The relationship between trait psychopathy and emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic review.

Psychopathy is a personality construct that has been related to important emotional deficits. These findings have led to a growing interest in exploring if psychopathic traits are associated with emotional intelligence (EI). However, the literature exploring this association has revealed conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to provide a reliable estimate of the relationship between psychopathy traits and EI (measured as performance-based ability) through meta-analysis. A quantitative and systematic review of the literature using Scopus, Medline, Pubmed, and PsicINFO showed a total of 13 studies meeting inclusion criteria with a combined sample of 2401 participants. The meta-analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between both constructs, showing that higher psychopathic trait scores are related to lower EI levels. We propose several future research lines to clarify possible gaps and ambiguities in the current literature and a set of interesting clinical implications for the prevention, evaluation, and treatment of psychopathic traits by including EI factors in traditional models of psychopathy.

Performance on emotional tasks engaging cognitive control depends on emotional intelligence abilities: an ERP study.

Cognitive control is a key process in decision making and adequately adapting our behavior to the environment. Previous studies have provided evidence of a lower capacity for cognitive control in emotion-laden contexts in comparison with neutral contexts. The aim of the present research was to study changes in cognitive control performance as a function of emotional intelligence (EI) level in contexts involving emotional information. The study sample was composed of 2 groups of 22 participants each: the high and low EI group. Participants carried out an emotional go/no-go task while brain activity was recorded by EEG. N2 and P3 ERPs were used as indices of cognitive control processing. Participants with higher EI showed a larger N2, reflecting a greater capacity for cognitive control related to changes in conflict monitoring, and to a better detection and evaluation of the emotional stimuli. Moreover, in general, response inhibition accuracy was reduced when emotional information was involved in this process. Our findings reveal that neural mechanisms underlying tasks that engage cognitive control depend on emotional content and EI level. This study indicates the important role played by EI in the relationship between emotion and cognition. EI training may be a very useful tool for improving performance in emotion-laden contexts.

Déficits en el reconocimiento facial de las emociones y su relación con la agresión: un revisión sistemática / Deficits in facial affect recognition and aggression: a systematic review

La presencia de déficits en el procesamiento emocional dificulta el desarrollo de un comportamiento social competente. Una de las fases del procesamiento emocional que ha sido principalmente analizada desde el estudio de la agresión ha sido el reconocimiento de las emociones en las expresiones faciales. Desde esta perspectiva, la literatura ha intentado responder a dos preguntas: en primer lugar, si las personas agresivas presentan un déficit en el reconocimiento facial de las emociones y en segundo lugar, si esta dificultad en la percepción de emociones es global o específica de algunas emociones. El propósito de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática para poder responder ambas preguntas. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda electrónica de los artículos publicados en inglés y en español a través de las bases de datos PubMed, Psycinfo y Scopus, encontrando 27 trabajos empíricos. En 23 de los 27 estudios encontrados, los resultados sugieren una dificultad en el re-conocimiento facial de las emociones por parte de las personas agresivas. Sin embargo, los resultados son diversos y no permiten concluir la existencia de un déficit en el reconocimiento de una emoción específica. Es necesario ampliar la investigación en este campo con el objetivo de profundizar en el conocimiento sobre la relación entre ambas variables

Deficits in processing emotional information are related to difficulties in the development of competent social behavior. In understanding ag-gressive behavior, a widely examined deficit is affect recognition. From this perspective, two questions have been raised in the literature: first, if there exists a deficit in facial affect recognition among aggres-sive people, and if so, whether that deficit is global or specific to recognize a particular emotion. We conducted a systematic review to answer both ques-tions. A systematic search using PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus for articles published in English and Spanish was performed. In 23 out of 27 studies, the results suggest the existence of deficits in facial affect recognition among aggressive people. However, results on the presence of a specific deficit in a particular emotion are inconclusive. Further em-pirical studies are needed to shed light on the rela-tionship between both variables

Trajectory and predictors of depression in a 12-month prospective study after the Madrid March 11 terrorist attacks.

BACKGROUND: Few longitudinal studies have examined the trajectory of and the risk factors for depression in a representative sample of the population exposed to terrorism. A 12 month prospective study was conducted among a sample of Madrid city residents after the March 11, 2004 terrorist attacks. We aimed to document the trajectories of depressive symptoms and determine the risk factors associated with these trajectories. METHODS: We conducted telephone surveys among a representative sample of Madrid citizens (N = 1589) to recruit baseline respondents approximately 1 month after the March 11 terrorist attacks. Participants were re-contacted at 6 and 12 months after baseline for further telephone interviews. RESULTS: Findings reveal heterogeneity in the longitudinal trajectories of depression ranging from the absence of depressive symptoms over time, to transient or chronic depression. Life and recent stressors, experiencing direct exposure to the attacks, personality traits, poor physical health and other psychological disorders were principally associated with a worse trajectory of depression after this event. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with a stress diathesis model, ongoing stressors and intense event exposure are key drivers of a chronic depression trajectory after a mass traumatic event.

