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1.
Rev Neurol ; 76(8): 265-271, 2023 04 16.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37046395

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Functional neurological disorders (FND) are a frequent reason for visits in neurology. However, specific training on these disorders during undergraduate and residency training is limited. This study assesses the knowledge, attitude and exposure of medical students to FNDs before completing their medical degree. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a 15-item survey to explore understanding, exposure and attitudes towards FNDs among sixth-year medical students at four Spanish universities. RESULTS: A total of 118 students (mean age 23.6 ± 1.2 years; 71.2% female) returned the survey. Of these, 88 (74.6%) were aware of the concept of FNDs and 78 (66.1%) had studied them in psychiatry classes. The term 'psychosomatic' was chosen by 54.1% of the students as the most appropriate term to refer to these disorders, and 111 (94.1%) believed that a history of sexual or physical abuse was common among FND patients. Fifty-seven students (48.3%) assumed that the diagnosis of FND was mostly a clinical diagnosis of exclusion and 63 (53.4%) indicated that it is managed only by psychiatry. One hundred and one students (85.6%) considered that adequate training on FNDs is an important aspect of their medical training. CONCLUSIONS: Medical students are aware of the existence of FNDs, but their preferred terminology, as well as the perceived aetiological factors, reflect that the historical view of these disorders is still deeply rooted. Medical students feel that they should receive adequate education on FNDs from specialists in neurology and psychiatry as part of their training.


TITLE: ¿Qué piensan los estudiantes de Medicina sobre los trastornos neurológicos funcionales?Introducción. Los trastornos neurológicos funcionales (TNF) son un motivo de consulta frecuente en neurología. Sin embargo, la formación específica sobre estos trastornos durante la formación universitaria y el período de residencia es limitada. En este estudio se evalúan los conocimientos, la actitud y la exposición de los estudiantes de Medicina a los TNF antes de terminar el grado de Medicina. Sujetos y métodos. Realizamos una encuesta de 15 ítems para explorar la comprensión, la exposición y las actitudes hacia los TNF entre los estudiantes de Medicina de sexto año en cuatro universidades españolas. Resultados. Devolvieron la encuesta 118 estudiantes (edad media 23,6 ± 1,2 años; 71,2%, mujeres). De ellos, 88 (74,6%) conocían el concepto de TNF y 78 (66,1%) los habían estudiado en las clases de psiquiatría. El 54,1% de los estudiantes eligió el término 'psicosomático' como el más adecuado para referirse a estos trastornos, y 111 (94,1%) creían que una historia de abuso sexual o físico era común entre los pacientes con TNF. Cincuenta y siete estudiantes (48,3%) asumieron que el diagnóstico de TNF era mayoritariamente un diagnóstico clínico de exclusión y 63 (53,4%) señalaron que el manejo se realiza únicamente desde psiquiatría. Ciento un estudiantes (85,6%) consideraron que una formación adecuada sobre los TNF es un aspecto importante de su formación médica. Conclusiones. Los estudiantes de Medicina son conscientes de la existencia de los TNF, pero la terminología preferida por ellos, así como los factores etiológicos percibidos, reflejan que la visión histórica acerca de estos trastornos está aún arraigada. Los estudiantes de Medicina consideran que deberían recibir una educación adecuada sobre los TNF como parte de su formación por parte de los especialistas en neurología y psiquiatría.


Subject(s)
Conversion Disorder , Neurology , Students, Medical , Humans , Female , Young Adult , Adult , Male , Attitude of Health Personnel , Neurology/education , Surveys and Questionnaires
2.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 76(8): 265-271, Abr 16, 2023. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-219052

