Intervención forense y psicológica en un atleta de élite con psicopatología sobrevenida / Forensic and Psychological intervention in an elite with associate psychopathology / Intervenção forense e psicológica em atleta de elite com psicopatologia subrevenida

Se presenta un estudio de caso de un deportista de elite que desarrolló una psicopatología sobrevenida, que interfería en su carrera atlética. Tras ganar dos medallas en una competición internacional, entró en un estado de ansiedad, depresión, nerviosismo y apatía y dejó de entrenar durante cinco meses. Durante este tiempo no atendió al sistema ADAMS, y fue citado por el Control Antidopaje de la WADA para que se defendiera. Fue diagnosticado de un Trastorno Depresivo Mayor Recidivante (269.3x, DSM-IV-TR, 2002) con un GAP entre 45 y 50, y un Síndrome de Burnout. La intervención duró cinco meses con una sesión semanal basada en Psicoterapia Psicodinámica Breve, Enseñanza de estrategias adaptativas de afrontamiento y Apoyo social. Tras oír las alegaciones del psicólogo, por consenso, le permitieron volver a competir

This paper presents a case study in which an elite athlete developed a sports-associated psychopathology, interfering with his athletic career. After receiving medals in a top competition, the subject entered into an unusual state of anxiety, depression, nervousness, and apathy and he completely stopped his training for five months. During this time, he neglected ADAMS system controls, and was quoted by WADA to make legal arguments in his defense. He was diagnosed, with Relapsing Serious Depressive Disorder (269.3x, DSM-IV-TR, 2002) and a GAF between 45 and 50, and a Burnout Syndrome. An intervention was implemented over a five month period in the form of weekly sessions. It was based on Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP); Teaching effective use of well-adapted coping strategies and Social support. After hearing Sport Psychologist allegations by consensus, allowing him to compete

Apresenta-se um estudo de caso de um atleta de elite que desenvolveu uma psicopatologia que interferia com a sua carreira desportiva. Depois de ganhar duas medalhas numa competição internacional, entrou num estado de ansiedade, depressão e apatia, interrompendo os treinos durante cinco meses. Ao longo desse tempo não compareceu ao sistema ADAMS e foi convocado pelo Controle Anti-Doping da WADA para alegações de defesa. Foi-lhe diagnosticado um transtorno depressivo recorrente major (269,3x, DSM-IV-TR, 2002) com um GAP entre 45 e 50 e um Síndrome de Burnout. A intervenção durou cinco meses com uma sessão semanal baseada na psicoterapia psicodinâmica breve, ensino de estratégias de coping e suporte social. Na sequência das alegações do psicólogo, por consenso, foi-lhe permitido que voltasse a competir

Percepción de la Ansiedad Competitiva en relación al Nivel de Cooperación y Compromiso Deportivo en Jugadores de Baloncesto de Formación / Percepção de Ansiedade Competitiva em relação ao Nível de Cooperação e Compromisso Desportivo sobre Jogadores de Basquete Formativo / Perception of Competitive Anxiety in relation to Cooperation Level and Sport Commitment upon Formative Basketball Players

La ansiedad competitiva se ha definido como una emoción que puede afectar negativamente a la participación deportiva. Asimismo, las dinámicas grupales como la cooperación han mostrado ser relevantes para este aspecto. Considerando el compromiso deportivo como indicador de la intención de participación deportiva, el presente estudio tuvo el objetivo de (1) relacionar las variables de ansiedad competitiva, cooperación y compromiso deportivo, con los factores demográficos de sexo, categoría y nivel de competición; y (2) analizar las relaciones entre ansiedad competitiva, cooperación y compromiso deportivo. Participaron 144 jugadores de baloncesto de edades comprendidas entre 13 y 17 años (M = 14.05; DE = 1.72). Los análisis descriptivos obtenidos permiten observar la distribución de las subescalas teniendo en cuenta los factores demográficos. Las correlaciones mostraron asociaciones positivas entre cooperación y compromiso deportivo, así como asociaciones negativas de la ansiedad competitiva con algunos subtipos de cooperación. Por su parte, ansiedad y compromiso deportivo mostraron un bajo nivel de relación. Finalmente, los resultados señalaron el sexo y la categoría, pero no el nivel de competición como variables influyentes en estudio de estas relaciones. Futuros estudios deberían profundizar sobre la nueva línea que abren los resultados obtenidos con el fn de obtener mayor información de las relaciones entre las tres variables consideradas (AU)