Inteligencia emocional y sugestionabilidad. Efectos sobre el nivel de ansiedad en una muestra de mujeres universitarias / Emotional intelligence and suggestibility: effects on anxiety in female undergraduates

El presente trabajo muestra los resultados de dos estudios empíricos En el primero de ellos se explora la relación entre sugestionabilidad (Inventario de Sugestionabilidad, IS; González-Ordi & Miguel – Tobal, 1999) e Inteligencia Emocional Percibida (IEP) (TRait Meta-Mood Scale, TMMS; Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey & Palfai, 1995) en una muestra de mujeres universitarias. A partir de estos resultados, un segundo estudio examina la capacidad predictiva e incremental de los componentes de la IEP en la explicación del nivel de ansiedad (ISRA; Miguel-Tobal & Cano-Vindel, 1986) tras controlar la varianza explicada por la sugestionabilidad. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la existencia de un claro patrón de relaciones entre la IEP y la sugestionabilidad, así el nivel de sugestionabilidad se relaciona con mayores niveles de atención emocional y menores niveles de claridad y reparación. Además, los resultados del segundo estudio añaden evidencia sobre la validez incremental de la IEP en la explicación del nivel de ansiedad. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y se proponen hipótesis acerca de las bases que subyacen a la relación entre sugestionabilidad e IEP y a su efecto negativo sobre el ajuste emocional (AU)

The present paper presents two empirical studies. The first one aims to explore the possible relationship between suggestibility (measured by the Inventory of Suggestibility, IS; González – Ordi & Miguel – Tobal, 1999) and perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) (Trait Meta-Mood Scale, TMMS; Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey & Palfai, 1995) in a sample of female undergraduate students. Based on the results of the first study, the second one examines the predictive and incremtnl capacity of PEI to explain anxiety levels (ISRA; Miguel- Tobal & Cano- Vindel, 1986) after controlling for explained variance associated with suggestibility. Results show that there is a clear relationship between suggestibility and perceived emotional intelligence in the sense that higher levels of suggestibility are more related with higher levels of emotional attention and lower levels of emotional clarity and repair. Moreover, such results add evidence to the incremental validity of PEI when explaining levels of anxiety. Finally, several hypotheses on the underlying basis of the relationship between suggestibility and PEI and its negative effect on emotional adjustment are proposed and results are discussed (AU)

Una aproximación a la integración de diferentes medidas de regulación emocional / Theoretical integration of different measures of emotional regulation

El presente estudio examina la posibilidad de integración teórica de diferentes medidas de regulación emocional. En concreto se analiza la relación empírica existe entre ellas con el objetivo de comprendermejor los mecanismos sobre os que trabaja el mnejo emocional. En el estudio participaron 161 estudiantes univrsitarios que fueron evuados a través de tres medidas de regulació emocional: Inteligencia Emocional Percibida (TMMS); Estrategias de Supresión emocional y Reevaluación Cognitiva (ERQ); Afrontaietno Emocional (EAC) y en variales criteio como la Autoestima y la Satisfacción Vital (SWLS). Además este estudio investiga la validez incrmental, convergente y discriminanate de las medids de regulación emocinal para explicar la varianza de diferentes variables criterio: la satisfacción vital y la autoestima. Los resultados obtenidos fueron en la dirección esperada, mosrando que las dimensiones d elas diferentes corrientes estudiadas parecen estar evluando en la práctica el mismo tipo de estrategias de manejo emocional(AU)

This study examines the possibility of theoretical integration of different measure of emotional regulation. In particular, we analyse the empirical relationship existing between such measures with the aim of gaining a better understanding of the mehanisms on which emotional management operates. The study was carried out with 161 undergraduates that were evaluated through three measures of emotinl regulation: Perceived Emotional Inelligence (TMMS); Emotional Suppression and emotional reappraisl strategies (ERQ), Emotional copig (EAC) and in criterion variabes such as Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction (SWLS). Likeise, the present study investigates the incremental, convergent and disriminant validity of emotional regulation measures to account for the variance of the several criterion variables: life satisfaction and self-esteem. The results obtained pointed to expected direction, showing that the dimensions of the various tendencies studied seem to be assessing in practice the same type of emotional management strategies(AU)