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Los trastornos neurológicos funcionales (TNF) son un motivo de consulta frecuente en neurología. Sin embargo, la formación específica sobre estos trastornos durante la formación universitaria y el período de residencia es limitada. En este estudio se evalúan los conocimientos, la actitud y la exposición de los estudiantes de Medicina a los TNF antes de terminar el grado de Medicina. Sujetos y métodos: Realizamos una encuesta de 15 ítems para explorar la comprensión, la exposición y las actitudes hacia los TNF entre los estudiantes de Medicina de sexto año en cuatro universidades españolas. Resultados: Devolvieron la encuesta 118 estudiantes (edad media 23,6 ± 1,2 años; 71,2%, mujeres). De ellos, 88 (74,6%) conocían el concepto de TNF y 78 (66,1%) los habían estudiado en las clases de psiquiatría. El 54,1% de los estudiantes eligió el término ‘psicosomático’ como el más adecuado para referirse a estos trastornos, y 111 (94,1%) creían que una historia de abuso sexual o físico era común entre los pacientes con TNF. Cincuenta y siete estudiantes (48,3%) asumieron que el diagnóstico de TNF era mayoritariamente un diagnóstico clínico de exclusión y 63 (53,4%) señalaron que el manejo se realiza únicamente desde psiquiatría. Ciento un estudiantes (85,6%) consideraron que una formación adecuada sobre los TNF es un aspecto importante de su formación médica. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes de Medicina son conscientes de la existencia de los TNF, pero la terminología preferida por ellos, así como los factores etiológicos percibidos, reflejan que la visión histórica acerca de estos trastornos está aún arraigada. Los estudiantes de Medicina consideran que deberían recibir una educación adecuada sobre los TNF como parte de su formación por parte de los especialistas en neurología y psiquiatría.(AU)


Introduction: Functional neurological disorders (FND) are a frequent reason for visits in neurology. However, specific training on these disorders during undergraduate and residency training is limited. This study assesses the knowledge, attitude and exposure of medical students to FNDs before completing their medical degree. Patients and methods: We conducted a 15-item survey to explore understanding, exposure and attitudes towards FNDs among sixth-year medical students at four Spanish universities. Results: A total of 118 students (mean age 23.6 ± 1.2 years; 71.2% female) returned the survey. Of these, 88 (74.6%) were aware of the concept of FNDs and 78 (66.1%) had studied them in psychiatry classes. The term ‘psychosomatic’ was chosen by 54.1% of the students as the most appropriate term to refer to these disorders, and 111 (94.1%) believed that a history of sexual or physical abuse was common among FND patients. Fifty-seven students (48.3%) assumed that the diagnosis of FND was mostly a clinical diagnosis of exclusion and 63 (53.4%) indicated that it is managed only by psychiatry. One hundred and one students (85.6%) considered that adequate training on FNDs is an important aspect of their medical training. Conclusions: Medical students are aware of the existence of FNDs, but their preferred terminology, as well as the perceived aetiological factors, reflect that the historical view of these disorders is still deeply rooted. Medical students feel that they should receive adequate education on FNDs from specialists in neurology and psychiatry as part of their training.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Students, Medical , Nervous System Diseases , Neurology , Polydipsia, Psychogenic , Movement Disorders , Surveys and Questionnaires , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Spain
3.
Rev Neurol ; 71(11): 407-420, 2020 Dec 01.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33205387

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Motor fluctuations are one of the most common complications of Parkinson's disease and their treatment is still a complex matter. Therefore, from the Neurology Movement Disorders Group we present our clinical experience in the treatment of these complications, with the intention of it being useful in decision-making in daily clinical practice. DEVELOPMENT: Nineteen questions were developed based on a literature review and an open survey answered by members of this group. These issues were discussed in two phases, using the Delphi methodology. Considering the results of the survey, levodopa dose adjustment and dopamine agonists are the option with the best efficacy/tolerability ratio in the treatment of motor fluctuations. Rotigotine is useful in the motor fluctuations associated with gastroparesis, and intermittent subcutaneous apomorphine has positive effects in patients with unpredictable off periods. The most relevant adverse effect associated with dopamine agonists is impulse control disorder. Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors are useful in the initial stages of motor fluctuations, especially in wearing off. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are generally drugs that are well-tolerated and useful in motor fluctuations. If these measures are not effective, second-line treatments should be indicated on a case-by-case basis. CONCLUSION: The clinical profile of patients with Parkinson's disease is paramount in deciding the most appropriate therapy for the treatment of motor fluctuations.


