Chromosomal Study on Selected Small Araneomorph Spiders from Brazil, Including the First Records in Palpimanidae and Theridiosomatidae (Araneae, Araneomorphae).

Among the 50,474 spider species, only 849 have chromosomal data available in the literature. Fifty spider families remain unknown from a cytogenetic perspective. The aim of this study was to analyze chromosomally selected araneomorph spiders from Brazil, to contribute to the cytotaxonomy and chromosome evolution of this group. The karyotypes of 12 species belonging to families Corinnidae, Linyphiidae, Oonopidae, Palpimanidae, Theridiidae, Theridiosomatidae, Trachelidae, and Zodariidae were analyzed, including the first chromosomal record for the first two families. Specimens (with the abdomen content partially exposed by perforation) were subjected to colchicine, hypotonization, and fixation. In most cases, the total content of the abdomen was used to prepare slides by spreading of cell suspension and subsequent Giemsa staining. The results were as follows: Cinetomorpha simplex Simon, 1892 (Oonopidae) 2n♂ = 9, X0; Neotrops sp. and Neoxyphinus termitophilus (Oonopidae), 2n♂ = 7, X0; Otiothops birabeni (Palpimanidae); Agyneta sp. (Linyphiidae), 2n♂ = 24, X1X20; Coleosoma floridanum, Thymoites sp.1 and Thymoites sp.2 (Theridiidae), 2n♂ = 22, X1X20; Naatlo sp. (Theridiosomatidae), 2n♂ = 30, X1X20; Orthobula sp. (Trachelidae) 2n♂ = 21, X0; Falconina sp. (Corinnidae), 2n♂ = 28, X1X20; Epicratinus sp. (Zodariidae) 2n♂ = 42, X1X20. The chromosomal morphology was determined for all the samples except for Oonopidae. Most species exhibited telocentric chromosomes, with the exception of Palpimanidae and Theridiosomatidae. The main findings: 1) support an hypothesis on ancestral karyotype of Zodariidae and Oonopidae; 2) reveal a relatively high chromosome number in Palpimanidae that supports an idea on relatively high ancestral chromosome number (2n♂ = 42) of entelegyne spiders (Palpimanoidea is sister group of entelegyne spiders); 3) show that the karyotype found in Theridiosomatidae is exceptional within the Araneoidea.

Identification of Green-Leaf Volatiles Released from Cabbage Palms (Sabal palmetto) Infected with the Lethal Bronzing Phytoplasma.

Lethal bronzing (LB) is a fatal infection that affects over 20 species of palms (Arecaceae) and is caused by the phytoplasma 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aculeata'. This pathogen causes significant economic losses to landscape and nursery companies in Florida, USA. Recently, the vector was determined to be the planthopper Haplaxius crudus, which was more abundant on LB-infected palms. Herein, the volatile chemicals emitted from LB-infected palms were characterized using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Infected Sabal palmetto were identified and confirmed as positive for LB via quantitative PCR. Healthy controls of each species were selected for comparison. All infected palms exhibited elevated levels of hexanal and E-2-hexenal. Threatened palms showed high releasing concentrations of 3-hexenal and Z-3-hexen-1-ol. The volatiles characterized herein are common green-leaf volatiles (GLVs) emitted by plants under stress. This study considers the first documented case of GLVs in palms attributed to phytoplasma infection. Due to the apparent attraction of LB-infected palms to the vector, one or several of the GLVs identified in this study could serve as a lure for the vector and supplement management programs.

Chromosomal study on selected small araneomorph spiders from Brazil, including the first records in Palpimanidae and Theridiosomatidae (Araneae, Araneomorphae)