Competitive anxiety has been defined as an emotion that may negatively influence sport participation. Furthermore, group processes such as cooperation have also showed to be relevant for sport participation. Taking sport commitment as an indicator athletes’ intention of sport participation, this study had the aim to (1) compare competitive anxiety, cooperation and sport commitment with some demographic factors such as gender, category and competition level; and (2) analyze the relations observed between competitive anxiety, cooperation and sport commitment. With this purpose, in this study participated 144 young basketball players between 13 and 17 years old (M = 14.05; SD = 1.72). Descriptive analysis showed distribution of each subscale for each demographic factor. Correlational analyses showed positive associations between sport cooperation and athletes commitment, and negative associations between competitive anxiety and some cooperation subscales. Competitive anxiety and sport commitment revealed few significant relations. Finally, results highlighted the importance of considering gender and category, but no competitive level, in the study of these variables. Results are discussed with relevant literature. Future studies should deepen on the new directions our results suggest, in order to obtain additional information of the relations considered between the three variables (AU)

A ansiedade competitiva tem sido definida como uma emoção que pode influenciar negativamente a participação desportiva. Além disso, alguns processos de grupo, como a cooperação, também se mostraram relevantes para a participação desportiva. Tomando o compromisso desportivo como um indicador da intenção de atletas para participar no desporto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo relacionar a ansiedade competitiva com o compromisso desportivo, acrescentando uma novidade ao estudo do grau de cooperação desportiva como variável influente. Adicionalmente, estudos anteriores consideraram a relevância de incluir certas variáveis demográficas (i.e., sexo, nível de competição e escalão). Para tal, participaram 144 jogadores de basquetebol com idades compreendidas entre os 13 e os 17 anos (M = 14.05; DP = 1.72). As análises descritivas e de correlação revelam associações positivas entre a cooperação e o compromisso desportivo, assim como uma associação negativa entre a ansiedade competitivas com alguns subtipos de cooperação. Por seu turno, ansiedade e compromisso desportivo revelaram um baixo nível de relação. Finalmente, os resultados assinalaram o sexo e o escalão em que se compete como variáveis influentes no estudo destas relações. Futuros deveriam aprofundar esta nova linha que abrem os resultados obtidos (AU)

Workload and cortisol levels in helicopter combat pilots during simulated flights / Carga mental y niveles de cortisol en pilotos de helicóptero de combate en vuelos simulados / Carga de trabalho e níveis de cortisol em pilotos de helicópteros de combate durante voos simulados

Objective. Examine and compare the cortisol levels before and after a simulated flight related to workload in experienced helicopter combat pilots, searching for physiological levels of anxiety. Method. 15 volunteer Spanish Army helicopter combat pilots (36.83 ± 8.04 years) were studied before and after a simulated flight (eight new tasks). Salivary cortisol was measured by DRG salivary cortisol ELISA, and we studied workload using the NASA-TLX. Results. The differences in the mean values of cortisol level before (5.33 ± 1.55) and after the task at the flight simulator (4.47 ± 0.73) are statistically significant (t14 = 3.301; p = .005) with a high effect size (d = 0.75). Similar significant differences were also found (t14 = 3.301; p = .005) between the workload before (19.76 ± 10.54), and after the task (24.82 ± 10.42; medium effect size d = −0.48). No significant relationships were found between the cortisol levels and the workload. Conclusions. Cortisol levels in saliva and workload are the usual in stress situations, and change inversely: workload increases at the end of the task, whereas the cortisol levels decrease after the simulated flight. The somatic anxiety decreases as the task is done. In contrast, when the pilots are faced with new and demanding tasks, even if they fly this type of helicopter in different conditions, the workload increases toward the end of the task. From an applied point of view, these findings should impact the tactical, physical and mental training of such pilots (AU)

