Effects of calcitriol upon TGF-ßs and their receptors in trophoblast cells.

Calcitriol levels increase during pregnancy, contributing to the hormonal and immunological balance, but its deficiency has been associated with problems during this period. Meanwhile, transforming growth factors-ß (TGF-ßs) play an important role in the maintenance of fetal-maternal immune tolerance; however, exacerbated concentrations of this growth factor are associated with complicated pregnancies. Therefore, we studied the effects of calcitriol on TGF-ßs and their receptors in trophoblast cells. Term placentas from uncomplicated pregnancies after cesarean sections were used for cell cultures. Basal gene expression and the effect of calcitriol upon TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, TGF-ß3, and their receptors TGF-ßR1 and TGF-ßR2 were assessed using real-time PCR from trophoblast cells. The presence of TGF-ß1, 2, 3, and TGF-ßR1 were evaluated by immunofluorescence, and the protein abundance and secretion of TGF-ß1 were assessed by Western blot and ELISA, respectively. Basal gene expression of TGF-ß1 in trophoblast from term placentas was higher than TGF-ß2 and TGF-ß3, while TGF-ßR2 was higher than TGF-ßR1. The presence and cellular localization of TGF-ß1, 2, 3, and TGF-ßR1 were detected in the cytoplasm of syncytiotrophoblast, with TGF-ß1 showing the highest intensity. Calcitriol significantly inhibited gene expression of TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, and TGF-ßR1. Likewise, calcitriol decreased the secretion and abundance of TGF-ß1. In conclusion, results indicate that calcitriol is a regulator of TGF-ßs in cultured trophoblast cells from term placentas and therefore may be an important player in the development of healthy pregnancies.

Transcriptional landscape of human trophoblast cells treated with calcitriol and TGF-ß1.

Calcitriol and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ß1) are unrelated molecules that regulate biological processes according to the genetic target, cell type, and context. Several studies have shown independent effects of calcitriol and TGF-ßs on the placenta, but there is no information regarding the impact of their combination on these cells. Therefore, this study analyzed the effects of calcitriol, TGF-ß1, and their combination in primary cultures of human trophoblast cells using a whole genome expression microarray. Data analysis revealed a set of differentially expressed genes induced by each treatment. Enrichment pathway analysis identified modulatory effects of calcitriol on genes related to metabolic processes such as vitamin D, steroid, and fat-soluble vitamins as well as antimicrobial and immune responses. In relation to TGF-ß1, the analysis showed a few differentially expressed genes that were mainly associated with the neutrophil immune response. Lastly, the analysis revealed that the combination of calcitriol and TGF-ß1 up-regulated genes involving both immunologic processes and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, eicosanoids, and lipoxins, among others. In contrast, pathways down-regulated by the combination were mostly associated with the catabolic process of acylglycerols and peptides, PPAR signaling pathway, cellular response to low-density lipoprotein stimulus, renin angiotensin system and digestion, mobilization and transport of lipids. Consistent with these results, the combined treatment on human trophoblast cells induced the accumulation of intracellular neutral lipid droplets and stimulated both gene and protein expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. In conclusion, the results revealed that differentially expressed genes induced by the combination modified the transcriptional landscape compared to each treatment alone, mainly altering the storage, activity and metabolism of lipids, which might have an impact on placental development.

Encefalitis por SARS-CoV-2 asociado a debut de Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico

A través del tiempo se han identificado distintos virus, con efectos nocivos sobre el sistema nervioso central, provocando alteraciones permanentes o transitorias de sus funciones. Reportes previos, derivados del SARS del 2002 y del MERS-CoV del 2012, sugieren que el coronavirus tiene como presentación atípica compromiso neurológico, ya que tiene capacidad neuroinvasora y neurotrópica, pudiendo ocasionar polineuropatías, convulsiones, psicosis o incluso promover accidentes cerebrovasculares. A través de este artículo, se da a conocer el caso de una paciente de 16 años, con alteraciones neurológicas y reumatológicas asociadas a infección por virus SARS-CoV-2, así como la importancia del reconocimiento oportuno del cuadro clínico, ayudas diagnósticas, evolución, diagnóstico, tratamiento y complicaciones. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Over time, different viruses have been identified with harmful effects on the central nervous system, causing permanent or transitory alterations of its functions. Previous reports, derived from SARS in 2002 and MERS-CoV in 2012, suggest that the coronavirus has neurological involvement as an atypical presentation, since it has neuroinvasive and neurotropic capacity, and can cause polyneuropathies, seizures, psychosis or even promote cerebrovascular accidents. This article reports the case of a 16-year-old patient with neurological and rheumatological alterations associated with SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, as well as the importance of timely recognition of the clinical picture, diagnostic aids, evolution, diagnosis, treatment and complications. (provided by Infomedic International)