Inteligencia emocional, estilos de respuesta y depresión / Emotional intelligenc, responses styles and depression

Basándonos en el modelo teórico de IE Mayer y Salovey (1997) el presente estudio analizó ls relacines entre la inteligencia emocional, evaluada con el Trait meta-Mood Scale (TMMS) y el Mayer Salovey Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), los estilos de respuestas rumiativo/distractor (Response Styes Questionnaire; RSQ),y los nivels de depresión (Beck Depresion Inentory; BDI). También se evaluó la valiez predictiva e incremental de la IE sobre depresión, controlando las variable sociodemográficas y los estilos de respuesta. En general, los resuados mostraro que, aunque el estilode respuesta era el predictor más signification, no obstante, la inteligencia emocional mostró vaianza odesta aunque significativa, Cuando se dividió a la muesra en diferentes grupos, el grupo de personas con depresión grave y lgera mostró menos habilidades emocionales que el grupo normal. Los hallazgos del presente estudio apoyan la consideración de la inteligencia emocional como un constructo teóricamnte relevante y empíricaente predictivo de ls diferencias individuales en sintomatología depresiva(AU)

Based upon Mayer and Salovey´s El model (1997), the purpose of the present study was toinvestigate the relationship between, emotinal intelligence, assessed by the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS) and the Mayer Salovey Caruso Emotional Inelligence Test (MSCEIT), the responses styles to depressed mood (rumination and distraction sytles) and the levels of deprssion (Beck Depression Inventory; BDI) in a wide sample of high shool and university students. The predictive validity of emotional controling for the effects of socio-demografic variables nd different responses styles was also examined. In general, the results showed that although responss styles were the most significant predicotr for depresion, however, emoional intelligence predicted modest but significant variance. Finally, when the sample ws divided into different groups, the slight and moderate-severe depression groups reported less emotional abiities that the normal group. Our findings support the consideration of El as a theoretically relevant construt and predictive empirically individual differences in accounted for depression(AU)

Inteligencia emocional percibida y consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes / Emotional intelligence and teenagers alcohol/tobacco consumption

Esta investigación examinó la relación entre la inteligencia emocional (IE) y el consumo de alcohol y tabaco en adolescentes. A IE entendida como la capacidad para percibir, comprender y regular las emociones de manera adecuada, se asocia con la disminución de conducas de risgo para la salud en las que se incluye el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. La hipóteis de nuestro estudio es que las personas que tengan más desarrolladas estas habilidades nor ecurrirán al consumo de drogas para regular sus estados emocionales negativos. En el etudio participaron alumnos de entre 11 y 21 años. Para evaluar la IE utilizamos el Trait Meta Mood Scale y para evaluar el consumo de sustancias adictivas empleamos el cuestionario sobr drogas del Observatorio Nacional sobre drogas. Los adolescentes con una mayor puntuación en IE muestran un menor consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Los adoescentes conuna menor puntuación en IE recurren al consumo de estas sustancias como una forma externa de autoregulación emocional(AU)

The investigacition examined the relationship between emotional intelience (EI) and teenae alcohol /tobacco consumption. Emotional intelligence, understood as the ability to perceive, undersand and regulate emotions in an adequate way, is associeated to a reduction in conducts entailing a risk for health, including tobacco and alcohol consumption. They hypothesis of our study is that persons who have developed these abilties to a larger extent shall not resort to drug consumption in order to regulate their negative emotional states. The participants of the study were students aged between 11 and 21. In order to evaluate emotional intelligence, we used the Trait Meta Mood Scale and to evaluate consumption of addictive substances we resorted to he questionnaire on drugs of the National Observatory on Durgs. Teenagers scoring higher in Emotional Intelligence reveal smaller tobacco and alcohol consumption levels. Teenagers scoring lower in Emotional Intelligence resort to consumption of these substances as an external form of emotional self-regulation(AU)

Actividad física en la tercera edad: análisis de sus relaciones con la inteligencia emoional percibida y los estilos de respuesta a la depresión / Perceived emotional intelligence, response style and physical actvity in old age

