:En nuestra experiencia, a pesar de desafíos logísticos, la implementación del ECOE fue factible en distintas instancias de enseñanza de la pediatría.

Evaluación de la producción científica del Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, 2000-2011 / Assessment of the scientific output of Hospital de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, 2000-2011

Introducción. El monitoreo de las presentaciones y publicaciones de una institución es una medida idónea para valorar su producción científica. Objetivos. Estimar la proporción de proyectos de investigación de un hospital pediátrico que fueron finalizados y sus resultados presentados/ publicados; describir sus diseños y características; describir las condiciones limitantes para el desarrollo o la difusión de las investigaciones. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo y analítico que incluyó los trabajos científicos autorizados para desarrollar entre 2000 y 2011. Se contactó a cada investigador y se le solicitó que participara en una encuesta que indagaba sobre el desarrollo de la investigación, la difusión de los resultados y las posibles causas de su no finalización/no difusión. Resultados. Respondieron la encuesta los autores de 197 proyectos (60,9% finalizados, 16,2% en curso, 12,7% cancelados y 10,2% suspendidos). Los ensayos con fármacos tuvieron más riesgo de no completarse. De los finalizados (n= 120), 45,8% correspondieron a investigación clínica, 43,3% a epidemiológica y 10% a servicios de salud. Por diseño, 77,5% fueron observacionales y 22,5% experimentales. Por alcance, 69,1% fueron limitados al hospital, 16,6% multicéntricos internacionales y 14,1% multicéntricos nacionales. Solo 36,6% recibieron financiamiento. La falta de tiempo (20%) y el tamaño muestral insuficiente (10%) fueron las razones más referidas como responsables de la no difusión. El 78,3% fue presentado en congresos y 37,5% publicado. Solo la presencia de financiación fue un predictor independiente de publicación. Conclusiones. De los proyectos aprobados, 60,9% fueron finalizados y de ellos, 78,3% fueron presentados en congresos y 37,5% publicados. Los ensayos con fármacos tuvieron más riesgo de no completarse y aquellos con financiamiento tuvieron más probabilidades de ser publicados.

Introduction. Monitoring article submissions and publications developed by an institution is a suitable measure to assess its scientific output. Objectives. To estimate the proportion of research projects that were completed and had results submitted/published by a pediatric hospital; to describe research project design and characteristics; to outline limitations on research development or dissemination. Methods. Descriptive and analytical study including scientific studies approved to be developed between 2000 and 2011. Each investigator was contacted and asked to participate in a survey on research development, result dissemination and possible reasons for not completing or disseminating a study. Results. The survey was completed by the authors of 197 projects (60.9% completed, 16.2% ongoing, 12.7% cancelled, and 10.2% put off). Drug trials were most likely not to be completed. Of all completed projects (n = 120), 45.8% were clinical research studies, 43.3% were epidemiological studies, and 10% were related to health services. When analyzed by design, 77.5% were observational studies while 22.5% were experimental ones. In terms of scope, 69.1% were restricted to the hospital, 16.6% were international multicenter studies, and 14.1% were national multicenter studies. Only 36.6% of projects received funding. Lack of time (20%) and insufficient sample size (10%) were the most commonly indicated reasons for non dissemination. A total of 78.3% of projects were presented in conferences and 37.5% were published. The presence of funding was the only independent predictor of publication. Conclusions. Of all approved projects, 60.9% were completed; of them, 78.3% were presented in conferences and 37.5% were published. Drug trials were most likely not to be completed, and funded studies had more chances of being published.