Objetivo. Examinar y comparar los niveles de cortisol antes y después de un vuelo simulado en relación con la carga de trabajo de pilotos de helicópteros con experiencia de combate, en busca de niveles fisiológicos de la ansiedad. Método. Se estudió a 15 pilotos de helicópteros voluntarios del Ejército Español (36.83 ± 8.04 años) antes y después de un vuelo simulado compuesto por 8 tareas nuevas. El cortisol salival se midió por DRG Cortisol ELISA y la carga de trabajo con el NASA-TLX. Resultados. Las diferencias entre los valores medios de nivel de cortisol antes (5.33 ± 1.55) y después de la tarea en el simulador de vuelo (4.47 ± 0.73) son estadísticamente significativas (t14 = 3.301; p = 0.005; elevado tamaño de efecto, d = 0.75), así como (t14 = 3.301; p = 0.005) entre la carga de trabajo antes (19.76 ± 10.54) y después de la tarea (24.82 ± 10.42; tamaño de efecto medio, d = −0.48). No hubo relaciones significativas entre los niveles de cortisol y la carga de trabajo. Conclusiones. Los niveles de cortisol en saliva y la carga de trabajo son habituales en situaciones de estrés, y cambian inversamente: la carga de trabajo aumenta al final de la tarea, mientras que los niveles de cortisol —y de ansiedad somática— disminuyen después del vuelo simulado. En cambio, frente a tareas nuevas y exigentes, la carga de trabajo aumenta al final. Estos hallazgos deberían afectar la planificación del entrenamiento táctico, físico y mental de estos pilotos (AU)

Objetivo. Examinar e comparar os níveis de cortisol antes e depois de voo simulado em relação a carga de trabalho de experientes pilotos de helicóptero de combate, procurando por níveis fisiológicos de ansiedade. Métodos. 15 voluntários pilotos de helicópteros de combate do exército espanhol (36.83 ± 8.04 años) foram estudados antes e depois de um voo simulado (8 novas tarefas). Cortisol salivar foi mensurado por DRG Cortisol salivar ELISA, e foi estudado a carga de trabalho usando o NASA-TLX. Resultados. As diferenças nos valores médios dos níveis de cortisol antes (5.33 ± 1.55) e depois da tarefa no simulador de voo (4.47 ± 0.73) foram estatisticamente significantes (t14 = 3.301; p = .005) com o tamanho do efeito (d = 0.75). Diferenças significantes similares também foram encontradas (t14 = 3.301; p = .005) entre a carga de trabalho antes (19.76 ± 10.54), e depois da tarefa (24.82 ± 10.42); tamanho do efeito médio (d = −0.48). Nenhuma relação significativa foi encontrada entre os níveis de cortisol e a carga de trabalho. Conclusão. Níveis de cortisol na saliva e carga de trabalho são comuns em situações de estresse, e mudam inversamente: a carga de trabalho aumenta ao final da tarefa, enquanto o nível de cortisol diminui depois do voo simulado. A ansiedade somática diminui quando a tarefa acaba. Em contraste, quando os pilotos enfrentam uma nova e exigente tarefa, mesmo que eles voem no mesmo tipo de helicóptero em diferentes situações, a carga de trabalho aumenta em direção ao final da tarefa. Para um ponto de vista aplicável, os achados devem impactar o treinamento tático, físico e mental destes pilotos (AU)

Team performance and collective efficacy in the dynamic psychology of competitive team: a Bayesian network analysis.

The purpose of this paper was to discover the relationships among 22 relevant psychological features in semi-professional football players in order to study team's performance and collective efficacy via a Bayesian network (BN). The paper includes optimization of team's performance and collective efficacy using intercausal reasoning pattern which constitutes a very common pattern in human reasoning. The BN is used to make inferences regarding our problem, and therefore we obtain some conclusions; among them: maximizing the team's performance causes a decrease in collective efficacy and when team's performance achieves the minimum value it causes an increase in moderate/high values of collective efficacy. Similarly, we may reason optimizing team collective efficacy instead. It also allows us to determine the features that have the strongest influence on performance and which on collective efficacy. From the BN two different coaching styles were differentiated taking into account the local Markov property: training leadership and autocratic leadership.