Normothermic Regional Perfusion in Controlled Donation After Circulatory Determination of Death Simultaneous Pancreas - Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation is the optimal treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes and renal failure. The use of pancreas grafts from donation after circulatory death (DCD), using normothermic regional perfusion (NRP), is still marginal worldwide, mainly due to possible additional risks of graft dysfunction and complications compared with grafts from donors after brain death. METHODS: Case series of patients who underwent simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation after DCD-NRP between January 2018 and September 2022. This study evaluated early postoperative grafts and survival outcomes. RESULTS: Four patients were included. One patient lost the pancreatic graft due to arterial thrombosis requiring transplantectomy. Another patient required a laparotomy due to hemoperitoneum. Overall, 1-year pancreas and kidney graft survival was 75% and 100%, respectively. One patient developed a lymphoma during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: The use of pancreas grafts from DCD after NRP preservation is safe and feasible. Comparative studies with donors after brain death grafts and larger series are required to confirm the feasibility of DCD-NRP pancreas transplantation.

[Atherogenic index and its association with acute coronary ischemic syndrome mortality]. / Índice aterogénico y su relación con la mortalidad del síndrome isquémico coronario agudo.

Background: Several indexes have been developed to define the risk attributable to lipid metabolism with a single value. The total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (TC/HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratios are the most used. The higher the value of these ratios, the greater the probability of cardiovascular events. Objective: To identify whether the TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios are early prognostic markers of mortality and major cardiovascular events in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. Material and methods: 265 patients with ST-segment elevation acute coronary ischemic syndrome were included, divided into 4 groups according to the values of the atherogenic indices. Mortality and major cardiovascular events at 30-day follow-up were analyzed. Comparison of the groups was performed using the chi-squared test or ANOVA, depending on the case (p < 0.05). Results: The cut-off point for the TC/HDL-C index was 6.9 and for the LDL-C/HDL-C it was 2.7. The comparative analysis of groups showed that cardiovascular death and arrhythmia were higher in group 3 (p = 0.006 and p = 0.003, respectively). Conclusions: TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C indexes can be used as prognostic markers of cardiovascular mortality in the first 30 days of follow-up.

Introducción: se han elaborado diferentes índices para definir el riesgo atribuible al metabolismo lipídico con un solo valor. Los coeficientes colesterol total/lipoproteínas de alta densidad (CT/C-HDL) y lipoproteínas de baja densidad/lipoproteínas de alta densidad (C-LDL/C-HDL) son los más utilizados. A mayor valor de estos cocientes, la probabilidad de eventos cardiovasculares es mayor. Objetivo: identificar si los índices CT/C-HDL y C-LDL/C-HDL son marcadores pronósticos tempranos de mortalidad y evento cardiovascular mayor en pacientes con síndrome isquémico coronario agudo con elevación del ST. Material y métodos: se incluyeron 265 pacientes con síndrome isquémico coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST, divididos en 4 grupos según los valores de los índices aterogénicos. Se analizó la mortalidad y el evento cardiovascular mayor en los 30 días de seguimiento. Se identificó el punto de corte de cada índice mediante un análisis de curva ROC. La comparación de los grupos se hizo con chi cuadrada o ANOVA, según fuera el caso (p < 0.05). Resultados: el punto de corte para el índice CT/C-HDL fue de 6.9 y para el C-LDL/C-HDL de 2.7. El análisis comparativo de los grupos demostró que la muerte cardiovascular y arritmia fue mayor en el grupo 3 (p = 0.006 y p = 0.003, respectivamente). Conclusiones: los índices CT/C-HDL y C-LDL/C-HDL pueden ser utilizados como marcadores pronósticos de mortalidad cardiovascular en los primeros 30 días de seguimiento.

[Concordance between ultrasound-arthroscopy of the shoulder in rotator cuff injury]. / Concordancia entre ecografía-artroscopía de hombro en lesión del mango rotador.

