20 años en sueño y ventilación mecánica no invasiva / 20 years in sleep and non-invasive mechanical ventilation

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Sleep disordered breathing and nocturnal hypoxemia are very prevalent in a lung cancer screening population and may condition lung cancer screening findings: results of the prospective Sleep Apnea In Lung Cancer Screening (SAILS) study.

OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can influence the appearance and proliferation of some tumors. The Sleep Apnea In Lung Cancer Screening (SAILS) study (NCT02764866) evaluated the prevalence of OSA and nocturnal hypoxemia in a high-risk population enrolled in a lung cancer screening program. METHODS: This was a prospective study of the prevalence of OSA in a lung cancer screening program. Subjects met the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) age and smoking criteria (age 55-75 years; pack-years >30). Participants in the study were offered annual screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) and pulmonary function testing, as well as home sleep apnea testing (HSAT) and a sleep-specific questionnaire. Sleep study-related variables, symptoms, and epidemiologic data were recorded. RESULTS: HSAT was offered to 279 subjects enrolled in our lung cancer screening program. HSAT results were available for 236 participants (mean age 63.6 years; mean tobacco exposure: 45 pack-years), of whom 59% were male and 53% were active smokers. Emphysema (74%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (62%) were common and in most cases mild in severity. OSA, including moderate to severe disease, was very common in this patient population. AHI distributions were as follows: AHI <5 (22.5%); 5-15 (36.4%); 15-30 (23.3%); and >30 (17.8%). Nocturnal hypoxemia (T90) (p = 0.003), diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (p = 0.01), tobacco exposure (p = 0.024), and COPD (p = 0.023) were associated with OSA severity. Positive screening findings (nodules ≥6 mm) were associated with nocturnal hypoxemia on multivariate analysis adjusted for confounders (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.12-6.09, p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Moderate to severe OSA is very prevalent in patients enrolled in a lung cancer screening program. Nocturnal hypoxemia more than doubles the risk of positive screening findings.

Características clínicas y polisomnográficas de pacientes con apnea central. ¿Se benefician de servoventilación adaptativa? / No disponible

Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y polisomnográficas de los pacientes en tratamiento con servoventilación adaptativa (ASV) en nuestro centro. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en el que se incluyen 26 pacientes que requirieron tratamiento con ASV para alcanzar un adecuado control clínico y polisomnográfico de los eventos respiratorios. Los pacientes acudieron a la Unidad Multidisciplinar de Sueño de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz entre mayo de 2009 y noviembre de 2011. Todos los pacientes iniciaron tratamiento con CPAP, y posteriormente fueron evaluados y revisados en la consulta de trastornos respiratorios del sueño. Tras un periodo de tres meses con dicho tratamiento, se realizó una titulación manual con polisomnografía (PSG). El tratamiento se cambiaba a ASV si se objetivaba escaso control clínico o polisomnográfico o si aparecía síndrome de apneas complejas (CompSAS). Resultados: De los 26 pacientes incluidos en el estudio, 15 pacientes presentaban un síndrome de apnea central (CSA) en su primer estudio polisomnográfico, mientras que los otros 11 pacientes presentaban un síndrome de apnea obstructiva severa. Tras el tratamiento inicial, este segundo grupo desarrolló compSAS. Todos los pacientes incluidos fueron varones, con una edad media de 61 años y una media de 67 eventos respiratorios por hora (IAH). La nicturia, la fragmentación en el sueño, el cansancio y el insomnio fueron los síntomas clínicos referidos con mayor frecuencia. La somnolencia fue evaluada con la escala de Epworth con un valor medio de 13 puntos antes del tratamiento. El tratamiento con CPAP se realizó con una presión media de 8 cm de H2O. Tras cumplir tres meses con el tratamiento, se realizaba una titulación manual con PSG que mostró un IAH medio de 40. Ante estos hallazgos estos pacientes fueron cambiados a servoventilación. Una segunda titulación manual de PSG mostró un IAH final de 11. Aquellos pacientes con somnolencia residual refirieron también una mejora cínica con el servoventilador. Conclusiones: La servoventilación adaptativa es una herramienta terapéutica eficaz en pacientes con CSA y compSAS para el control de eventos respiratorios y sus síntomas. La titulación manual con PSG es necesaria para asegurar el correcto diagnóstico de compSAS y como parte del seguimiento de estos pacientes (AU)