Fatiga percibida y características psicológicas relacionadas con el rendimiento en la rehabilitación de una lesión futbolística: estudio de un caso / Perceived fatigue and psychological characteristics related to performance during recovery from a football injury: a case study

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio es observar los diferentes niveles de fatiga percibida de un sujeto, y la evolución de las diferentes variables psicológicas implicadas en el proceso de rehabilitación de una lesión futbolística, medidas al inicio y al final de este periodo. Método. Es un estudio de caso descriptivo, en el que se valoran los diferentes grados de fatiga a través del Cuestionario breve de fatiga, y las características psicológicas a través del Cuestionario de Características psicológicas relacionadas con el rendimiento deportivo, a lo largo de un período de doce semanas, durante la rehabilitación de una lesión e inicio de la práctica deportiva. Resultados. Los resultados muestran una fluctuación incremental en la fatiga percibida, y se observa con respecto al inicio, una disminución de las puntuaciones en los factores: control de estrés y motivación durante la reincorporación a la práctica deportiva. Conclusión. En el caso estudiado, la fatiga percibida aumenta y el control de estrés y motivación disminuyen como indicadores de la reincorporación a la actividad competitiva (AU)

Objectives. The objective of this study is to observe the different levels of perceived fatigue and the evolution of the psychological characteristics, during the period of rehabilitation after the recovery of a football injury measures at the beginning and the end of sport practice of this period. Method. This is a descriptive Case Study where the levels of perceived fatigue were assessed using the Brief fatigue inventory, and the psychological characteristics through the CPRD, in the rehabilitation period of three months when the sport practice has been begun. Results. The results shown an incremental fluctuation in the perceived fatigue, and there was a decrease in the scores on the control of the stress factors and motivation, during the sport practice with regard to the start. Conclusion. n the cases studied the perceived fatigue shows high levels, and the control of stress and motivation factors undergo variations us indicators of the return to competitive activity (AU)

El comportamiento observado del árbitro de voleibol y su percepción por parte de las jugadoras: una adaptación preliminar del CBAS / The behavior of the volleyball referee seen by others and its perception form the female player point of view. A preliminary adaptation to CBAS

En este trabajo exploratorio y preliminar se analizan las necesidades de observación de las conductas de los árbitros en el voleibol, tanto en su vertiente disciplinaria como técnica, de acuerdo con el reglamento del juego. Para ello se lleva a cabo una adaptación de la versión española del Coach Behavioral Assessment Sistem (CBAS, Smith et al 1977, Sousa et al, 2006) a las características propias del árbitro (respecto de las del entrenador, relacionadas sobre todo con la aplicación e interpretación del reglamento.) El instrumento así diseñado, Sistema de Observación de Comportamientos de Arbitraje en voleibol (SOCAV) se utilizó de forma preliminar para registrar los comportamientos arbitrales durante un partido, a la vez que se recogían las percepciones de las jugadores de voleibol sobre los comportamientos del árbitro en la misma competencia y se compararon ambos resultados. Finalmente, se discute el alcance de esta herramienta y se describen los siguientes pasos de la investigación (AU)

In this preliminary and exploratory study, we have studied the observational characteristics of the volleyball officials behaviours (both in the technical and disciplinarian ways) according with the game rules. In order to do that, we have adapted the Spanish version of the Coahc Behavioral Assessment System (CBAS, Smith et al 1977; Sousa et al 2006) to the specific officials behaviors (respect to the coaches behaviors, mostly on the interpretation and application of the rules). We used the observation grid (the Volleyball Official Behavioral Observation System, SOCAV) for to record the official behavior during a math. At the same time, we recorded the player´s perceptions over the official behavior, and the official self-perception, and then we compared the results. Finally, we discuss the scope of the SOCAV, and we try to underline the nest investigation steps (AU)

El stigma asociado a la epilepsia en la isla de Mallorca: datos generales y evolución de las actitudes psicosociales en 15 años / The stigma associated to epilepsy in Majorca island: general data an evolution of psychosocial attitudes in 15 years

Introducción: En un abordaje integral de la epilepsia es indispensable considerar aquellos aspectos psicosociales que afectan a la consideración del enfermo acerca del impacto de su enfermedad. Objetivos: Determinar el estado actual de la actitud social frente a la epilepsia en la isla de Mallorca. Analizar si se han producido cambios en la actitud social frente a la epilepsia y el enfermo epiléptico en la isla de Mallorca. Sujetos: 729 residentes en la isla de Mallorca. Método: Se elaboró un cuestionario basado en el diseñado previamente por los autores, el cual permite describir tres perfiles actitudinales frente a la epilepsia: Estigmatizador, Integrador e Inconsistente. Resultados y Conclusiones: Se observa un claro predominio de la actitud integradora y una práctica ausencia de actitud estigmatizadora, aunque persiste una actitud inconsistente en aproximadamente un tercio de los encuestados. Longitudinalmente, se observa una traslación hacia actitudes más positivas