Este estudio se centra en explorar cómo interracciona la ineligencia emocional percibida (IEP) y los estilos de respueta perciida (IEP) y los estilos de respueta con la práctica de la acividad física en los ancianos. La muestra fue constituida por 400 ancianos prougueses, con edades comprendidas entre los 65 y 95 años. La actividad física fue evaluada con el cuestionario de Baecke, adaptado por Voorips et al (1991), la IE con el TMMS-24 (SALOVEY ET AL, 1995) y los estilos de respuesta, con el RTD (Nolen-Hoeksema y Morrow, 1991). Los resultados deosrarn que la práctica de actividad física regular se asociaba cn mayores nivels de IEP (atención t=3,217; p<0,01, claridad t=4,214; p<0,001, reparación: t=5,663; p<0,001) y mayores respuetas de distracción (t=3,072; p<0,001). En conclusión, el ejercicio fisico regular puede ser u factor protector contra el deterioro de la IE de los ancianos y constituir de hecho una respuesta adaptaiva de distracción de sus sentimientos depresivos(AU)

This study is focused on the way emotional intelligence and response style interacts with physical activity of the The sample consisted of 400 elderly people portuguese with ages ranging from 65 to 95. Elerly people. The measuremetn of the physical activity with the questionnaire by Baecke adapted by Voorrips et al (1991). The El of MMS-24; Salovey et al., 1995). We used the SRS to assess response style (Nolen-Hoeksema y Morrow, 1991). The results show that the practice of reguar physical activity causes a sigificant improvement inte EIP (attention: t=3,217; p<0,001, clarity: t=4,214; p<0,001, reapir t=5,662; p<0,001) and the “distraction response style” (t=3072; p<0,01). The conclusion of this study show that the elderly people´s aprticiparion in a regular physical activity program amay be a protection factor against deterioration of all emotiona intelligence, and consist of a pleasant disracting response to depressive mood(AU)

Diferencias étnicas en inteligencia emocional percibida en los Estados Unidos y México / Ethinic group differences in perceived emotional intelligence within the united states and Mexico

This study investigted etnic differences in the United States and Mexico on Perceived Emotional Intelligence (PEI). The invesigation exploed te hypothesis f ethnic variability in PEI by having African Americans, Latino Americans, Whites and Mexicans complete the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS) on three factors: Attention, Clarity, and Repair of emotions. A total of 519 participants volunteered to complet the TMMS. The resutls showed that for Attention and Clarity there were significant differences among ethnic groups with Mexicans scoring lower than African Americans, Latino Americans and Whits. However, on Repair, there were no significant differences among ethnic groups. Additionally, results indicated ethnic groups. Additionally, results indicated gender difference between women and men on Attention and Clarity. Women socred hhger than men on Attention and lower than men on Clariy. These findings suggest that particular ethnic groups can have notable differences in certain domains of PEI. However, researchers shoulde be guarded in assuming that particualr ethinic groups can have greater PEI, without first conrolling essential socio-demographic variables(AU)

The cognitive correlates of affect intensity, together with the relationships between this variable and socio-demographic and outcome variables such as, respectively, age and anxiety remian understudied. This work analyzes age diffferences in affect intensity and in two types of cognitive coping strategies in threatening situations; vigilance and distraction. Also, the relationship between this two variables and their association with the level on anxiety is explored. Fifty five younger and 51 older subjects (aged 60 and more) participated in the study. The resuls revealed significant age differences in the assessed variables, as well as differential interrelationships between them in the 2 age groups. Also, affect intesity and cognitive coping apperar to be more related to anxiety in the older subjects group. The relevance of age in the analysis of the relationships between psychological construct is highlighted(AU)

Análisis de las relaciones entre la inteligencia emocional percibida y la salud mental en la pareja / Analysis of the relationship between perceived emotional intelligence and metnal health of couples

En este estudio se analiza la relacióne xistente entrela Inteligencia Emocional Percibida porunmiembro de la pareja y la Salud Mental del oro miembro. 73 parejas de entre 40 y64 años componían la muestra. Los instrumetos utilizados para medir las variables de interés fueron el Trait Meta Mood Scale-24 (TMMS-24); Fernández-Berrocal, Extremera y Ramos, 2004) y el Mental Health-5 (MH-5; Alonso, Prieto y Ató 1995). Los resutlados muestran la inexstencia de relación directa entre la IEP por un miembro de la pareja y la salud mental del otro, sin embargo el análisis de regrisónmúltiple nos indica que la Salud Mental de cada miembro de la pareja se predice en primer lugar por su propia IEP y en segundo lugar por la Saud Mental de su pareja. Concluimos con la posible relación no directa pero si indirecta, entre la IEP por un miembro de la pareja y la Salud Mental del otro(AU)