Evaluación de la producción científica del Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, 2000-2011 / Assessment of the scientific output of Hospital de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, 2000-2011

Introducción. El monitoreo de las presentaciones y publicaciones de una institución es una medida idónea para valorar su producción científica. Objetivos. Estimar la proporción de proyectos de investigación de un hospital pediátrico que fueron finalizados y sus resultados presentados/ publicados; describir sus diseños y características; describir las condiciones limitantes para el desarrollo o la difusión de las investigaciones. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo y analítico que incluyó los trabajos científicos autorizados para desarrollar entre 2000 y 2011. Se contactó a cada investigador y se le solicitó que participara en una encuesta que indagaba sobre el desarrollo de la investigación, la difusión de los resultados y las posibles causas de su no finalización/no difusión. Resultados. Respondieron la encuesta los autores de 197 proyectos (60,9% finalizados, 16,2% en curso, 12,7% cancelados y 10,2% suspendidos). Los ensayos con fármacos tuvieron más riesgo de no completarse. De los finalizados (n= 120), 45,8% correspondieron a investigación clínica, 43,3% a epidemiológica y 10% a servicios de salud. Por diseño, 77,5% fueron observacionales y 22,5% experimentales. Por alcance, 69,1% fueron limitados al hospital, 16,6% multicéntricos internacionales y 14,1% multicéntricos nacionales. Solo 36,6% recibieron financiamiento. La falta de tiempo (20%) y el tamaño muestral insuficiente (10%) fueron las razones más referidas como responsables de la no difusión. El 78,3% fue presentado en congresos y 37,5% publicado. Solo la presencia de financiación fue un predictor independiente de publicación. Conclusiones. De los proyectos aprobados, 60,9% fueron finalizados y de ellos, 78,3% fueron presentados en congresos y 37,5% publicados. Los ensayos con fármacos tuvieron más riesgo de no completarse y aquellos con financiamiento tuvieron más probabilidades de ser publicados.(AU)

Introduction. Monitoring article submissions and publications developed by an institution is a suitable measure to assess its scientific output. Objectives. To estimate the proportion of research projects that were completed and had results submitted/published by a pediatric hospital; to describe research project design and characteristics; to outline limitations on research development or dissemination. Methods. Descriptive and analytical study including scientific studies approved to be developed between 2000 and 2011. Each investigator was contacted and asked to participate in a survey on research development, result dissemination and possible reasons for not completing or disseminating a study. Results. The survey was completed by the authors of 197 projects (60.9% completed, 16.2% ongoing, 12.7% cancelled, and 10.2% put off). Drug trials were most likely not to be completed. Of all completed projects (n = 120), 45.8% were clinical research studies, 43.3% were epidemiological studies, and 10% were related to health services. When analyzed by design, 77.5% were observational studies while 22.5% were experimental ones. In terms of scope, 69.1% were restricted to the hospital, 16.6% were international multicenter studies, and 14.1% were national multicenter studies. Only 36.6% of projects received funding. Lack of time (20%) and insufficient sample size (10%) were the most commonly indicated reasons for non dissemination. A total of 78.3% of projects were presented in conferences and 37.5% were published. The presence of funding was the only independent predictor of publication. Conclusions. Of all approved projects, 60.9% were completed; of them, 78.3% were presented in conferences and 37.5% were published. Drug trials were most likely not to be completed, and funded studies had more chances of being published.(AU)

Assessment of the scientific output of Hospital de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, 2000-2011.

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring article submissions and publications developed by an institution is a suitable measure to assess its scientific output. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the proportion of research projects that were completed and had results submitted/published by a pediatric hospital; to describe research project design and characteristics; to outline limitations on research development or dissemination. METHODS: Descriptive and analytical study including scientific studies approved to be developed between 2000 and 2011. Each investigator was contacted and asked to participate in a survey on research development, result dissemination and possible reasons for not completing or disseminating a study. RESULTS: The survey was completed by the authors of 197 projects (60.9% completed, 16.2% ongoing, 12.7% cancelled, and 10.2% put off). Drug trials were most likely not to be completed. Of all completed projects (n = 120), 45.8% were clinical research studies, 43.3% were epidemiological studies, and 10% were related to health services. When analyzed by design, 77.5% were observational studies while 22.5% were experimental ones. In terms of scope, 69.1% were restricted to the hospital, 16.6% were international multicenter studies, and 14.1% were national multicenter studies. Only 36.6% of projects received funding. Lack of time (20%) and insufficient sample size (10%) were the most commonly indicated reasons for non dissemination. A total of 78.3% of projects were presented in conferences and 37.5% were published. The presence of funding was the only independent predictor of publication. CONCLUSIONS: Of all approved projects, 60.9% were completed; of them, 78.3% were presented in conferences and 37.5% were published. Drug trials were most likely not to be completed, and funded studies had more chances of being published.