Among the 50,474 spider species, only 849 have chromosomal data available in the literature. Fifty spider families remain unknown from a cytogenetic perspective. The aim of this study was to analyze chromosomally selected araneomorph spiders from Brazil, to contribute to the cytotaxonomy and chromosome evolution of this group. The karyotypes of 12 species belonging to families Corinnidae, Linyphiidae, Oonopidae, Palpimanidae, Theridiidae, Theridiosomatidae, Trachelidae, and Zodariidae were analyzed, including the first chromosomal record for the first two families. Specimens (with the abdomen content partially exposed by perforation) were subjected to colchicine, hypotonization, and fixation. In most cases, the total content of the abdomen was used to prepare slides by spreading of cell suspension and subsequent Giemsa staining. The results were as follows: Cinetomorpha simplex Simon, 1892 (Oonopidae) 2n♂ = 9, X0; Neotrops sp. and Neoxyphinus termitophilus (Oonopidae), 2n♂ = 7, X0; Otiothops birabeni (Palpimanidae); Agyneta sp. (Linyphiidae), 2n♂ = 24, X1X20; Coleosoma floridanum, Thymoites sp.1 and Thymoites sp.2 (Theridiidae), 2n♂ = 22, X1X20; Naatlo sp. (Theridiosomatidae), 2n♂ = 30, X1X20; Orthobula sp. (Trachelidae) 2n♂ = 21, X0; Falconina sp. (Corinnidae), 2n♂ = 28, X1X20; Epicratinus sp. (Zodariidae) 2n♂ = 42, X1X20. The chromosomal morphology was determined for all the samples except for Oonopidae. Most species exhibited telocentric chromosomes, with the exception of Palpimanidae and Theridiosomatidae. The main findings: 1) support an hypothesis on ancestral karyotype of Zodariidae and Oonopidae; 2) reveal a relatively high chromosome number in Palpimanidae that supports an idea on relatively high ancestral chromosome number (2n♂ = 42) of entelegyne spiders (Palpimanoidea is sister group of entelegyne spiders); 3) show that the karyotype found in Theridiosomatidae is exceptional within the Araneoidea.

A nutrição no transtorno do espectro autista: benefícios de intervenções dietéticas na infância / Nutrition in autism spectrum disorder benefits of dietary interventions in childhood / Nutrición en el trastorno del espectro autista: beneficios de las intervenciones dietéticas en la infância

Objetivo: Conduzir uma revisão de literatura com foco na busca de intervenções nutricionais em pacientes pediátricos que apresentam transtorno do espectro autista (TEA). Método: Tratase de uma revisão narrativa realizada entre dezembro de 2022 a janeiro de 2023 nas bases de dados eletrônicas: nas bases de dados MEDLINE, SCIENCE DIRECT, PUBMED, SCIELO, LILACS e Google Acadêmico por meio dos descritores de assunto: transtorno do espectro autista, TEA, autismo, nutrição, terapia nutricional, pediatria, criança, adolescente. Resultados: O uso de dietas contendo nutrientes específicos, além da utilização de suplementos nutricionais, como vitaminas, minerais, ácidos graxos ômega-3 são abordados de forma fornecer evidências atualizadas sobre sua utilização. Conclusão: o uso de intervenções nutricionais pode melhorar algumas questões observadas em pacientes pediátricos com TEA e propiciar uma vida com maior qualidade, garantindo que as necessidades nutricionais da criança sejam atingidas para a promoção do crescimento e desenvolvimento.

Objective: To conduct a literature review focusing on the search for nutritional interventions in pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method: This is a narrative review conducted between December 2022 and January 2023 in the electronic databases: in the databases MEDLINE, SCIENCE DIRECT, PUBMED, SCIELO, LILACS and Google Scholar through the subject descriptors: autism spectrum disorder, ASD, autism, nutrition, nutritional therapy, pediatrics, child, adolescent. Results: The use of diets containing specific nutrients, in addition to the use of nutritional supplements such as vitamins, minerals, omega-3 fatty acids are addressed in order to provide updated evidence on their use. Conclusion: the use of nutritional interventions can improve some issues observed in pediatric patients with ASD and provide a higher quality of life, ensuring that the nutritional needs of the child are met to promote growth and development.

Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica centrada en la búsqueda de intervenciones nutricionales en pacientes pediátricos con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). Método: Se trata de una revisión narrativa realizada entre diciembre de 2022 y enero de 2023 en las bases de datos electrónicas: en las bases de datos MEDLINE, SCIENCE DIRECT, PUBMED, SCIELO, LILACS y Google Scholar a través de los descriptores temáticos: trastorno del espectro autista, TEA, autismo, nutrición, terapia nutricional, pediatría, niño, adolescente. Resultados: Se aborda el uso de dietas que contienen nutrientes específicos, además del uso de suplementos nutricionales como vitaminas, minerales, ácidos grasos omega-3 con el fin de proporcionar evidencia actualizada sobre su uso. Conclusión: el uso de intervenciones nutricionales puede mejorar algunos problemas observados en pacientes pediátricos con TEA y proporcionar una mayor calidad de vida, asegurando que se satisfagan las necesidades nutricionales del niño para promover el crecimiento y el desarrollo.

Association between forest resources and water availability: temporal analysis of the Serra Azul stream sub-basin.