This study analyzes the relationship between Perceived Emotional Intelligence (PEI) and Mental Helath in the couple´s member. 73 couples between 40 and 64 years old composed the sample. The instruments used to measure the variables of interest were the Trait Meta Mood Scale-24 (TMMS24; Fernández-Berrocal, Extermera & Ramos, 2004) and the Scale of Mental Health-5 (MH-5; Alonso, Prieto & Antó, 1995). The results sho the absence of direct relationship among PEI for one couple´s member and mental health of the other. However multiple reression analysis indicates that Mental Health of couple´s member is predicted in the first place by yout own PEI and by your couple´s Mental Health in second place. In conclusion we found and indirect relationship between IEP FOR the couplés member and the Mental Health of the other(AU)

Inteligencia emocional percibida y diferencias individuales en el meta-conocimiento de los estados emocionales: una revisión de los estudios con el TMMS / Perceived emocional intelligence and individual differences in the meta-knowledge of emocional status: a review of the studies with the Trait Meta-Mood Scale

En este artículo se realiza una revisión de los trabajos empíricos realizados hasta la fecha con el Trait Meta-Mood Scale (Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey y Palfai, 1995), la primera medida de auto-informe para evaluar la inteligencia emocional desde el modelo de inteligencia emocional de Salovey y Mayer (1990; Mayer y Salovey, 1997). En concreto, se realiza una breve descripción de la medida y de su adaptación al castellano. Además, se presentan los resultados obtenidos desde su aparición en 1995 en diferentes estudios de índole aplicada, clínica, experimental y transcultural. A continuación se analiza cada una de las dimensiones que componen el instrumento así como su perfil diferencial como predictores del bienestar individual. Los resultados de diferentes estudios examinados muestran que el patrón característico de personas con mejores niveles de adaptación psicológica han sido aquellas con puntuaciones moderadasbajas en Atención emocional y altas puntuaciones en Claridad y Reparación. Finalmente, se discuten posibles mejoras en la escala así como futuras líneas de investigación e implicaciones del uso de este instrumento

In this artide, we revised the empirical artides carried out with the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Palfai, 1995), the first self-report measure to evaluate emotional intelligence (El) based on Salovey and Mayer's model of emotional intelligence (1990; Mayer & Salovey, 1997). In short, a brief description of the measure and its Spanish adaptation is done. Moreover, the published findings since its development in 1995 from applied, clinical, experimental, and cross-cultural studies are reported. Furthermore, each dimension that composes the instrument along with its differential pattern as predictors of individual well-being is examined. Findings showed that individuals who pay medium-low attention to their own emotions, and score higher on emotional darity and repair show better emotional adjustment on reviewed studies. Finally, we discuss potential improvements of the scale, further research, and the implications from the use of the instrument

Medidas de evaluacion de la inteligencia emocional / Assement measure of emotional intelligence

Recientemente se ha promovido la idea de que nuestra concepción de inteligencia debería expandirse para incluir un nuevo concepto, la inteligencia emocional (IE). El desarrollo de modelos teóricos de IE ha ido paralelo al desarrollo de instrumentos de medidas para evaluar el concepto. En los últimos anos se ha producido una proliferación de medidas de IE; sin embargo, muchas de ellas no son científicas ni miden el concepto con exactitud. En este artículo, realizamos una panorámica general de las medidas científicas de IE informando de las versiones validadas para población de lengua española. Igualmente, se revisa la fiabilidad, validez y métodos de evaluación de cada una de ellas. Se realiza una distinción entre medidas de auto-informe y medidas de habilidad de IE en función de cómo la IE es definida y el planteamiento de medición utilizado. En las medidas de auto-informe se pide a las personas que estimen su nivel de IE y, por tanto, proporciona una medida de IE percibida. En cambio, las medidas de habilidad evalúan los niveles de ejecución de las personas en tareas emocionales y proporcionan una medida de la IE actual. Finalmente, se subraya la necesidad de más investigación en el campo de la evaluación de la IE y se discuten algunas ventajas y desventajas sobre las medidas

[Postoperative pain and emotional intelligence]. / Dolor postoperatorio e inteligencia emocional.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relation between emotional intelligence (the ability to understand and regulate feelings) and postoperative pain in patients who had undergone abdominal surgery. METHODS: In a prospective intra-subject design we studied 32 patients in a natural context in which they underwent digestive and urological surgery. We used a structured interview, psychometric tests, and two quantitative scales for evaluating pain. RESULTS: Results indicated a significant negative correlation between the variable repair of feelings and pain scores on both verbal and visual analog scales (p < 0.05). The pain scores on each scale were highly correlated (p < 0.01). Likewise, the score on the visual analog scale on the first postoperative day and the overall score correlated (p < 0.01). Regression analysis indicated a significant effect of clarity and repair of feelings on the perception of postoperative pain. CONCLUSION: Patients showing higher emotional intelligence scores (clarity and repair) assessed their postoperative pain as less intense.