TITLE: Experiencia clínica en el tratamiento de las fluctuaciones motoras en la enfermedad de Parkinson. Consenso Delphi de un grupo de expertos en trastornos del movimiento.Introducción. Las fluctuaciones motoras son una de las complicaciones más frecuentes en la enfermedad de Parkinson y su tratamiento sigue siendo complejo. Por ello, desde el Grupo de Trastornos del Movimiento de la Asociación Madrileña de Neurología presentamos nuestra experiencia clínica en el tratamiento de estas complicaciones, con la intención de que sea de utilidad en la toma de decisiones en la práctica clínica diaria. Desarrollo. Se elaboraron 19 preguntas a partir de una revisión bibliográfica y una encuesta abierta respondida por los miembros de dicho grupo. Dichas cuestiones se debatieron en dos fases, utilizando la metodología Delphi. Considerando los resultados de la encuesta, el ajuste de la dosis de levodopa y los agonistas dopaminérgicos son la opción con mejor relación eficacia/tolerabilidad en el tratamiento de las fluctuaciones motoras. La rotigotina es útil en las fluctuaciones motoras asociadas a gastroparesia, y la apomorfina subcutánea intermitente, en pacientes con off impredecible. El efecto adverso más relevante asociado a los agonistas dopaminérgicos es el trastorno del control de impulsos. Los inhibidores de la catecol-O-metiltransferasa son útiles en las fluctuaciones motoras de inicio, especialmente en el wearing off. Los inhibidores de la monoaminooxidasa son fármacos, en general, bien tolerados y útiles en las fluctuaciones motoras. En caso de que estas medidas no resulten eficaces, se deben indicar terapias de segunda línea de manera individualizada. Conclusión. El perfil clínico del paciente con enfermedad de Parkinson es primordial para decidir la terapia más adecuada en el tratamiento de las fluctuaciones motoras.


Subject(s)
Antiparkinson Agents , Motor Activity , Parkinson Disease , Antiparkinson Agents/therapeutic use , Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Consensus , Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use , Humans , Levodopa/therapeutic use , Motor Activity/drug effects , Parkinson Disease/drug therapy , Treatment Outcome
4.
Rev Neurol ; 70(s01): S1-S11, 2020 Jun 12.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32515486

ABSTRACT

Motor fluctuations are frequently seen in Parkinson disease patients on chronic treatment with levodopa. Management of motor fluctuation includes the addition of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors. Opicapone is a recent and selective third-generation COMT inhibitor which achieves marked increase in the bioavailability of levodopa. We present a consensus of a group of Spanish neurologists with extensive experience in the clinical management of motor fluctuations. The clinical experience of this group of experts is in line with clinical trials and confirms that opicapone is an effective drug in the control of motor fluctuations, regardless of the daily levodopa dose, or the use of other antiparkinsonian drugs. However, in the opinion of these experts, the ideal patient with Parkinson's disease to initiate treatment with opicapone is the one with mild motor fluctuations, since the ratio between clinical efficacy and adverse effects is more favorable. In general, it is an easy-to-use drug both in those first treated with a COMT inhibitor or those already on entacapone. In any case, the secondary side effects are easily managed.


TITLE: Optimización del manejo clínico de opicapona en la enfermedad de Parkinson. Recomendaciones de expertos españoles.Las fluctuaciones motoras constituyen una importante complicación en los pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson tratados con levodopa. Entre las opciones terapéuticas para el manejo de las fluctuaciones motoras se cuenta con los inhibidores de la catecol-O-metil-transferasa (COMT), incluyendo la opicapona. La opicapona muestra una elevada afinidad por la COMT y consigue un aumento marcado de la biodisponibilidad de la levodopa. Se presenta el consenso de un grupo de expertos españoles en la enfermedad de Parkinson con experiencia en el tratamiento clínico de fluctuaciones motoras y el empleo de opicapona. La experiencia de este grupo de expertos, en consonancia con los ensayos clínicos, confirma que la opicapona es un fármaco eficaz en el control de las fluctuaciones motoras de la enfermedad de Parkinson, con independencia de la dosis de levodopa recibida o de la utilización de otros fármacos antiparkinsonianos. No obstante, a juicio de estos expertos, el paciente ideal para iniciar el tratamiento con opicapona es el que presenta fluctuaciones motoras leves, ya que muestra una mejor relación entre eficacia clínica y efectos adversos. En general, la opicapona es un fármaco de fácil manejo, tanto en pacientes que requieren opicapona como primer inhibidor de la COMT como en los previamente tratados con entacapona, o en los que están en tratamiento concomitante con otros fármacos antiparkinsonianos. En cualquier caso, los efectos secundarios son fácilmente corregibles.


