Role of SPECT-CT in breast cancer sentinel node biopsy when internal mammary chain drainage is observed

Introduction: SPECT-CT in the detection of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) of breast cancer offers known advantages over conventional planar lymphoscintigraphy. Sometimes, it shows atypical findings like mediastinal lymphatic drainage. We have evaluated these atypical findings showed by SPECT-CT performed in patients with migration to the internal mammary chain (IMC) and their roles in the management of the patients. Materials and methods: We reviewed the 56 lymphoscintigraphies (planar and SPECT-CT) of 56 women (average age: 55 years) diagnosed with breast cancer with IMC migration observed in the planar images. We compared the two techniques, obtaining the number of depicted nodes, atypical locations, their exact anatomical location and their role in the management of the patient. Results: Planar images showed a total number of 81 IMC nodes. SPECT-CT showed 74 nodes in the IMC territory and 14 mediastinal lymphatic nodes in 6 patients. Out of the 81 IMC nodes reported by planar images, seven corresponded to mediastinal nodes. Planar and hybrid images showed 110 and 130 axillary nodes, respectively. SPECTCT showed additional findings in five patients: three infraclavicular and two supraclavicular nodes that were exactly located. One intramammary node was discarded by the SPECT-CT as a focal skin contamination. Conclusion: Mediastinal nodes are unexpected, but not uncommon findings that are important in the planning of SLN biopsy. SPECT-CT found more nodes than planar images, being able to separate mediastinal and IMC nodes, helping to exactly depict the SLN and its relations with anatomical structures (AU)

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Role of SPECT-CT in breast cancer sentinel node biopsy when internal mammary chain drainage is observed.

INTRODUCTION: SPECT-CT in the detection of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) of breast cancer offers known advantages over conventional planar lymphoscintigraphy. Sometimes, it shows atypical findings like mediastinal lymphatic drainage. We have evaluated these atypical findings showed by SPECT-CT performed in patients with migration to the internal mammary chain (IMC) and their roles in the management of the patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the 56 lymphoscintigraphies (planar and SPECT-CT) of 56 women (average age: 55 years) diagnosed with breast cancer with IMC migration observed in the planar images. We compared the two techniques, obtaining the number of depicted nodes, atypical locations, their exact anatomical location and their role in the management of the patient. RESULTS: Planar images showed a total number of 81 IMC nodes. SPECT-CT showed 74 nodes in the IMC territory and 14 mediastinal lymphatic nodes in 6 patients. Out of the 81 IMC nodes reported by planar images, seven corresponded to mediastinal nodes. Planar and hybrid images showed 110 and 130 axillary nodes, respectively. SPECT-CT showed additional findings in five patients: three infraclavicular and two supraclavicular nodes that were exactly located. One intramammary node was discarded by the SPECT-CT as a focal skin contamination. CONCLUSION: Mediastinal nodes are unexpected, but not uncommon findings that are important in the planning of SLN biopsy. SPECT-CT found more nodes than planar images, being able to separate mediastinal and IMC nodes, helping to exactly depict the SLN and its relations with anatomical structures.

Coexistencia de dos tipos de linfomas en una paciente con síndrome de Sjögren. Utilidad de la PET-TAC / Coexistence of two different types of lymphoma in a patient with Sjögren's syndrome. The usefulness of the PET-CT

El síndrome de Sjögren es una enfermedad autoinmune sistémica y crónica que muestra mayor riesgo de desarrollar linfomas no Hodgkin. En estos pacientes es rara tanto la afectación neoplásica pulmonar como la coexistencia de diferentes tipos histológicos de linfoma. Frecuentemente los enfermos presentan procesos infecciosos asociados, la mayoría por candidiasis oral. En situaciones de inmunodeficiencia, la diseminación hematógena del hongo puede causar afectación pulmonar. Presentamos el caso de una paciente diagnosticada de linfoma no Hodgkin folicular en el contexto clínico de un síndrome de Sjögren de larga evolución, en el que el estudio PET-TAC mostró, además del proceso neoplásico a nivel ganglionar y esplénico, extensa afectación pulmonar. Ante la sospecha de un resultado falso positivo por infección candidiásica pulmonar se inició tratamiento antifúngico, sin obtener respuesta. Posteriormente un estudio histológico mostró la presencia de un segundo tipo de linfoma(AU)