Empleo del examen clínico objetivo estructurado (ECOE) en diversos niveles de educación de la pediatría / [Using Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) across different levels of pediatric training].

BACKGROUND: To evaluate professional competences is the main goal of every training program; the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a useful tool for this task. OBJECTIVE: We describe OSCE administration across three different levels of pediatric training (postgraduate, internship and graduate medical education). METHODS: Regarding the most common pediatric scenarios, knowledge, clinical judgment and communicational skills were evaluated. RESULTS: In the postgraduate setting OSCE was used for the last 8 years, testing 330 students, and passing 60

of them. In the internship setting OSCE was used for the last 2 years, testing 12 students, and passing 84

of them. In the medical school setting OSCE was used just once, testing 15 students, and passing 93.4

of them. CONCLUSION: Despite logistic issues, OSCE could be administered across three different levels of pediatric training.

Assessment of the scientific output of Hospital de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, 2000-2011. / Assessment of the scientific output of Hospital de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, 2000-2011.

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring article submissions and publications developed by an institution is a suitable measure to assess its scientific output. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the proportion of research projects that were completed and had results submitted/published by a pediatric hospital; to describe research project design and characteristics; to outline limitations on research development or dissemination. METHODS: Descriptive and analytical study including scientific studies approved to be developed between 2000 and 2011. Each investigator was contacted and asked to participate in a survey on research development, result dissemination and possible reasons for not completing or disseminating a study. RESULTS: The survey was completed by the authors of 197 projects (60.9

completed, 16.2

ongoing, 12.7

cancelled, and 10.2

put off). Drug trials were most likely not to be completed. Of all completed projects (n = 120), 45.8

were clinical research studies, 43.3

were epidemiological studies, and 10

were related to health services. When analyzed by design, 77.5

were observational studies while 22.5

were experimental ones. In terms of scope, 69.1

were restricted to the hospital, 16.6

were international multicenter studies, and 14.1

were national multicenter studies. Only 36.6

of projects received funding. Lack of time (20

) and insufficient sample size (10

) were the most commonly indicated reasons for non dissemination. A total of 78.3

of projects were presented in conferences and 37.5

were published. The presence of funding was the only independent predictor of publication. CONCLUSIONS: Of all approved projects, 60.9

were completed; of them, 78.3

were presented in conferences and 37.5

were published. Drug trials were most likely not to be completed, and funded studies had more chances of being published.

Empleo del examen clínico objetivo estructurado (ECOE) en diversos niveles de educación de la pediatría. / [Using Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) across different levels of pediatric training].

BACKGROUND: To evaluate professional competences is the main goal of every training program; the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a useful tool for this task. OBJECTIVE: We describe OSCE administration across three different levels of pediatric training (postgraduate, internship and graduate medical education). METHODS: Regarding the most common pediatric scenarios, knowledge, clinical judgment and communicational skills were evaluated. RESULTS: In the postgraduate setting OSCE was used for the last 8 years, testing 330 students, and passing 60

-82

of them. In the internship setting OSCE was used for the last 2 years, testing 12 students, and passing 84

of them. In the medical school setting OSCE was used just once, testing 15 students, and passing 93.4

of them. CONCLUSION: Despite logistic issues, OSCE could be administered across three different levels of pediatric training.