Subject(s)
Antiparkinson Agents/therapeutic use , Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Oxadiazoles/therapeutic use , Parkinson Disease/drug therapy , Antiparkinson Agents/administration & dosage , Antiparkinson Agents/adverse effects , Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Catechols/administration & dosage , Catechols/adverse effects , Catechols/therapeutic use , Clinical Trials as Topic , Dopamine Agonists/administration & dosage , Dopamine Agonists/adverse effects , Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Substitution , Drug Therapy, Combination , Humans , Levodopa/administration & dosage , Levodopa/adverse effects , Levodopa/therapeutic use , Nitriles/administration & dosage , Nitriles/adverse effects , Nitriles/therapeutic use , Oxadiazoles/administration & dosage , Oxadiazoles/adverse effects , Patient Selection , Treatment Outcome
5.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 70(supl.1): S1-S11, jun. 2020. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-195437

ABSTRACT

Las fluctuaciones motoras constituyen una importante complicación en los pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson tratados con levodopa. Entre las opciones terapéuticas para el manejo de las fluctuaciones motoras se cuenta con los inhibidores de la catecol-O-metil-transferasa (COMT), incluyendo la opicapona. La opicapona muestra una elevada afinidad por la COMT y consigue un aumento marcado de la biodisponibilidad de la levodopa. Se presenta el consenso de un grupo de expertos españoles en la enfermedad de Parkinson con experiencia en el tratamiento clínico de fluctuaciones motoras y el empleo de opicapona. La experiencia de este grupo de expertos, en consonancia con los ensayos clínicos, confirma que la opicapona es un fármaco eficaz en el control de las fluctuaciones motoras de la enfermedad de Parkinson, con independencia de la dosis de levodopa recibida o de la utilización de otros fármacos antiparkinsonianos. No obstante, a juicio de estos expertos, el paciente ideal para iniciar el tratamiento con opicapona es el que presenta fluctuaciones motoras leves, ya que muestra una mejor relación entre eficacia clínica y efectos adversos. En general, la opicapona es un fármaco de fácil manejo, tanto en pacientes que requieren opicapona como primer inhibidor de la COMT como en los previamente tratados con entacapona, o en los que están en tratamiento concomitante con otros fármacos antiparkinsonianos. En cualquier caso, los efectos secundarios son fácilmente corregibles


Motor fluctuations are frequently seen in Parkinson disease patients on chronic treatment with levodopa. Management of motor fluctuation includes the addition of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors. Opicapone is a recent and selective third-generation COMT inhibitor which achieves marked increase in the bioavailability of levodopa. We present a consensus of a group of Spanish neurologists with extensive experience in the clinical management of motor fluctuations. The clinical experience of this group of experts is in line with clinical trials and confirms that opicapone is an effective drug in the control of motor fluctuations, regardless of the daily levodopa dose, or the use of other antiparkinsonian drugs. However, in the opinion of these experts, the ideal patient with Parkinson’s disease to initiate treatment with opicapone is the one with mild motor fluctuations, since the ratio between clinical efficacy and adverse effects is more favorable. In general, it is an easy-to-use drug both in those first treated with a COMT inhibitor or those already on entacapone. In any case, the secondary side effects are easily managed


Subject(s)
Humans , Parkinson Disease/drug therapy , Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Levodopa/pharmacology , Parkinson Disease/metabolism , Seizures/complications , Seizures/drug therapy , Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Catechols/pharmacology
6.
Neurología (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 29(4): 230-241, mayo 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-122420