Sjögren syndrome is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease in which there is an increased risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Neoplastic lung involvement and the coexistence of different histological types of lymphoma are uncommon in these patients. These patients frequently have associated infectious processes, most of them due to oral candidiasis. When there is immunodeficiency, the hematogenous spread of the fungus may affect the lungs. We present the case of a female patient diagnosed with follicular non- Hodgkin lymphoma within the context of long-term Sjögren syndrome. In addition to the neoplastic nodal and splenic disease, the PET-CT study showed extensive lung involvement. Due to suspicion of a false positive result for pulmonary Candida infection, antifungal treatment was initiated, with no response. A further histological study showed the presence of a second and different type of lymphoma(AU)

Coexistence of two different types of lymphoma in a patient with Sjögren's syndrome. The usefulness of the PET-CT.

Sjögren syndrome is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease in which there is an increased risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Neoplastic lung involvement and the coexistence of different histological types of lymphoma are uncommon in these patients. These patients frequently have associated infectious processes, most of them due to oral candidiasis. When there is immunodeficiency, the hematogenous spread of the fungus may affect the lungs. We present the case of a female patient diagnosed with follicular non- Hodgkin lymphoma within the context of long-term Sjögren syndrome. In addition to the neoplastic nodal and splenic disease, the PET-CT study showed extensive lung involvement. Due to suspicion of a false positive result for pulmonary Candida infection, antifungal treatment was initiated, with no response. A further histological study showed the presence of a second and different type of lymphoma.

Cirugía radiodirigida de metástasis de tumor carcinoide intestinal. Importancia de la realización de SPECT–TAC / Radioguided surgery of intestinal carcinoid tumor relapse. Role of SPECT–CT

Presentamos un paciente con sospecha de recidiva de tumor carcinoide intestinal confirmada por medio de una gammagrafía con receptores de somatostatina. Se identificó una lesión patológica intraabdominal que mostraba una gran avidez por el trazador, planteándose una extirpación radiodirigida de la misma. Previamente a la intervención se realizó un SPECT-TAC que permitió la detección y localización anatómica de la lesión, facilitando la realización del procedimiento radiodirigido. Además, modificó la planificación de la intervención con los medios físicos y humanos adecuados para prevenir las posibles complicaciones quirúrgicas(AU)

We present a patient with clinical suspicion of intestinal carcinoid relapse confirmed by a somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. A very intense somatostatin avid abdominal lesion was located and radioguided surgery was proposed. Prior to the procedure, we performed a SPECT-CT that made it possible to detect and localize the lesion anatomically, thus facilitating the performance of the radioguided procedure. Furthermore, it modified the planning of the intervention with the adequate physical and human resources to prevent the possible surgical complications(AU)

[Radioguided surgery of intestinal carcinoid tumor relapse. Role of SPECT-CT]. / Cirugía radiodirigida de metástasis de tumor carcinoide intestinal. Importancia de la realización de SPECT-TAC.

We present a patient with clinical suspicion of intestinal carcinoid relapse confirmed by a somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. A very intense somatostatin avid abdominal lesion was located and radioguided surgery was proposed. Prior to the procedure, we performed a SPECT-CT that made it possible to detect and localize the lesion anatomically, thus facilitating the performance of the radioguided procedure. Furthermore, it modified the planning of the intervention with the adequate physical and human resources to prevent the possible surgical complications.

Optimización de la biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela en el cáncer de mama mediante palpación axilar intraoperatoria / Optimization of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer by intraoperative axillary palpation

