Assessment of IgE-mediated food allergies in children with atopic dermatitis

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory disease of the skin, which is characterised by a chronic relapsing course. AIM: The aim of the study was to assign the prevalence of clinically active food allergies among a group of children between 3 months and 7 years of age, with AD. METHODS: Eighty-eight children with AD were screened for specific IgE antibodies to food proteins. All patients with AD and specific IgE antibodies to food proteins were subjected to Oral Food Challenges (OFCs) with the relevant foods. RESULTS: Food-sensitised patients with moderate levels of sIgE had clinically active food allergy to milk (39.28%) and egg (42.34%) on the basis of positive OFCs. High IgE and eosinophilia had a prevalence of almost 80% and 25%, regardless of concomitant food sensitisation and disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, clinically active food allergies were recognised in 26.13% of children with AD. Nevertheless, no association was confirmed between food sensitisation and AD severity. High IgE and peripheral eosinophilia have not been found more prevalent among children with severe AD nor among children with food sensitisation. Infants and younger children with AD should be screened for an underlying food allergy, regardless of disease severity

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Assessment of IgE-mediated food allergies in children with atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory disease of the skin, which is characterised by a chronic relapsing course. AIM: The aim of the study was to assign the prevalence of clinically active food allergies among a group of children between 3 months and 7 years of age, with AD. METHODS: Eighty-eight children with AD were screened for specific IgE antibodies to food proteins. All patients with AD and specific IgE antibodies to food proteins were subjected to Oral Food Challenges (OFCs) with the relevant foods. RESULTS: Food-sensitised patients with moderate levels of sIgE had clinically active food allergy to milk (39.28%) and egg (42.34%) on the basis of positive OFCs. High IgE and eosinophilia had a prevalence of almost 80% and 25%, regardless of concomitant food sensitisation and disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, clinically active food allergies were recognised in 26.13% of children with AD. Nevertheless, no association was confirmed between food sensitisation and AD severity. High IgE and peripheral eosinophilia have not been found more prevalent among children with severe AD nor among children with food sensitisation. Infants and younger children with AD should be screened for an underlying food allergy, regardless of disease severity.

The role of TLR4 and CD14 polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in greek infants.

Clinical manifestations of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection vary from minimal disease to severe acute bronchiolitis. The structural complex of TLR4/CD14 participates in the virus recognition as a component of natural immune response. Genetic variations of TLR4/CD14 may explain great variations in disease severity. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of polymorphisms of TLR4, Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile and CD14, C-159T and C-550T in the development of RSV bronchiolitis. Our study included two groups of Greek infants and young children (A and B). Group A consisted of 50 infants ≤2 years of age hospitalised with bronchiolitis and group B of 99 previously healthy children aged 4-14 years (control group) with a free past medical history. RSV was identified by PCR of genetic material that was extracted from nasopharyngeal samples collected from all patients. Blood samples were used to extract DNA and by using the PCR-RFLP method we performed TLR4 and CD14 genotyping. We found no association between TLR4 polymorphisms (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) and the development of acute bronchiolitis. For CD14 polymorphisms, a positive association was found between the C-159T and the development of bronchiolitis (p=0.05) but not for the other loci. There were no differences detected in the frequencies of the four polymorphisms studied among infants with RSV and non-RSV bronchiolitis. It is concluded that protein CD14 may have a functional role in the viral conjunction to the structural complex TLR4/CD14. The association between the polymorphism C-159T and the manifestation of disease found in our study points out that the severity in the development of acute bronchiolitis is not specified exclusively by the pathogen, but the immune response of the host also plays a significant role. More extensive multicentric studies need to take place, in order to lead to safer conclusions.

Respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized children older than 2 years with community-acquired pneumonia.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the main causes of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the role of RSV in children >2 years old hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and to type the circulating RSV strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum and throat swab samples were taken upon admission from Greek children aged > 2 years, hospitalized with atypical CAP, and when possible, a second serum sample was also taken. RSV IgG and IgM antibodies were determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), while throat swab samples were tested by nested RT-PCR. Additional serological testing was performed to find out probable co-infections. RESULTS: A total of 101 children with atypical CAP were included in the study, aged 2.5-14 years (median 8.25). RSV IgM antibodies were detected in 21 (20.7%) cases, either in the first or/and in the second serum sample, while RSV genome was detected in 11 out of 15 (73%) IgM-positive patients, which were further tested by PCR. PCR-positive results were obtained up to the 7(th) day of illness. Among the 11 cases, one was of type B, and all the rest were of type A. The median age of the RSV-positive children was 4 years (range 3-13 years). Although RSV was detected in all seasons, the majority of cases (31%) were detected in winter. Co-infection was detected in 3 cases (two with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and one with adenovirus). CONCLUSIONS: Apart from the known role of RSV as the most important pathogen causing acute respiratory disease in infants and young children, it is also a significant viral pathogen in older children hospitalized because of CAP. Genetic typing provides further insight into the epidemiology of the disease.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory tract infections among Greek children.

BACKGROUND: M. pneumoniae is a common cause of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) of variable severity especially in children. New diagnostic techniques offered more reliable information about the epidemiology of infection by this pathogen. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of acute M. pneumoniae infections among Greek children hospitalized for RTIs using more advanced techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 225 Greek children hospitalized for RTIs during a 15-month period. Throat swab specimens were tested by PCR for the detection of M. pneumoniae, while IgG and IgM antibodies were determined by ELISA and, in certain cases, also by western-blot. In parallel, specimens were tested for the presence of additional respiratory pathogens. RESULTS: M. pneumoniae infection was diagnosed as the only pathogen in 25 (11.1%) cases, being the second (after respiratory syncytial virus- RSV) most often detected pathogen. The proportion of cases with M. pneumoniae infection in age group 8-14 years (23.3%) was significantly higher than that in <3 years age group. CONCLUSION: During our study period, M. pneumoniae was the second causative agent of RTIs after RSV. The proportion of children with M. pneumoniae RTIs increased with age, while most cases were reported during summer and autumn.

The effectiveness of local corticosteroids therapy in the management of mild to moderate viral croup.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine whether local anti-inflammatory therapy with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate is effective in the outpatient management of acute viral croup. METHODS: Children six months to five years of age, presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with a croup score of at least 2 participated in the study. All children were assigned in a randomised double-blind fashion to receive either nebulized L-epinephrine (LE), a single intramuscular injection of dexamethasone (D) 0.6 mg/kg, or inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (BD) 200 mg, via aerochamber. Croup score (CS), heart rate (HR), blood pressure, respiratory rate (RR) and oxygen saturation were recorded at study entry and at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after treatment. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients were enrolled into the study. Significant improvement of the croup score was noticed at the end of observation time in all groups. The LE group showed significant improvements of CS, HR and RR in comparison to the other two groups. Inhaled BD was as effective as intramuscular D in the treatment of mild to moderate croup in the ED. CONCLUSION: The use of inhaled beclomethasone in the outpatient management of croup was associated with a significant reduction in the severity of illness within 24 h after treatment.

Fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

We report fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a 7-year-old white boy. The diagnosis was based on relevant clinical material, absence of any other infections, a 4-fold rise in titer of complement fixation for M. pneumoniae and open lung biopsy findings. We discuss the association between M. pneumoniae and autoimmune mechanism.