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Los agonistas dopaminergicos no ergoticos (AD) son tratamientos útiles en la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP). Revisamos la farmacología, el grado de evidencia en cuanto a eficacia y tolerabilidad de pramipexol, ropinirol y rotigotina, y proponemos algunas recomendaciones para su uso en la practica clínica. Desarrollo: En el momento actual se dispone de formas de liberacion prolongada (LP) de pramipexol y ropinirol y de administración transdermica de rotigotina, que contribuyen a una mayor estabilidad plasmatica de los valores del fármaco. En la EP inicial los 3 fármacos mejoran de forma significativa las escalas de incapacidad de los pacientes, retrasan la aparición de discinesias y permiten retrasar la introducción de levodopa. En la EP avanzada reducen el tiempo off, mejoran la Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) en on y en off y permiten reducir la dosis total de levodopa. Además, los 3 han sido capaces de inducir una mejora significativa en las escalas de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Las formulas de LP han demostrado la no inferioridad frente a las de liberación inmediata, e incluso una mejor tolerabilidad (ropinirol). A pesar de su buen perfil de seguridad, entre los efectos adversos graves cabe destacar el trastorno de control de impulsos, cuya aparición puede ser precoz, y los accesos de sueño (sleep attacks). Aunque la terapia combinada no ha sido estudiada específicamente, algunas asociaciones (como la de apomorfina y otros AD) pueden ser beneficiosas. El cambio de un AD a otro es factible de un día para otro, aunque en los primeros días puede haber una sumación de efectos adversos dopaminergicos que debe tenerse en cuenta. La suspensión brusca del tratamiento con AD puede inducir un síndrome de deprivacion dopaminergica. La retirada de cualquier AD, en particular pramipexol, se ha asociado a aparición de apatía que puede ser grave. Conclusiones: Los nuevos AD no ergoticos constituyen una opción valida de tratamiento de la EP tanto inicial como avanzada. A pesar de su buen perfil de tolerabilidad, no están exentos de efectos adversos graves, que pueden tener un efecto atoplastico en la EP y que deben monitorizarse


Background: Non-ergoline dopamine agonists (DA) are effective treatments for Parkinson’s disease (PD). This review presents the pharmacology, evidence of efficacy and safety profile of pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine, and practical recommendations are given regarding their use in clinical practice. Results: Extended-release formulations of pramipexole and ropinirole and transdermal continuous delivery rotigotine patches are currently available; these may contribute to stabilizing of plasma levels. In early PD, the three drugs significantly improve disability scales, delay time to dyskinesia and allow a later introduction of levodopa. In late PD they reduced total ’off’-time, improved Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) in both ’on’ and ’off’ state and allowed a reduction in total levodopa dosage. A significant improvement in quality of life scales has also been demonstrated. Extended-release formulations have proved to be non-inferior to the immediate release formulations and are better tolerated (ropinirole). Despite a generally good safety profile, serious adverse events, such as impulse control disorder and sleep attacks, need to be routinely monitored. Although combination therapy has not been addressed in scientific literature, certain combinations, such as apomorphine and another DA, may be helpful. Switching from one DA to another is feasible and safe, although in the first days an overlap of dopaminergic side effects may occur. When treatment with DA is stopped abruptly, dopamine withdrawal syndrome may present. Suspending any DA, especially pramipexole, has been linked to onset of apathy, which may be severe. Conclusions: New non-ergotine DAs are a valuable option for the treatment of both early and late PD. Despite their good safety profile, serious adverse effects may appear; these effects may have a pathoplastic effect on the course of PD and need to be monitored


Subject(s)
Humans , Parkinson Disease/drug therapy , Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use , Delayed-Action Preparations/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome , Drug Tolerance , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
7.
Neurologia ; 29(4): 230-41, 2014 May.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21724302

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Non-ergoline dopamine agonists (DA) are effective treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD). This review presents the pharmacology, evidence of efficacy and safety profile of pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine, and practical recommendations are given regarding their use in clinical practice. RESULTS: Extended-release formulations of pramipexole and ropinirole and transdermal continuous delivery rotigotine patches are currently available; these may contribute to stabilising of plasma levels. In early PD, the three drugs significantly improve disability scales, delay time to dyskinesia and allow a later introduction of levodopa. In late PD they reduced total 'off'-time, improved Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) in both 'on' and 'off' state and allowed a reduction in total levodopa dosage. A significant improvement in quality of life scales has also been demonstrated. Extended-release formulations have proved to be non-inferior to the immediate release formulations and are better tolerated (ropinirole). Despite a generally good safety profile, serious adverse events, such as impulse control disorder and sleep attacks, need to be routinely monitored. Although combination therapy has not been addressed in scientific literature, certain combinations, such as apomorphine and another DA, may be helpful. Switching from one DA to another is feasible and safe, although in the first days an overlap of dopaminergic side effects may occur. When treatment with DA is stopped abruptly, dopamine withdrawal syndrome may present. Suspending any DA, especially pramipexole, has been linked to onset of apathy, which may be severe. CONCLUSIONS: New non-ergotine DAs are a valuable option for the treatment of both early and late PD. Despite their good safety profile, serious adverse effects may appear; these effects may have a pathoplastic effect on the course of PD and need to be monitored.