Impact of a brief intervention on the burnout levels of pediatric residents.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate burnout prevalence among pediatric residents and to evaluate the impact of a brief intervention aimed at controlling burnout. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 74 pediatric residents. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was administered to all subjects, and demographic information was gathered (age, gender, children, cohabitants, and residency year). The experimental group (n = 37) participated in self-care workshops over the course of 2 months, and the control group (n = 37) did not receive any intervention. After the intervention, the Maslach Burnout Inventory was administered again to all participants. All potential predictors of burnout were included in a logistic regression model. The efficacy of the intervention was evaluated by the chi-square test. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The burnout prevalence among pediatric residents was 66%. After controlling for age, gender, children, and cohabitants, the prevalence of burnout was significantly higher among third-year residents (odds ratio = 11.8; 95% confidence interval 2.3-59.3; p = 0.003). There were no significant differences regarding burnout prevalence in the experimental group between the baseline and post-intervention periods (p = 0.8) or between the two groups after intervention (p = 0.8). The only difference observed was an improvement regarding "depersonalization" in the experimental group (p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: The burnout prevalence among pediatric residents was 66% and was higher among third-year residents. A brief intervention was not effective in reducing burnout prevalence, despite the achievement of an improvement in "depersonalization."

Impacto de uma intervenção breve nos níveis de burnout de residentes pediátricos / Impact of a brief intervention on the burnout levels of pediatric residents

OBJETIVOS: Estimar a prevalência de burnout entre residentes pediátricos e avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção breve voltada para o controle da doença. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo controlado randomizado em 74 residentes de pediatria. Todos preencheram o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach, e foram coletadas informações demográficas (idade, sexo, filhos, coabitantes e ano de residência). O grupo experimental (n = 37) participou de oficinas de autocuidado durante 2 meses, e o grupo controle (n = 37) não recebeu nenhuma intervenção. Após a intervenção, os participantes preencheram novamente o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach. Todos os potenciais preditores de burnout foram incluídos em um modelo de regressão logística. A eficácia da intervenção foi avaliada pelo teste qui-quadrado. Os valores p < 0,05 foram considerados significativos. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de burnout entre residentes pediátricos foi de 66%. Após controle para idade, gênero, filhos e coabitantes, a prevalência de burnout foi maior entre residentes do terceiro ano (razão de chances = 11,8; intervalo de confiança de 95% 2,3-59,3; p = 0,003). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na prevalência de burnout no grupo experimental entre os períodos inicial e pós-intervenção (p = 0,8) ou entre os dois grupos após a intervenção (p = 0,8). A única diferença observada foi uma melhora quanto à "despersonalização", no grupo experimental (p = 0,031). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de burnout entre residentes pediátricos foi de 66%, sendo maior entre os residentes do terceiro ano. Uma intervenção breve não foi eficaz na redução da prevalência de burnout, apesar da melhora no quesito "despersonalização".

OBJECTIVES: To estimate burnout prevalence among pediatric residents and to evaluate the impact of a brief intervention aimed at controlling burnout. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 74 pediatric residents. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was administered to all subjects, and demographic information was gathered (age, gender, children, cohabitants, and residency year). The experimental group (n = 37) participated in self-care workshops over the course of 2 months, and the control group (n = 37) did not receive any intervention. After the intervention, the Maslach Burnout Inventory was administered again to all participants. All potential predictors of burnout were included in a logistic regression model. The efficacy of the intervention was evaluated by the chi-square test. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The burnout prevalence among pediatric residents was 66%. After controlling for age, gender, children, and cohabitants, the prevalence of burnout was significantly higher among third-year residents (odds ratio = 11.8; 95% confidence interval 2.3-59.3; p = 0.003). There were no significant differences regarding burnout prevalence in the experimental group between the baseline and post-intervention periods (p = 0.8) or between the two groups after intervention (p = 0.8). The only difference observed was an improvement regarding "depersonalization" in the experimental group (p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: The burnout prevalence among pediatric residents was 66% and was higher among third-year residents. A brief intervention was not effective in reducing burnout prevalence, despite the achievement of an improvement in "depersonalization.".