AIMS of the study: To describe clinical characteristics and polysomnographic parameters of patients treated with adaptative servoventilation (ASV) in our centre. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study of 26 patients who required ASV to obtain a clinical and polisomnographic control of respiratory events. The patients were admitted in our Multidisciplinary Sleep Unit (MDSU) at Fundación Jiménez Díaz from may 2009 to november 2011. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment was the initial treatment for all patients; they were followed in our outpatient sleep-disorders consults. After three months with CPAP, we conducted a manual titration PSG. The treatment was switched to ASV if there was poor clinical or polisomnographic control or if complex sleep apnea (CompSAS) appeared. Results: 15 out of the 26 patients who were treated with ASV presented Central sleep apnea (CSA) on their first PSG study, while the remaining 11 patients were diagnosed as having severe obstructive sleep apnea. After the initial treatment with CPAP, the later group developed compSAS. All patients were male, with an average age of 61 years and a mean AHI of 67 events per hour. Nocturnal sleep fragmentation, tiredness and insomnia were the most frequent clinical symptoms. Sleepiness was evaluated with the Epworth scale with a mean value previous to treatment of 13. The initial treatment with CPAP had a medium pressure of 8 cm H2O. After three months on this treatment a manual titration PSG showed a mean AHI of 40. Thus, all the patients were switched to servoventilation. A second manual titration PSG showed a mean AHI of 11. Those patients with residual somnolence reported clinical improvement under treatment with ASV. Conclusions: ASV is an effective therapeutic tool for CSA and CPAP refractory/resistant compSAS, for controlling both apneic events and symptoms. A manual titration PSG is necessary for a correct diagnosis of compSAS and as part of the follow up of these patients (AU)

Abordaje de apneas centrales (BIPAP vs Servo) / No disponible

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Improving the cadmium-induced centriacinar emphysema model in rats by concomitant anti-oxidant treatment.

1. The aim of the present study was to perform an evolutionary analysis of the morphometrical, biochemical and functional parameters of centriacinar emphysema induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in rats and to determine the effects of concomitant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administration. 2. Male Wistar rats were instilled orotracheally with either CdCl2 (n = 24) or saline (n = 24). One group of rats, consisting of both CdCl2- and saline-treated rats, was fed a normal diet (n = 24), whereas the other group received NAC (n = 24). 3. Changes in inspiratory capacity (IC), lung compliance (CL), expiratory flow at 75% (F75), forced vital capacity (FVC) and hydroxyproline content were assessed 2, 8, 21 and 45 days after instillation. Polymorphonuclear cells were evaluated 2 and 8 days after instillation and the mean linear intercept (Lm) was determined at 21 and 45 days. 4. Over time, CdCl2 instillation causes several changes that are bound up with centriacinar emphysema. The concomitant administration of NAC to CdCl2-treated rats partially reversed Lm at 21 days compared with CdCl2 alone (115 +/- 2 vs 127 +/- 2, respectively; P < 0.05). However, 45 days after instillation, NAC improved lung function in CdCl2-treated rats compared with that in the saline-treated control group (IC 14.64 vs 15.25, respectively (P = 0.054); FVC 16.94 vs 16.28, respectively (P = 0.052), F75 31.41 vs 32.48, respectively (P = 0.062)). In addition, 45 days after instillation, NAC reduced lung collagen content in both the saline-treated control (100 vs 81% alone and in the presence of NAC, respectively) and CdCL2-treated groups (213 vs 161% alone and in the presence of NAC, respectively). In addition, although the results were not significant, NAC tended to reduce Lm and enhance CL in NAC + CdCl2-treated rats. 5. In conclusion, NAC partially improved emphysematous changes and reduced collagen deposition, which diminished the CdCl2-induced fibrotic component of centriacinar emphysema.

Increased collagen deposition correlated with lung destruction in human emphysema.