Subject(s)
Antiparkinson Agents/therapeutic use , Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use , Parkinson Disease/drug therapy , Antiparkinson Agents/pharmacokinetics , Dopamine Agonists/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Treatment Outcome
8.
Neurología (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 27(1): 46-50, ene.-feb. 2012.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-102249

ABSTRACT

Una de las características singulares de la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es la gran variabilidad clínica en relación con el tratamiento que puede acontecer en un mismo paciente. Esto sucede tanto con el tratamiento específico para la EP como con otra serie de fármacos que pueden empeorar la función motora. Por esta razón, el manejo perioperatorio de la EP requiere experiencia y sobre todo una planificación adecuada. En este artículo se revisan las peculiaridades de la EP y su tratamiento, y se plantea una estrategia para el perioperatorio de estos pacientes (AU)


One of the particular characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the wide clinical variation as regards the treatment that can be found in the same patient. This occurs with specific treatment for PD, as well as with other drug groups that can make motor function worse. For this reason, the perioperative management of PD requires experience and above all appropriate planning. In this article, the peculiarities of PD and its treatment are reviewed, and a strategy is set out for the perioperative management of these patients (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Parkinson Disease/surgery , /methods , Antiparkinson Agents/therapeutic use , Motor Skills Disorders/complications , Anesthetics
12.
Rev Neurol ; 43 Suppl 1: S157-9, 2006 Oct 10.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17061183

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The field of abnormal movements is an area that is in continual expansion within Neurology and treatment is currently available for many of them, at least as far as the symptoms are concerned. Yet, the exact mechanisms of operation of the neurological structures involved in movement are not fully understood. DEVELOPMENT: It seems clear that the basal ganglia play an important role, fundamentally in pseudo-automatic movements, but because they are interconnected with many other structures it is difficult to gain a precise understanding of their individual functions. There are theories based solely on anatomical data, which are not enough to account for everything. The theory of the existence of neuronal circuits seems to explain a wider part of movement, although it still has a number of shortcomings. Another theory of movement disorders is that based on neurochemistry, according to which the imbalance of certain neurotransmitters would be the causation of the disease, but this theory does not enable us to explain all the pathologies related to movement either. A number of clinical observations and the use of animal models, however, have made it possible to draw up pathophysiological hypotheses about the generation of some abnormal movements. CONCLUSIONS: All these approaches have enabled researchers to find symptomatic treatments for certain diseases, but our knowledge of the pathophysiology involved is still far from complete and the chances of enhancing the therapeutic capacity available in such cases in the future are therefore immense.


Subject(s)
Movement Disorders/physiopathology , Humans
13.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 43(supl.1): s157-s159, 10 oct., 2006.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-052566

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El campo de los movimientos anormales esun área en continua expansión dentro de la Neurología, y existe enla actualidad tratamiento, al menos sintomático, para multitud deellos. Sin embargo, no está claro el mecanismo exacto de funcionamientode las estructuras neurológicas implicadas en el movimiento.Desarrollo. Parece cierto que los ganglios basales desempeñanun papel importante, fundamentalmente en los movimientos pseudoautomáticos,pero debido a que están interconectados con muchasotras estructuras es difícil conocer con precisión su función individual.Hay teorías basadas únicamente en datos anatómicos, que noson suficientes para explicar todo. La teoría de la existencia de circuitosneuronales parece explicar una parte más amplia del movimiento,aunque tampoco es completa. Otra teoría de los trastornosdel movimiento es aquella basada en la neuroquímica, según la cualel desequilibrio entre algunos neurotransmisores produciría laenfermedad; pero esta teoría tampoco permite explicar por completotoda la patología relacionada con el movimiento. Por otra parte,algunas observaciones clínicas y el uso de modelos animales hanpermitido elaborar hipótesis fisiopatológicas de la generación dealgunos movimientos anormales. Conclusión. Todas estas aproximacioneshan hecho posible encontrar algunos tratamientos sintomáticospara determinadas enfermedades, pero todavía el conocimientofisiopatológico está lejos de ser completo y, por tanto, lacapacidad terapéutica tiene grandes posibilidades de seguir mejorando