[Assessing a test to evaluate clinical analytical thinking according to medical training level]. / Evaluación de una prueba para valorar el razonamiento clínico en diferentes niveles de capacitación médica.

BACKGROUND: MATCH (Measuring Analytical Thinking in Clinical Health Care) is an instrument to evaluate clinical reasoning. AIM: To assess MATCH performance in professionals and students with different training in pediatrics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: MATCH was administered to medical students (S), first (R1) and third (R3) year residents and staff physicians (P). We evaluated the score and time required to achieve it, according to training level in pediatrics. RESULTS: Eighty five subjects were included (23 S, 28 R1, 17 R3 y 17 P), achieving 37.4 ± 6.0 points, in 25.2 ± 8.5 minutes. There were significant differences in score and time, according to training level. There was a positive correlation between training level and score (Rho = 0.515; p < 0.001), and a negative one between training level and time (Rho = -0.589; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: More experienced and trained professionals had a better performance in a clinical analytical thinking test.

Evaluación de una prueba para valorar el razonamiento clínico en diferentes niveles de capacitación médica / Assessing a test to evaluate clinical analytical thinking according to medical training level

Background: MATCH (Measuring Analytical Thinking in Clinical Health Care) is an instrument to evaluate clinical reasoning. Aim: To assess MATCH performance in professionals and students with different training in pediatrics. Material and Methods: MATCH was administered to medical students (S), frst (R1) and third (R3) year residents and staff physicians (P). We evaluated the score and time required to achieve it, according to training level in pediatrics. Results: Eighty fve subjects were included (23 S, 28 R1, 17 R3 y 17 P), achieving 37.4 ± 6.0 points, in 25.2 ± 8.5 minutes. There were significant differences in score and time, according to training level. There was a positive correlation between training level and score (Rho = 0.515; p < 0.001), and a negative one between training level and time (Rho = -0.589; p < 0.001). Conclusions: More experienced and trained professionals had a better performance in a clinical analytical thinking test.

Virus sincicial respiratorio y adenovirus. Un estudio clínico comparativo en pacientes internados y sin factores de riesgo / Respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. A comparative clinical study in hospitalized patients without risk factors

Las infecciones respiratorias agudas constituyenlas enfermedades infecciosas más frecuentes de losniños. Los agentes etiológicos asociados con mayorfrecuencia a infecciones respiratorias agudas bajasson los virus respiratorios, principalmente el virussincicial respiratorio (60 por ciento), adenovirus (8 por ciento) y parainfluenza(3 por ciento). El adenovirus es el agente etiológicocon peor pronóstico, con una mortalidad de hasta10 por ciento, contra 2 por ciento del virus sincicial respiratorio.Objetivo. Comparar la evolución clínica de pacientesen los cuales se obtuvieron identificaciones viralesde secreciones nasofaríngeas positivas para adenovirusy VSR.Población, material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo,analítico y transversal en el que se analizaronhistorias clínicas de pacientes internadosen el Hospital General de Niños "Dr. Pedro deElizalde" entre enero y diciembre de 2003 conidentificación viral de secreciones nasofaríngeaspositiva para adenovirus o virus sincicial respiratoriorealizados con el método de inmunofluorescenciaindirecta, sin antecedentes patológicos. Lasvariables a incluir en el estudio fueron virussincicial respiratorio y adenovirus, tiempo de internaciónen días, requerimiento de oxigenoterapiaen días, ingreso a asistencia respiratoria mecánica,óbito, edad y sexo.Resultados. Del total de pacientes estudiados, en27,5 por ciento se identificó adenovirus en el aspirado desecreciones nasofaríngeas (44 niños) y en 72,5 por ciento,virus sincicial respiratorio (116 niños). No hubodiferencias significativas para ninguna de las variablesanalizadas.Conclusión. No se encontró diferencia significativaentre las evoluciones clínicas de los pacientes conidentificaciones virales positivas para adenovirus yvirus sincicial respiratorio