Introduction: On a holistic approach to Epilepsy is essential to consider psychosocial aspects that affects the patient´s consideration about the impact of his disease. Objectives: To assess the actual social attitude towards epilepsy in Majorca. To analyze if there have been changes in the social attitudes towards epilepsy and the epileptic patients, and if so, in what sense, comparison with a precious survey made 20 years ago. Subjects: 729 residents in Majorca. Method: We made a questionnaire based on one previously designed by the authors, that allows to describe three attitudinal profiles regarding epilepsy: stigmatizer, integrative and inconsistent. Results and Conclusions: We observed a clear predominance of an integrative attitude and a practical absence of the stigmagtizant one, but an inconsistent attitude persists in one third of the population interviewed. Longitudinally, we observed a translation tomore positive attitudes (AU)

Los sueños de fase mor: apariencia sensorial, extrañeza, y representación cognitiva / REM dreams: sensorial appearance, bizarreness and cognitive presentation summary

En este trabajo se han analizado distintos parámetros cognitivos, emocionales y sensoriales asociados al recuerdo de los sueños propios de la fase MOR en sujetos normales. La apariencia visual (cromática, acromática, y nivel de nitidez), la extrañeza, el papel del durmiente, el nivel del recuerdo y la emoción asociada constituyeron las variables de un cuestionario administrado a una población de 12 sujetos (siete mujeres y cinco hombres) voluntarios sanos al ser despertados tras una fase de movimientos oculares rápidos en el Laboratorio de Sueño. Los resultados muestran la existencia de un patrón de características sensoriales y cognitivas en los sujetos normales, que incluye cromaticidad, nitidez, sonido, emociones asociadas, protagonismo del durmiente, duración subjetiva distinta de la duración real del episodio onírico y diferencia entre la extrañeza subjetiva y la objetiva percibida durante el sueño (AU)

Effects of citicholine in subcortical dementia associated with Parkinson's disease assessed by quantified electroencephalography.

Two groups of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease underwent quantified electroencephalography (EEGq) using fast Fourier transfer to assess the effects of treatment with citicholine. Evidence of cortical cognitive impairment was seen in one group but not in the other. Certain parameters were established which enabled the two groups to be distinguished by examining specific EEGq indices. Specifically, differences were found in the overall potentials of the delta and alpha bands, in the alpha/theta index, in posterior activity, in the anteriorization index of the delta and alpha rhythms, and in the spatialization index of the alpha rhythm. The implications of these differences in the potential involvement of the frontal lobes in subcortical dementia in Parkinson's disease are discussed.

[Frontal lobe involvement and cortical and subcortical deterioration in Parkinson's disease evaluated using quantified electroencephalography]. / Afectación frontal y deterioro cortical y subcortical en la enfermedad de Parkinson valorado mediante electroencefalografía cuantificada.

Quantified electroencephalography (EEGq) by means the Fast Fourier Transformed system (FFT) was carried out on two groups of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD). The first one was with symptoms of cortical deterioration, and the second group consisting of subjects without signs of cortical impairment. The study of the specific EEGq indices has led to the establishment of parameters which establish differences between these two groups. Specifically, a difference has been found with regard to the total potentials of delta and alpha frequency bands; alpha/theta index; posterior activities; changes in the lobular antero-posterior of delta and alpha rhythms; and in the distribution of the spatialization index of alpha rhythm. We discuss the implications of this electrophysiological differentiation between the two groups, regarding the possible frontal lobe affection in the subcortical dementiation of the Parkinson's disease.

[Attitudes toward epilepsy in Majorca]. / Actitudes frente a la epilepsia en Mallorca.

We created a questionnaire in order to evaluate the attitude toward epilepsy among the general population in Majorca Island, Spain. We made 1,164 interviews, divided fifty per cent between city and rural inhabitants. We studied the level of epilepsy knowledge in the population, and we compared the evolution of positive attitude of our study with others from Spain and the USA. We also studied the relationship between the variables considered and the two basic attitudes (integration-positive and stigmatization-negative). These two patterns were suggested to be associated with several trends of the population.