Introduction. The field of abnormal movements is an area that is in continual expansion within Neurology andtreatment is currently available for many of them, at least as far as the symptoms are concerned. Yet, the exact mechanisms ofoperation of the neurological structures involved in movement are not fully understood. Development. It seems clear that thebasal ganglia play an important role, fundamentally in pseudo-automatic movements, but because they are interconnected withmany other structures it is difficult to gain a precise understanding of their individual functions. There are theories based solelyon anatomical data, which are not enough to account for everything. The theory of the existence of neuronal circuits seems toexplain a wider part of movement, although it still has a number of shortcomings. Another theory of movement disorders is thatbased on neurochemistry, according to which the imbalance of certain neurotransmitters would be the causation of the disease,but this theory does not enable us to explain all the pathologies related to movement either. A number of clinical observations andthe use of animal models, however, have made it possible to draw up pathophysiological hypotheses about the generation of someabnormal movements. Conclusions. All these approaches have enabled researchers to find symptomatic treatments for certaindiseases, but our knowledge of the pathophysiology involved is still far from complete and the chances of enhancing thetherapeutic capacity available in such cases in the future are therefore immense


Subject(s)
Humans , Basal Ganglia/physiopathology , Movement Disorders/physiopathology , Neurochemistry , Models, Animal
16.
Rev Neurol ; 42(8): 478-81, 2006.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16625510

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: At present, cholinesterase inhibitors constitute the basis for therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD); these drugs were rationally introduced given the loss of central cholinergic neurotransmission, even though there are many other systems affected in AD, including glutamatergic pathway. DEVELOPMENT: In addition to the loss of central cholinergic neurotransmission, biochemical evidence suggests glutamatergic dysfunction in AD and thus, therapeutic strategies directed at the glutamatergic system may be useful. These drugs include milacemide, cicloserine and ampakines (positive modulation) and memantine (negative modulation). Lithium seems to be a promising agent in AD, although the mechanism of action is poorly understood. Finally anti-inflammatory agents may be another therapeutic approach to AD. CONCLUSION: In addition to drugs acting on the cholinergic system, a large number of drugs with different mechanism could be used for the treatment and prevention of AD.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Acetamides/therapeutic use , Acetylcholine/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/therapeutic use , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Humans , Lithium Compounds/therapeutic use , Memantine/therapeutic use , Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism , Synaptic Transmission/physiology
17.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 42(8): 478-481, 16 abr., 2006.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-045446

ABSTRACT

Introducción. En los últimos se han introducido fármacos eficaces para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). Los tratamientos disponibles, fundamentalmente inhibidores de la colinesterasa, se introdujeron con base racional en vista dela pérdida de neurotransmisión colinérgica en la EA. Sin embargo, la neuroquímica de la EA no se limita a un déficit colinérgico, puesto que existe disfunción de diversos sistemas de neurotransmisión, incluido el sistema glutamatérgico. Desarrollo. Además de fármacos que intervienen en el sistema colinérgico, existen posibilidades farmacológicas para modular positivamente el sistema aglutamatérgico, incluyendo la cicloserina, la milacemida y las ampakinas, y negativamente mediante la memantina. El litio es otro fármaco prometedor, aunque su mecanismo de acción sólo se conoce de forma parcial. Finalmente, cabe en lo posible que los analgésicos no esteroideos desempeñen un papel en la prevención y en etapas muy iniciales de la EA. Conclusiones. Además de los fármacos que actúan de forma directa sobre el sistema colinérgico, se están utilizando tratamientos relacionados con el sistema glutamatérgico y otros fármacos cuyo mecanismo de acción en esta patología no se conoce claramente, pero que parecen prometedores (AU)


Introduction. At present, cholinesterase inhibitors constitute the basis for therapy of Alzheimer’s disease (AD);these drugs were rationally introduced given the loss of central cholinergic neurotransmission, even though there are many other systems affected in AD, including glutamatergic pathway. Development. In addition to the loss of central cholinergic neurotransmission, biochemical evidence suggests glutamatergic dysfunction in AD and thus, therapeutic strategies directed at the glutamatergic system may be useful. These drugs include milacemide, cicloserine and ampakines (positive modulation)and memantine (negative modulation). Lithium seems to be a promising agent in AD, although the mechanism of action is poorly understood. Finally anti-inflammatory agents may be another therapeutic approach to AD. Conclusion. In addition to drugs acting on the cholinergic system, a large number of drugs with different mechanism could be used for the treatment and prevention of AD (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Glutamates/physiology , Cycloserine/pharmacokinetics , Memantine/pharmacokinetics , Lithium/pharmacokinetics
18.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 41(9): 525-526, nov. 2005. graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-128271