BACKGROUND: To study the relationship between collagen amount and degree of emphysema as assessed by mean linear intercept (Lm) and correlating these with lung function test workup in patients with and without COPD. METHODS: Lung function tests were assessed in 16 smokers or ex-smokers and 1 non-smoker in order to separate them into two groups: COPD (FEV1/FVC lower than 70%) and non-COPD. A piece of lung tissue was used to analyse the collagen amount (HYP) by means of a colorimetric method. Morphometry was assessed to divide patients into two groups according to Lm: Lm > 260 micrometers was considered non-emphysema and Lm < 260 mm mild-emphysema. RESULTS: The non-emphysema group had a mean Lm value of 246.08+/-3.12 micrometers and the mild-emphysema group of 276.29+/-4.26 micrometers. The amount of hydroxyproline was significantly higher in the mild-emphysema group than in the non-emphysema group (7.82+/-0.67 vs. 5.50+/-0.54 microgram/g tissue). There was a clear positive correlation between Lm and HYP (r=0.55) and a negative correlation between Lm and DlCO (R=-0.5092). No correlation was found between the functional test and HYP, nor were there significant differences between COPD and non-COPD patients for Lm and HYP. CONCLUSIONS: Emphysema is associated with collagen deposition in the lungs, and air space size correlates with the amount of lung collagen even when there is no emphysema.

Análisis del condensado inhalado: ¿una técnica con futuro? / Analysis of exhaled breath condensate: a technique with future?

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Lower pulmonary diffusing capacity in the prone vs. supine posture.

We evaluated the effect of prone positioning on gas-transfer characteristics in normal human subjects. Single-breath (SB) and rebreathing (RB) maneuvers were employed to assess carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DlCO), its components related to capillary blood volume (Vc) and membrane diffusing capacity (Dm), pulmonary tissue volume (Vti), and cardiac output (Qc). Alveolar volume (Va) was significantly greater prone than supine, irrespective of the test maneuver used. Nevertheless, Dl(CO) was consistently lower prone than supine, a difference that was enhanced when appropriately corrected for the higher Va prone. When adequately corrected for Va, diffusing capacity significantly decreased by 8% from supine to prone [SB: Dl(CO,corr) supine vs. prone: 32.6 +/- 2.3 (SE) vs. 30.0 +/- 2 ml x min(-1) x mmHg(-1) stpd; RB: Dl(CO,corr) supine vs. prone: 30.2 +/- 2.2 (SE) vs. 27.8 +/- 2.0 ml x min(-1) x mmHg(-1) stpd]. Both Vc and Dm showed a tendency to decrease from supine to prone, but neither reached significance. Finally, there were no significant differences in Vti or Qc between supine and prone. We interpret the lower diffusing capacity of the healthy lung in the prone posture based on the relatively larger space occupied by the heart in the dependent lung zones, leaving less space for zone 3 capillaries, and on the relatively lower position of the heart, leaving the zone 3 capillaries less engorged.

Helium-3 MRI diffusion coefficient: correlation to morphometry in a model of mild emphysema.

Hyperpolarised gases have been most recently used in magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate new image-derived pulmonary function parameters. One of these parameters is the apparent diffusion coefficient, which reflects the sizes of the structures that compartmentalise gas within the lung (i.e. alveolar space). In the present study, noninvasive parameters were compared to microscopic measurements (mean linear intercept and mean alveolar internal area). Nonselective helium-3 gas density coronal ex vivo images and apparent diffusion maps were acquired in control and elastase-induced panacinar emphysema rats. Total lung capacity was considered the reference for both imaging experiments and lung fixation. A mild degree of emphysema was found based on mean linear intercept (134 +/- 25 microm) versus control (85 +/- 14 microm). The apparent diffusion coefficients were significantly different between the two groups (0.18 +/- 0.02 and 0.15 +/- 0.01 cm2 x s(-1) for elastase and control, respectively). A significant correlation between the apparent diffusion coefficient and corresponding morphometric parameters in mild emphysema was demonstrated for the first time. This study opens the possibility of estimating absolute airspace size using noninvasive techniques.

[Reliability of Venturi oxygen therapy systems]. / Fiabilidad de los sistemas de Venturi en la oxigenoterapia.