Virus sincicial respiratorio y adenovirus. Un estudio clínico comparativo en pacientes internados y sin factores de riesgo / Respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. A comparative clinical study in hospitalized patients without risk factors

Las infecciones respiratorias agudas constituyenlas enfermedades infecciosas más frecuentes de losniños. Los agentes etiológicos asociados con mayorfrecuencia a infecciones respiratorias agudas bajasson los virus respiratorios, principalmente el virussincicial respiratorio (60 por ciento), adenovirus (8 por ciento) y parainfluenza(3 por ciento). El adenovirus es el agente etiológicocon peor pronóstico, con una mortalidad de hasta10 por ciento, contra 2 por ciento del virus sincicial respiratorio.Objetivo. Comparar la evolución clínica de pacientesen los cuales se obtuvieron identificaciones viralesde secreciones nasofaríngeas positivas para adenovirusy VSR.Población, material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo,analítico y transversal en el que se analizaronhistorias clínicas de pacientes internadosen el Hospital General de Niños "Dr. Pedro deElizalde" entre enero y diciembre de 2003 conidentificación viral de secreciones nasofaríngeaspositiva para adenovirus o virus sincicial respiratoriorealizados con el método de inmunofluorescenciaindirecta, sin antecedentes patológicos. Lasvariables a incluir en el estudio fueron virussincicial respiratorio y adenovirus, tiempo de internaciónen días, requerimiento de oxigenoterapiaen días, ingreso a asistencia respiratoria mecánica,óbito, edad y sexo.Resultados. Del total de pacientes estudiados, en27,5 por ciento se identificó adenovirus en el aspirado desecreciones nasofaríngeas (44 niños) y en 72,5 por ciento,virus sincicial respiratorio (116 niños). No hubodiferencias significativas para ninguna de las variablesanalizadas.Conclusión. No se encontró diferencia significativaentre las evoluciones clínicas de los pacientes conidentificaciones virales positivas para adenovirus yvirus sincicial respiratorio(AU)

Virus sincicial respiratorio y adenovirus. Un estudio clínico comparativo en pacientes internados y sin factores de riesgo / Respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. A comparative clinical study in hospitalized patients without risk factors

Las infecciones respiratorias agudas constituyenlas enfermedades infecciosas más frecuentes de losniños. Los agentes etiológicos asociados con mayorfrecuencia a infecciones respiratorias agudas bajasson los virus respiratorios, principalmente el virussincicial respiratorio (60 por ciento), adenovirus (8 por ciento) y parainfluenza(3 por ciento). El adenovirus es el agente etiológicocon peor pronóstico, con una mortalidad de hasta10 por ciento, contra 2 por ciento del virus sincicial respiratorio.Objetivo. Comparar la evolución clínica de pacientesen los cuales se obtuvieron identificaciones viralesde secreciones nasofaríngeas positivas para adenovirusy VSR.Población, material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo,analítico y transversal en el que se analizaronhistorias clínicas de pacientes internadosen el Hospital General de Niños "Dr. Pedro deElizalde" entre enero y diciembre de 2003 conidentificación viral de secreciones nasofaríngeaspositiva para adenovirus o virus sincicial respiratoriorealizados con el método de inmunofluorescenciaindirecta, sin antecedentes patológicos. Lasvariables a incluir en el estudio fueron virussincicial respiratorio y adenovirus, tiempo de internaciónen días, requerimiento de oxigenoterapiaen días, ingreso a asistencia respiratoria mecánica,óbito, edad y sexo.Resultados. Del total de pacientes estudiados, en27,5 por ciento se identificó adenovirus en el aspirado desecreciones nasofaríngeas (44 niños) y en 72,5 por ciento,virus sincicial respiratorio (116 niños). No hubodiferencias significativas para ninguna de las variablesanalizadas.Conclusión. No se encontró diferencia significativaentre las evoluciones clínicas de los pacientes conidentificaciones virales positivas para adenovirus yvirus sincicial respiratorio(AU)