Vegetation is expected to influence processes in the water cycle through its structural effects on key ecosystem functions in watersheds. However tropical forests are being submitted to anthropogenic pressures that result in great disturbances in the functioning of ecosystem services. Thus, the present study uses a landscape scale analysis for exploring the associations between land use changes and water availability in the Serra Azul stream watershed. The land use transitions from years 2013 to 2018 were investigated and a set of robust landscape metrics were analyzed across the study region, including water bodies Permanent Preservation Areas. A correlation analysis between the water volume of the Serra Azul reservoir and the landscape metrics was also performed to verify the association between forest resources and water availability. The results show that the region has been submitted to several impacts associated with the loss of forest areas resulting from landscape transformations throughout the region. Forest fragmentation associated to loss of connectivity severely limit water resources availability besides reducing the basin environmental resilience. The role of different management instruments for water resources protection was also discussed, emphasizing the need for participation of stakeholder in the creation process of these environmental protection instruments.

Surface water contamination from pesticide mixtures and risks to aquatic life in a high-input agricultural region of Brazil.

The environmental risks of pesticides found in surface waters of an important agricultural basin in Brazil were estimated by adopting two approaches: individual pesticides risk quotients (RQ) and concentration addition model for pesticide mixtures (∑RQs) contained in each water sample. Monitoring was carried out in the Mogi Guaçu River basin, Brazil, from October 2017 to May 2018. Four sampling points were selected in the Mogi Guaçu River and seven in its tributaries A multiresidue method with solid-phase extraction and subsequent analysis by UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS was developed to quantify 19 pesticides. Herbicides, except for simazine, presented the highest detection frequencies with values above 70%. Tebuthiuron was found in all 55 analyzed samples, presenting the highest concentration (6437 ng L-1) over the monitoring period. Fungicides and insecticides showed similar detection frequency (DF) values, ranging from 1.8% to 21.8%. Tebuconazole and carbofuran were the fungicides and insecticides most frequently detected, respectively. January 2018 sampling showed the highest total concentration of pesticides, differing from March 2018 and May 2018 (p < 0.05). The MG2 > TMG8 > MG1 > TMG6 sites showed the highest concentration total of pesticides while MG4 > TMG4 > TMG3 (p < 0.05) sites showed the lowest values: MG4 > TMG4 > TMG3 (p < 0.05). Most pesticide occurrences presented no risks to aquatic organisms. Only 19 out of the 175 pesticide occurrences > LOQ presented individual risks to aquatic biota. Contrary to the results obtained by the individual risk assessment, most pesticide mixtures presented risks to aquatic biota. In 36 out of the 55 samples analyzed during monitoring, pesticide mixtures presented risks to aquatic life.

Pesticides in the surface waters of the Camanducaia River watershed, Brazil.

Camanducaia River is part of the Piracicaba watershed responsible for pumping water into the Cantareira System, which is one of the main water sources for the metropolis of São Paulo and Campinas, Brazil. Intensive use of pesticides and hilly topography represents a situation of high risk for river water contamination. Therefore, water samples from 12 locations were collected along the Camanducaia River and its tributaries, over a period of 4 mo during the rainy season, and analyzed by GC-MS/MS or UPLC- MS/MS for the presence of 46 pesticides. Seven pesticides (fipronil, methyl parathion, metolachlor, atrazine, carbofuran, diuron, and simazine) were positively detected. Only atrazine (the most frequently detected) and diuron were present at concentrations above the limit of quantification of the analytical method (0.32 and 0.57 µg L-1 for atrazine and diuron, respectively). Pesticides detection frequency was higher than expected for a river system where only 11.8% of the land area is under agriculture. The vulnerability of the Camanducaia basin to pesticide contamination is attributed to the high annual precipitation (> 1.5 m y-1 in the headwaters), associated with topographical features (steep terrain) and soil types that favor surface runoff, which has been exacerbated by poor soil management practices.

Production of pigments in Alternanthera sessilis calli mediated by plant growth regulators and light / Produção de pigmentos em calos de Alternanthera sessilis mediados por reguladores de crescimento e luz

Among the compounds produced by plants, pigments such as betalains have received attention from both food and pharmaceuticals industries. The Alternanthera sessilis species produces these pigments, though in small quantities, and so it is necessary to increase production. Thus, many studies use elicitors that are capable of triggering physiological or morphological responses in plants. The objective was to establish callus production in A. sessilis grown under different combinations of growth regulators and light qualities and to assess whether these factors can increase betalain and flavonoid production. Leaf and internodal explants in MS medium with different growth regulators were used to obtain calli, which were subsequently transferred to a betacyanin induction medium remaining for 40 days under different light qualities (white, blue, red, and dark). The most suitable treatment for callus formation and subsequent betalain and flavonoid induction was to combine a medium containing 6.7 µmol L-1 2,4-D and 9.0 µmol L-1 BAP and blue light. Physical elicitation by light combined with appropriate concentration of growth regulators on calli can increase production of commercially important metabolites.(AU) 