Venturi systems are among the most widely used devices for delivering oxygen therapy. Nevertheless, rigorous quality control of their reliability is lacking. In this study we used mass spectrometry to evaluate Venturi systems sold by various companies in Spain. We also studied tolerance under various conditions (changes in oxygen flow and with increased system resistance). Fixed systems were found to comply well with recommendations, whereas none of the variable systems complied. One system (Oxigem Variable) was unable to provide an oxygen concentration below 31% when set to deliver at 24% to 28%. We conclude that the variable masks available in Spain do not comply with European Union recommendations and the range of error of one of them (Oxigem Variable) means it is not clinically useful. Fixed systems were the most reliable ones in our market, and airlife and intersurgical devices were the variable systems that best approximated the reliability of fixed systems.

Fiabilidad de los sistemas de Venturien la oxigenoterapia / Reliability of Venturi oxygen therapy systems

Los sistemas de Venturi son unos de los productos más utilizados para la administración de la oxigenoterapia. A pesar de su extendido empleo en la práctica clínica habitual, se carece de rigurosos controles de calidad sobre su fiabilidad. En este trabajo se analizan por espectrometría de masas, según la normativa de la Unión Europea (UE), los sistemas de Venturi de distintas casas proveedoras disponibles en el mercado español. Se evalúa también la tolerancia de los sistemas ante diversas circustancias (cambios de flujo de oxígeno y aumento de resistencias en el sistema). Se ha encontrado que los sistemas fijos se adaptan bien a la normativa, mientras que ninguno de los sistemas variables cumple los requisitos que establece esta normativa, y un sistema (Oxigem variable) es incapaz de dar, para concentraciones del 24-28 por ciento, una concentración de O2por debajo del 31 por ciento. En conclusión, en nuestro mercado las mascarillas variables no cumplen la normativa UE y una de ellas (Oxigem variable) tiene un rango de error que no permite su uso en la práctica clínica. Los más fiables en nuestro estudio fueron los sistemas fijos y, dentro de los variables, los de Airlife e Intersurgical se aproximaban a éstos (AU)

[Non-invasive ventilation in patients with severe hypercapnic encephalopathy in a conventional hospital ward]. / Ventilación no invasiva en pacientes con encefalopatía hipercápnica grave en una sala de hospitalización convencional.

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with non-invasive ventilation (NIV) at two levels of pressure (Bi-PAP) on a general respiratory medicine ward with patients in hypercapnic impaired consciousness and/or coma who had not previously been in an intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: This was a prospective study of 13 patients, mean age 81 years (65-96), treated with NIV through a face mask. Ten had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with a mean FEV1 in stable condition of 35.2 14.6%. Glasgow scores upon admission were >/= 7. Arterial gases were monitored until suspension of NIV. RESULTS: After NIV for a mean 19 5 h/day in the first 48 hours and later of 6 1 h/day until a total of 74 9 h, 9 patients (69%) survived. The mean initial pH for these patients was 7.17 0.028 and the mean initial pCO2 was 101 9 mm Hg. In 7 cases (78%), coma was reversed in the first 48 h and a significant improvement in pH was observed in the 12-24 h analysis. Mean pH upon discharge was 7.44 0.013 and mean pCO2 was 54 2.8 mmHg. Four patients died, even though their initial or subsequent arterial gases at 12-24 h were not significantly different from those of the survivors. CONCLUSION: NIV on a general respiratory medicine ward can offer an alternative to oro-tracheal intubation for patients with hypercapnic impaired consciousness and/or coma who do not meet the criteria for admission to the ICU.