ABSTRACT

Introduction. Dystonia is a neurological condition characterised by involuntary movements that give rise to abnormal postures. Different strategies have been used in the treatment of focal dystonias, but the most widely accepted at the present time involves the use of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) injections. Yet, despite its widespread use, the ideal dosages for long-term treatment are still not known with precision. Aims. The purpose of this study is to report on our experience with long-term BTA therapy in laryngeal (LD) and in cervical dystonia (CD). Patients and methods. We reviewed the data concerning the dosages of BTA injected in 10 patients with LD who received treatment in our centre over a period of eight years. We also analysed the data regarding the doses of BTA injected over an eight-year period in 17 patients with CD. The data were analysed using an ANOVA for paired data. Results. No significant differences were found in the highest dosages of BTA needed for the treatment of LD throughout the progression of the disease (p = 0.84). These data contrast with those obtained from the analysis of the treatment of CD, which do show a gradual increase in the dose of toxin that is required (p < 0.0001). Conclusions. These findings suggest that the long-term response to treatment is different in the two conditions (AU)


Introducción. La distonía es una entidad neurológica caracterizada por movimientos involuntarios que ocasionan posturas anómalas. En el tratamiento de las distonías focales se han utilizado diferentes estrategias, pero la más aceptada en la actualidad es la inyección de toxina botulínica de tipo A (TBA). Sin embargo, a pesar de su uso extendido, no se conoce con precisión cuáles son las dosis idóneas para el tratamiento a largo plazo. Objetivo. Mostrar nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento a largo plazo con TBA en la distonía laríngea (DL) y en la cervical (DC). Pacientes y métodos. Revisamos los datos correspondientes a las dosis de TBA inyectadas a 10 pacientes con DL tratados en nuestro centro durante ocho años, y analizamos los datos correspondientes a la dosis de toxina botulínica inyectada durante ocho años a 17 pacientes con DC. Analizamos los datos con el estadístico ANOVA para datos apareados. Resultados. No encontramos diferencias significativas en las dosis máximas autorizadas de TBA necesaria para el tratamiento de la DL a lo largo de la evolución de la enfermedad (p = 0,84). Estos datos contrastan con los obtenidos al analizar el tratamiento de la DC, en la que sí se observa un aumento gradual de la dosis necesaria de toxina (p < 0,0001). Conclusión. Estos hallazgos hacen pensar en una diferente respuesta a largo plazo al tratamiento en ambas entidades (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Torticollis/drug therapy , Dystonia/drug therapy , Botulinum Toxins/administration & dosage , Laryngismus/drug therapy , Retrospective Studies
19.
Rev Neurol ; 41(9): 525-6, 2005.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16254858

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Dystonia is a neurological condition characterised by involuntary movements that give rise to abnormal postures. Different strategies have been used in the treatment of focal dystonias, but the most widely accepted at the present time involves the use of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) injections. Yet, despite its widespread use, the ideal dosages for long-term treatment are still not known with precision. AIMS: The purpose of this study is to report on our experience with long-term BTA therapy in laryngeal (LD) and in cervical dystonia (CD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the data concerning the dosages of BTA injected in 10 patients with LD who received treatment in our centre over a period of eight years. We also analysed the data regarding the doses of BTA injected over an eight-year period in 17 patients with CD. The data were analysed using an ANOVA for paired data. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in the highest dosages of BTA needed for the treatment of LD throughout the progression of the disease (p=0.84). These data contrast with those obtained from the analysis of the treatment of CD, which do show a gradual increase in the dose of toxin that is required (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the long-term response to treatment is different in the two conditions.


Subject(s)
Botulinum Toxins/therapeutic use , Dystonic Disorders/drug therapy , Larynx/physiopathology , Neck Muscles/physiopathology , Analysis of Variance , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Treatment Outcome
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