Dentre os compostos produzidos pelas plantas, os pigmentos, como as betalaínas, vêm recebendo destaque tanto pela indústria alimentícia como farmacêutica. A espécie Alternanthera sessilis produz esses pigmentos, porém em pequenas quantidades, sendo necessário incrementar a produção. Para isso, muitos estudos utilizam elicitores que são capazes de desencadear respostas fisiológicas ou morfológicas nas plantas. O objetivo do trabalho foi estabelecer a produção de calos de A. sessilis crescidos quando submetidos a diferentes combinações de reguladores de crescimento e qualidades de luz, e avaliar se esses fatores são capazes de incrementar a produção de betalaínas e flavonoides. Foram utilizados explantes foliares e internodais em meio MS com diferentes reguladores de crescimento para obtenção dos calos que, posteriormente, foram transferidos para meio de indução de betacianina, onde permaneceram por 30 dias sob diferentes qualidades de luz (branca, azul, vermelha e escuro). O tratamento mais propício para formação de calos e consequente indução de betalaínas e flavonoides foi a combinação do meio contendo 6,7 μmol L-1 2,4-D e 9,0 μmol L-1 BAP e a luz azul. Conclui-se que a elicitação física pela luz em conjunto com a concentração adequada de reguladores de crescimento em calos é capaz de incrementar a produção de metabólitos de interesse comercial.(AU)

Production of pigments in Alternanthera sessilis calli mediated by plant growth regulators and light / Produção de pigmentos em calos de Alternanthera sessilis mediados por reguladores de crescimento e luz

Among the compounds produced by plants, pigments such as betalains have received attention from both food and pharmaceuticals industries. The Alternanthera sessilis species produces these pigments, though in small quantities, and so it is necessary to increase production. Thus, many studies use elicitors that are capable of triggering physiological or morphological responses in plants. The objective was to establish callus production in A. sessilis grown under different combinations of growth regulators and light qualities and to assess whether these factors can increase betalain and flavonoid production. Leaf and internodal explants in MS medium with different growth regulators were used to obtain calli, which were subsequently transferred to a betacyanin induction medium remaining for 40 days under different light qualities (white, blue, red, and dark). The most suitable treatment for callus formation and subsequent betalain and flavonoid induction was to combine a medium containing 6.7 µmol L-1 2,4-D and 9.0 µmol L-1 BAP and blue light. Physical elicitation by light combined with appropriate concentration of growth regulators on calli can increase production of commercially important metabolites.

Dentre os compostos produzidos pelas plantas, os pigmentos, como as betalaínas, vêm recebendo destaque tanto pela indústria alimentícia como farmacêutica. A espécie Alternanthera sessilis produz esses pigmentos, porém em pequenas quantidades, sendo necessário incrementar a produção. Para isso, muitos estudos utilizam elicitores que são capazes de desencadear respostas fisiológicas ou morfológicas nas plantas. O objetivo do trabalho foi estabelecer a produção de calos de A. sessilis crescidos quando submetidos a diferentes combinações de reguladores de crescimento e qualidades de luz, e avaliar se esses fatores são capazes de incrementar a produção de betalaínas e flavonoides. Foram utilizados explantes foliares e internodais em meio MS com diferentes reguladores de crescimento para obtenção dos calos que, posteriormente, foram transferidos para meio de indução de betacianina, onde permaneceram por 30 dias sob diferentes qualidades de luz (branca, azul, vermelha e escuro). O tratamento mais propício para formação de calos e consequente indução de betalaínas e flavonoides foi a combinação do meio contendo 6,7 µmol L-1 2,4-D e 9,0 µmol L-1 BAP e a luz azul. Conclui-se que a elicitação física pela luz em conjunto com a concentração adequada de reguladores de crescimento em calos é capaz de incrementar a produção de metabólitos de interesse comercial.

