Microbiology of organic and conventionally grown fresh produce

ABSTRACT Fresh produce is a generalized term for a group of farm-produced crops, including fruits and vegetables. Organic agriculture has been on the rise and attracting the attention of the food production sector, since it uses eco-agricultural principles that are ostensibly environmentally-friendly and provides products potentially free from the residues of agrochemicals. Organic farming practices such as the use of animal manure can however increase the risk of contamination by enteric pathogenic microorganisms and may consequently pose health risks. A number of scientific studies conducted in different countries have compared the microbiological quality of produce samples from organic and conventional production and results are contradictory. While some have reported greater microbial counts in fresh produce from organic production, other studies do not. This manuscript provides a brief review of the current knowledge and summarizes data on the occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in vegetables from organic production.

Optimization of growth and bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei2a

Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei 2a is a bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacterium isolated from Brazilian pork sausage, capable of inhibiting the growth of microbial pathogens, mainly Listeria monocytogenes. In order to optimize bacteriocin production for industrial applications, this study evaluated the effect of supplementation of MRS broth with glucose, Tween 20, Tween 80, sodium citrate, potassium chloride and cysteine, and effect of the initial pH and temperature of incubation of the medium on production of bacteriocins by L. sakei 2a. Adding glucose and Tween 20 to the medium, an initial pH of 5.0 or 5.5, and incubation temperatures of 25 °C or 30 °C resulted to the highest bacteriocin yields. Thus, a 2⁴ factorial design with the four variables was performed, and statistical analysis showed that it was an adequate model (R² = 0.8296). In the studied range, the four parameters significantly influenced bacteriocin production, with the maximum yield produced at an initial pH between 5.5 and 7.0, a temperature between 25 and 30 °C and supplementation of the MRS broth with glucose from 3.25 to 6.0 g L⁻¹ and Tween 20 from 0.575 to 1.15% (v/v). Response Surface Methodology analysis indicated that the highest bacteriocin production (12800 AU mL⁻¹) occurred in the MRS broth supplemented with 5.5 g L⁻¹ glucose and 1.05% Tween 20 at an initial pH of 6.28 and an incubation temperature of 25 °C. The amount of bacteriocin produced in commercial MRS broths under the same conditions was only 5600AU mL⁻¹.

Bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis DF04Mi isolated from goat milk: Application in the control of Listeria monocytogenes in fresh Minas-type goat cheese

Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogen frequently found in dairy products. Its control in fresh cheeses is difficult, due to the psychrotrophic properties and salt tolerance. Bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with proven in vitro antilisterial activity can be an innovative technological approach but their application needs to be evaluated by means of in situ tests. In this study, a novel bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus lactis strain (Lc. lactis DF4Mi), isolated from raw goat milk, was tested for control of growth of L. monocytogenes in artificially contaminated fresh Minas type goat cheese during storage under refrigeration. A bacteriostatic effect was achieved, and counts after 10 days were 3 log lower than in control cheeses with no added LAB. However, this effect did not differ significantly from that obtained with a non-bacteriocinogenic Lc. lactis strain. Addition of nisin (12.5 mg/kg) caused a rapid decrease in the number of viable L. monocytogenes in the cheeses, suggesting that further studies with the purified bacteriocin DF4Mi may open new possibilities for this strain as biopreservative in dairy products.

Bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis DF04Mi isolated from goat milk: characterization of the bacteriocin

Lactic acid bacteria capable of producing bacteriocins and presenting probiotic potential open innovative technological applications in the dairy industry. In this study, a bacteriocinogenic strain (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis DF4Mi) was isolated from goat milk, and studied for its antimicrobial activity. The bacteriocin presented a broad spectrum of activity, was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes, resistant to heat and pH extremes, and not affected by the presence of SDS, Tween 20, Tween 80, EDTA or NaCl. Bacteriocin production was dependent on the components of the culture media, especially nitrogen source and salts. When tested by PCR, the bacteriocin gene presented 100% homology to nisin Z gene. These properties indicate that this L. lactis subsp. lactis DF4Mi can be used for enhancement of dairy foods safety and quality.

Bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus lactis subsp: lactis DF04Mi isolated from goat milk: Evaluation of the probiotic potential

Lactic acid bacteria capable of producing bacteriocins and presenting probiotic potential open innovative technological applications in the dairy industry. In this study, a bacteriocinogenic strain (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis DF4Mi) was isolated from goat milk, and studied for its probiotic potential. Lc. lactis DF4Mi was resistant to acidic pH and oxbile, presented co-aggregation with Listeria monocytogenes, and was not affected by several drugs from different generic groups, being sensitive to most tested antibiotics. These properties indicate that this Lc. lactis strain can be used for enhancement of dairy foods safety and quality, in combination with potential probiotic properties.

A comparison of ready-to-use systems for evaluating the microbiological quality of acidic fruit juices using non-pasteurized orange juice as an experimental model / Comparación de algunos sistemas listos para usar en la evaluación de la calidad microbiológica de zumos de frutas ácidas, usando zumo de naranja no pasteurizado como modelo experimental

Several alternative analytical methods are currently available for the rapid microbiological testing of food. Due to their many advantages, particularly their convenience of use, the popularity of ready-to-use systems for the enumeration of hygiene indicator microorganisms is increasing. However, the ability of these systems to enumerate stressed microorganisms, such as those that may be found growing in acidic foods, is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Petrifilm (TM) and SimPlate (TM) plates for the enumeration of total aerobes and fungi (yeasts and molds) in acidic fruit juices, using non-pasteurized orange juice as an experimental model. The samples were analyzed before and after neutralization of pH, and the results were compared with those obtained using conventional procedures, i.e. pour-plates containing Standard Methods Agar, acidified potato dextrose agar, or dichloran-glycerol agar. The results obtained with Petrifilm and SimPlate for counts of mesophilic aerobes as well as for yeast and mold correlated well with those obtained using conventional procedures. Although no statistically significant differences were observed between counts of non-neutralized and neutralized samples (α ≤ 0.05), better correlation indexes were observed in the neutralized samples. Both Petrifilm and SimPlate proved to be good alternative methods for testing the microbiological quality of acidic fruit juices (AU)

Actualmente se dispone de varios métodos analíticos alternativos para el análisis microbiológico rápido de alimentos. Debido a sus muchas ventajas, especialmente su facilidad de uso, cada vez es mayor la popularidad de los sistemas listos para usar en la enumeración de los microorganismos indicadores de las condiciones higiénicas. Sin embargo, no se sabe cómo actúan estos sistemas en la enumeración de microorganismos sometidos a situaciones de estrés. El objetivo de este estudio era evaluar el funcionamiento de las placas Petrifilm (TM) and SimPlate (TM) en la enumeración total de aerobios y hongos (levaduras y mohos) en zumos de frutas ácidas, usando zumo de naranja no pasteurizado como modelo experimental. Las muestras se analizaron antes y después de la neutralización del pH y los resultados se compararon con los obtenidos usando métodos convencionales, como el de vertido en placa agar nutritivo estándar, y el cultivo en placas con agar glucosado de patata acidificado y con agar diclorán-glicerol. Los resultados obtenidos con Petrifilm y con SimPlate en el recuento de aerobios mesófilos y en el de levaduras y mohos se correlacionaban bien con los resultados obtenidos usando métodos convencionales. Aunque no se apreciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los recuentos de las muestras neutralizadas y las que no lo estaban (α ≤ 0.05), en las muestras neutralizadas se observaron mejores índices de correlación. Ambos sistemas (Petrifilm and SimPlate) demuestran ser buenos métodos alternativos para analizar la calidad microbiológica de los zumos de frutas ácidas (AU)

Occurrence of Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli in retail raw chiken meat and giblets in Säo Paulo, Brazil

Estudou-se a incidência de Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli em duzentas amostras de carne e de miúdos de frango crus, coletados em supermecados da cidade de Säo Paulo, Brasil. As amostras incluíram carcaças inteiras, pedaços de carne e miúdos (moelas, fígado, coraçäo e pés). Campylobacter foi detectado em 13,5% das amostras estudadas. Maior incidência foi observada nos pedaços de carne. Das 100 cepas de Campylobacter isoladas, 14 foram caracterizadas como C.jejuni e 86 como C.coli