Ventilación no invasiva en pacientes con encefalopatía hipercápnica grave en una sala de hospitalización convencional / Non-invasive ventilation in patients with severe hypercapnic encephalopathy in a conventional hospital ward

OBJETIVO: Mostrar nuestra experiencia con la ventilación no invasiva (VNI) con doble nivel de presión (BIPAP) en una sala general de neumología en pacientes en estupor o coma hipercápnicos sin criterios de ingreso en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI).MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo de 13 pacientes, edad media 81 años (límites, 65-96), 10 pacientes presentaban exacerbación de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) con volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (FEV1) medio en situación estable de 35,2 ñ 14,6 per cent, índice de Glasgow ingreso 7, tratados con VNI mediante mascarilla facial. Se realizaron controles gasométricos hasta la suspensión de la VNI.RESULTADOS: Tras una media de ventilación de 19 ñ 5 h/día en las primeras 48 h y posteriormente 6 ñ 1 h/día hasta un promedio total de 74 ñ 9 h, sobrevivieron 9 pacientes (69 per cent).En este grupo los valores iniciales medios de pH y pCO2 fueron de 7,17 ñ 0,028 y 101 ñ 9 mmHg, respectivamente; de ellos en 7 casos (78 per cent) se revirtió el coma en las primeras 48 h y se observó una mejoría significativa en el valor de pH en el control de las 12-24 h. Los valores medios al alta de pH y pCO2 fueron 7,44 ñ 0,013 y 54 ñ 2,8 mmHg, respectivamente.Fallecieron 4 pacientes, cuyos valores gasométricos iniciales o evolutivos hasta las primeras 12-24 h no presentaron diferencia significativa con el grupo de supervivientes.CONCLUSIÓN: La aplicación de la VNI en una sala general de neumología puede constituir una alternativa a la intubación orotraqueal (IOT) en pacientes en situación de estupor o coma hipercápnicos que no cumplen criterios de ingreso en UCI (AU)

Similar ventilation distribution in normal subjects prone and supine during tidal breathing.

Multiple-breath washout (MBW) tests, with end-expiratory lung volume at functional residual capacity (FRC) and 90% O(2), 5% He, and 5% SF(6) as an inspired gas mixture, were performed in healthy volunteers in supine and prone postures. The semilog plot of MBW N(2) concentrations was evaluated in terms of its curvilinearity. The MBW N(2) normalized slope analysis yielded indexes of acinar and conductive ventilation heterogeneity (Verbanck S, Schuermans D, Van Muylem A, Paiva M, Noppen M, and Vincken W. J App Physiol 83: 1907-1916, 1997). Also, the difference between SF(6) and He normalized phase III slopes was computed in the first MBW expiration. Only MBW tests with similar FRC in the prone and supine postures (P > 0.1; n = 8) were considered. Prone and supine postures did not reveal any significant differences in curvilinearity, N(2) normalized slope-derived indexes of conductive or acinar ventilation heterogeneity, nor SF(6)-He normalized phase III slope difference in the first MBW expiration (P > 0.1 for all). The absence of significant changes in any of the MBW indexes suggests that ventilation heterogeneity is similar in the supine and prone postures of normal subjects breathing near FRC.

Oxidación celular y fármacos mucoactivos antioxidantes / Cell oxidative processes and antioxidant mucoactive drugs

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Effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure in mild sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.

The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients with mild sleep apnea- hypopnea syndrome (SAHS). One hundred forty-two consecutive patients with mild SAHS (apnea-hypopnea index 10-30, without severe sleepiness) were randomly assigned to receive conservative treatment (CT)-sleep hygiene and weight loss-(65 patients) or CT plus CPAP (77 patients), and 125 patients (86% males, age: 54 +/- 9 yr, BMI: 29 +/- 4 kg/m(2), AHI: 20 +/- 6, ESS: 12 +/- 4) completed the follow-up. The following outcomes were assessed at inclusion and after 3 and 6 mo of treatment: sleepiness (Epworth scale, multiple sleep latency test [MSLT]), other symptoms related to SAHS, cognitive function, and perceived health status (Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire [FOSQ], Nottingham Health profile). The relief of SAHS-related clinical symptoms was significantly greater in the CPAP group than in the CT group; the Epworth scale and FOSQ also showed more improvement in the CPAP group but did not reach significance. There were no significant differences in the other tests performed probably because the baseline values were normal. CPAP compliance was 4.8 +/- 2.2 h and treatment continuation was accepted by 62% of the patients at the end of the study. These results suggest that CPAP can be considered in treating patients with mild SAHS on the basis of an improvement in symptoms.