As ações M-governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The shares M-government of Rio Grande do Sul state / Las acciones M-gobierno de Rio Grande do Sul

As instituições públicas cada vez mais se preocupam em acompanhar o grande movimento, a nível mundial, da conectividade instantânea propulsionada pelo avanço tecnológico do mobile. Esta tecnologia está inserida e em constante evolução em um mercado mundial altamente exigente. Por isso, os governos passaram a desenvolver políticas e programas voltados para atingir o público usuário de mobile, tais ações são definidas como M-government (M-Governo). Para tanto, este artigo tem como finalidade realizar a análise da iniciativa do Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul em M-Governo, a partir da classificação do estágio de amadurecimento dos serviços disponíveis no aplicativo RS Móvel, conforme categorização do relatório publicado pelo OECD (2011). Concluiu-se que 84% do aplicativo, encontra-se no estágio primário de amadurecimento e diversas melhorias ainda devem ser implementadas para contribuir com a funcionalidade e evolução do aplicativo.(AU)

Public institutions are increasingly concerned in following the great worldwide movement of the instant connectivity propelled by technological advancement of mobile. This technology is embedded and constantly evolving in a highly demanding world market. Therefore, governments have to develop policies and programs to reach the audience user of mobile, such actions are defined as M-government). Hence, this article aims to perform the analysis of the Rio Grande do Sul State Government's initiative in M-Government, from the classification of the services available in the ripening stage of RS Mobile application, as categorization of the report published by the OECD (2011). It was concluded that 84% of the application is in the primary stage of maturity and many improvements still need to be implemented to contribute to the functionality and development of the application.(AU)

Las instituciones públicas cada vez se molestan en seguir el gran movimiento em todo el mundo, en el instante en conectividad impulsada por el avance tecnológico de la telefonía móvil. Esta tecnología está incorporada y evolucionando en un mercado mundial altamente exigente. Por lo tanto, los gobiernos deben desarrollar políticas y programas para alcanzar la audiencia de usuarios de la telefonía móvil, tales acciones se define como Mgobierno (M-Gobierno). Por lo tanto, este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar el análisis de la iniciativa del Gobierno del Estado de Rio Grande do Sul, en M-Gobierno, a partir de la clasificación de la etapa de maduración de servicio disponible en la aplicación RS móvil, como la categorización del informe publicado por la OCDE (2011). Se concluyó que el 84% de la aplicación se encuentra en la etapa primaria de madurez y muchas mejoras todavia tienen que ser implementadas para contribuir a la funcionalidad y el desarrollo de la aplicación.(AU)

As ações M-governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The shares M-government of Rio Grande do Sul state / Las acciones M-gobierno de Rio Grande do Sul

As instituições públicas cada vez mais se preocupam em acompanhar o grande movimento, a nível mundial, da conectividade instantânea propulsionada pelo avanço tecnológico do mobile. Esta tecnologia está inserida e em constante evolução em um mercado mundial altamente exigente. Por isso, os governos passaram a desenvolver políticas e programas voltados para atingir o público usuário de mobile, tais ações são definidas como M-government (M-Governo). Para tanto, este artigo tem como finalidade realizar a análise da iniciativa do Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul em M-Governo, a partir da classificação do estágio de amadurecimento dos serviços disponíveis no aplicativo RS Móvel, conforme categorização do relatório publicado pelo OECD (2011). Concluiu-se que 84% do aplicativo, encontra-se no estágio primário de amadurecimento e diversas melhorias ainda devem ser implementadas para contribuir com a funcionalidade e evolução do aplicativo.

Public institutions are increasingly concerned in following the great worldwide movement of the instant connectivity propelled by technological advancement of mobile. This technology is embedded and constantly evolving in a highly demanding world market. Therefore, governments have to develop policies and programs to reach the audience user of mobile, such actions are defined as M-government). Hence, this article aims to perform the analysis of the Rio Grande do Sul State Government's initiative in M-Government, from the classification of the services available in the ripening stage of RS Mobile application, as categorization of the report published by the OECD (2011). It was concluded that 84% of the application is in the primary stage of maturity and many improvements still need to be implemented to contribute to the functionality and development of the application.

Las instituciones públicas cada vez se molestan en seguir el gran movimiento em todo el mundo, en el instante en conectividad impulsada por el avance tecnológico de la telefonía móvil. Esta tecnología está incorporada y evolucionando en un mercado mundial altamente exigente. Por lo tanto, los gobiernos deben desarrollar políticas y programas para alcanzar la audiencia de usuarios de la telefonía móvil, tales acciones se define como Mgobierno (M-Gobierno). Por lo tanto, este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar el análisis de la iniciativa del Gobierno del Estado de Rio Grande do Sul, en M-Gobierno, a partir de la clasificación de la etapa de maduración de servicio disponible en la aplicación RS móvil, como la categorización del informe publicado por la OCDE (2011). Se concluyó que el 84% de la aplicación se encuentra en la etapa primaria de madurez y muchas mejoras todavia tienen que ser implementadas para contribuir a la funcionalidad y el desarrollo de la aplicación.