Introducción La biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela (BSGC) es una técnica estándar en la estadificación del cáncer de mama sin evidencia de afectación axilar. Su limitación es la aparición de falsos negativos que podrían ser causados por bloqueo linfático tumoral del ganglio centinela y captación en los linfáticos vecinos. Los ganglios centinelas infiltrados suelen aumentar de tamaño y consistencia, por lo que pueden ser detectados mediante una palpación intraoperatoria sin que capten el radiotrazador.ObjetivoIntentar disminuir la tasa de falsos negativos mediante la palpación intraoperatoria.MétodoDurante 2 años hemos completado la BSGC en 168 pacientes con una palpación axilar cuidadosa, detectando y extirpando todos aquellos ganglios palpables sospechosos (GPS) que fueron analizados como ganglios centinela.ResultadosDe los 168 pacientes, en 32 se encontraron 50 GPS. De estos 32 pacientes, en 3 pacientes se encontraron 4 GPS infiltrados con BSGC negativa y afectación tumoral en la linfadenectomía axilar, evitando así la aparición de falsos negativos. En un paciente se halló un GPS infiltrado con BSGC igualmente patológica. En los 28 pacientes restantes, se encontraron 45 GPS que no estaban afectos y la BSGC fue patológica en 3 pacientes.ConclusiónLa palpación manual axilar, una vez finalizada la BSGC, redujo la aparición de resultados falsos negativos, por lo que consideramos que debe ser incluida como una parte más de este procedimiento(AU)

IntroductionSentinel node biopsy (SNB) by radioisotopes is a widely accepted and reliable surgical method for staging breast cancer in patients with unknown positive axillary lymph nodes involvement. The main limitation of this method is due to the appearance of false negatives that may be caused by tumor lymph node blockage of the sentinel lymph node and uptake in the neighboring lymph nodes. Infiltered sentinel nodes are generally increased in size and firm. Thus, they can be detected by intraoperative palpation, even when there is no uptake by the radiotracer.AimTo reduce the false negative rates by applying intraoperative axillary palpation after SNB.MethodOver a two-year period, we complemented the SNB in 168 patients with careful intraoperative axillary palpation, detecting and removing all the palpable suspicious lymph nodes (SLN) that were analyzed as sentinel nodesResultsIn 32 out of 168 patients, 50 palpable SLN were found. In 3 out of 32 patients, 4 infiltrated SLNs were demonstrated with negative SNB and positive axillary lymphadenectomy. Thus, intraoperative palpation avoided false negative results. In one patient, one palpable SLN with tumor involvement was observed and SNB was also positive. In the remaining 28 patients, the histological analysis of 45 SLN was negative for tumor but SNB was positive in 3 patients.ConclusionIntraoperative axillary palpation, once the SNB was done, reduced the false negative rate. Thus, we consider that it should be included as one more part of this procedure(AU)

Herniación inguinal de un divertículo vesical, diagnosticada con PET-TAC / No disponible

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[Optimization of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer by intraoperative axillary palpation]. / Optimización de la biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela en el cáncer de mama mediante palpación axilar intraoperatoria.

INTRODUCTION: Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) by radioisotopes is a widely accepted and reliable surgical method for staging breast cancer in patients with unknown positive axillary lymph nodes involvement. The main limitation of this method is due to the appearance of false negatives that may be caused by tumor lymph node blockage of the sentinel lymph node and uptake in the neighboring lymph nodes. Infiltered sentinel nodes are generally increased in size and firm. Thus, they can be detected by intraoperative palpation, even when there is no uptake by the radiotracer. AIM: To reduce the false negative rates by applying intraoperative axillary palpation after SNB. METHOD: Over a two-year period, we complemented the SNB in 168 patients with careful intraoperative axillary palpation, detecting and removing all the palpable suspicious lymph nodes (SLN) that were analyzed as sentinel nodes RESULTS: In 32 out of 168 patients, 50 palpable SLN were found. In 3 out of 32 patients, 4 infiltrated SLNs were demonstrated with negative SNB and positive axillary lymphadenectomy. Thus, intraoperative palpation avoided false negative results. In one patient, one palpable SLN with tumor involvement was observed and SNB was also positive. In the remaining 28 patients, the histological analysis of 45 SLN was negative for tumor but SNB was positive in 3 patients. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative axillary palpation, once the SNB was done, reduced the false negative rate. Thus, we consider that it should be included as one more part of this procedure.

[Negative predictive value of (123)I Ioflupane SPECT in movement disorders]. / Valor predictivo negativo del SPECT con Ioflupano (123)I en los trastornos del movimiento.

OBJECTIVE: A non-degenerative etiology is supported by a normal SPI [normal SPECT with 123I-Ioflupane (SPI)] in a patient with movement disorders (MD). METHOD: A total of 196 SPIs were conducted during the period of 2004/05. Of these, 44 were selected in order to rule out degenerative MD (DMD), the results being normal in these patients. The clinical background of these patients were reviewed in a minimum period of 24 months (range 24-40), collecting the diagnoses reached by the neurology specialists. The SPI were evaluated using a consensus, according to subjective criteria and quantification. RESULTS: Thirty-six of the 44 patients (81%) were identified at 2 years of having nondegenerative movement disorders: 18 as essential tremor, 5 as drug-induced disorder, 4 as vascular disease, 3 as peripheral polyneuropathy, 2 postural tremors, 1 writer's cramp, 1 psychogenic tremor, 1 intercranial hypertension and 1 fibromyalgia. The remaining 8 patients were diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 5 cases, 1 corticobasal degeneration, 1 multisystemic atrophy and another degenerative Parkinsonism with unclear etiology. CONCLUSION: The SPI in our hospital has a lower negative predictive value than the data reported in the literature. The false negatives could be explained because most of our patients come from neurologist physicians who are not movement disorder experts. In addition, a small proportion of degenerative Parkinsonism could evolve with normal SPI.

Valor predictivo negativo del SPECT con Ioflupano 123I en los trastornos del movimiento / Negative predictive value of 123I Ioflupane SPECT in movement disorders

Objetivo: en un paciente con trastorno del movimiento (TM) un SPI normal apoya una etiología no degenerativa. Se ha evaluado retrospectivamente la situación clínica de los pacientes a los 2 años de realizarse un SPI con resultado normal para valorar cuál fue la actitud de los especialistas en neurología de nuestra área ante este tipo de pacientes. Método: de un total de 196 SPI realizados durante el período 2004-2005, se seleccionaron 44 en los que la intención era descartar un TM degenerativo (TMD) y cuyo resultado fue normal. Los historiales clínicos de estos pacientes sen revisaron en un período de, al menos, 24 meses (rango, 24-40), y se recogieron los diagnósticos alcanzados por los especialistas en neurología. Los SPI fueron informados en consenso, atendiendo a criterios subjetivos y de cuantificación. Resultados: 36 de los 44 (81%) pacientes se etiquetaron a los 2 años como TM no degenerativos (TMND): 18 temblores esenciales, 5 secundarios a fármacos, 4 vasculares, 3 neuropatías, 2 temblores posturales, 1 degeneración corticobasal, 1 calambre del escribiente, 1 psicógeno, 1 hipertensión intracraneal y 1 fibromialgia. Los 8 restantes estaban diagnosticados como TMD: 5 casos con enfermedad de Parkinson idiopática, 1 degeneración corticobasal, 1 atrofia multisistémica y finalmente un TMD sin filiación etiológica definitiva. Conclusión: el valor predictivo negativo del SPI (81%) fue levemente inferior al descrito en la bibliografía; hecho que puede explicarse por provenir los pacientes de una consulta de neurología no experta en TM y por aquellos TMD que cursan con SPI normal (AU)

Objective: A non-degenerative etiology is supported by a normal SPI [normal SPECT with 123I-Ioflupane (SPI)] in a patient with movement disorders (MD). Method: A total of 196 SPIs were conducted during the period of 2004/05. Of these, 44 were selected in order to rule out degenerative MD (DMD), the results being normal in these patients. The clinical background of these patients were reviewed in a minimum period of 24 months (range 24-40), collecting the diagnoses reached by the neurology specialists. The SPI were evaluated using a consensus, according to subjective criteria and quantification. Results: Thirty-six of the 44 patients (81%) were identified at 2 years of having nondegenerative movement disorders: 18 as essential tremor, 5 as drug-induced disorder, 4 as vascular disease, 3 as peripheral polyneuropathy, 2 postural tremors, 1 writer's cramp, 1 psychogenic tremor, 1 intercranial hypertension and 1 fibromyalgia. The remaining 8 patients were diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 5 cases, 1 corticobasal degeneration, 1 multisystemic atrophy and another degenerative Parkinsonism with unclear etiology. Conclusion: The SPI in our hospital has a lower negative predictive value than the data reported in the literature. The false negatives could be explained because most of our patients come from neurologist physicians who are not movement disorder experts. In addition, a small proportion of degenerative Parkinsonism could evolve with normal SPI (AU)