Background: Rotator cuff injury occurs over tendons that insert into the humeral tuberosity. Ultrasonography detects the size and extent of tendon tears. Its sensitivity and specificity range from 91-100% and 85-86%, respectively. It has been shown that a trained orthopedic surgeon can perform shoulder ultrasonography for the accurate diagnosis of rotator cuff pathology. Objective: To determine the concordance between ultrasound-arthroscopy of the shoulder in rotator cuff injuries at the Unidad Médica Atención Ambulatoria No. 55 (Ambulatory Care Unit No. 55) in León, Guanajuato, Mexico. Material and methods: Experimental study of a sample of 37 patients with a diagnosis of rotator cuff injury, in whom preoperative ultrasound and later shoulder arthroscopy of the same side were performed. The data were subjected to concordance with Cohen's Kappa Index. Results: There were 37 patients in whom we identified an overall concordance of 81%. Cohen's Kappa index was 0.76, considered a good concordance. Out of the 7 patients without correlation, in 1 patient the ultrasound showed partial rupture and by arthroscopy showed complete rupture of the supraspinatus. In 2 patients ultrasonography showed complete rotator cuff tear; during arthroscopy, both showed massive rotator cuff tear. Conclusions: Preoperative shoulder ultrasonography performed by traumatology presents a good concordance in the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears confirmed by arthroscopy.

Introducción: la lesión del mango rotador ocurre sobre tendones que se insertan en la tuberosidad humeral. La ecografía detecta el tamaño y la extensión de los desgarros del tendón. Su sensibilidad y especificidad oscila entre 91-100% y 85-86%, respectivamente. Se ha demostrado que un cirujano ortopédico capacitado puede hacer la ecografía del hombro para el diagnóstico preciso de la patología del manguito rotador. Objetivo: determinar la concordancia entre ecografía-artroscopía de hombro en lesiones del mango rotador en la Unidad Médica Atención Ambulatoria No. 55 de León, Guanajuato, México. Material y métodos: estudio experimental de una muestra de 37 pacientes con diagnóstico de lesión del mango rotador, en los que se realizó ecografía preoperatoria y posteriormente artroscopía de hombro del mismo lado. Los datos se sometieron a concordancia con el Índice de Kappa de Cohen. Resultados: fueron 37 pacientes en los que se identificó la concordancia global de 81%. El Índice de Kappa de Cohen fue de 0.76, considerada una buena concordancia. De los 7 pacientes sin correlación, en un paciente la ecografía mostró rotura parcial y por artroscopía mostró rotura completa del supraespinoso. En 2 pacientes la ecografía mostró rotura completa de mango rotador; durante la artroscopía, ambos mostraron rotura masiva del mango rotador. Conclusiones: la ecografía preoperatoria de hombro realizada por traumatología presenta una buena concordancia en el diagnóstico de roturas del mango rotador confirmadas por artroscopía.

[Efficacy of intratympanic infiltration of N-acetyl cysteine in cisplatin ototoxicity]. / Eficacia de infiltración intratimpánica de N-acetilcisteína en ototoxicidad por cisplatino.

Introduction: Currently there is no approved preventive or therapeutic pharmacological treatment to treat ototoxicity caused by cisplatin. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a safe and inexpensive antioxidant that has been studied as an otoprotective alternative. Objective: To describe the efficacy of intratympanic infiltration of NAC as prevention and treatment of ototoxicity induced in patients treated with cisplatin. Material and methods: Open, longitudinal, prospective, randomized clinical trial in cancer patients treated with cisplatin who met the inclusion criteria. Out of the sample of 22 patients, 11 underwent intratympanic NAC infiltration and 11 were taken as a control group. It was performed an audiometry at the beginning and one month after on all patients. Results: A sample of 22 patients with a mean age of 53 (±13) was collected. In our sample of 11 patients with infiltration in both ears, 1 ear showed improvement; on the other hand, in the control group that was not infiltrated, 4 showed an increase in hearing loss from mild to moderate in all 4 cases, 2 in the left ear and 2 in the right ear (Spearman's Rho = 0.93, p ≤ 0.001). Relative risk was of 1.22. Conclusions: An association can be observed that intratympanic NAC could become an alternative for the prevention and treatment of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.

Introducción: actualmente no existe ningún tratamiento farmacológico preventivo o terapéutico aprobado para tratar la ototoxicidad causada por el cisplatino. La N-acetilcisteína (NAC) es un antioxidante seguro y de bajo costo que ha sido estudiado como una alternativa otoprotectora. Objetivo: describir la eficacia de la infiltración intratimpánica de la NAC como prevención y tratamiento de la ototoxicidad generada en pacientes tratados con cisplatino. Material y métodos: ensayo clínico abierto, longitudinal, prospectivo, aleatorizado, en pacientes con cáncer tratados con cisplatino que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. De la muestra de 22 pacientes a 11 se les infiltró NAC intratimpánica y 11 se tomaron como grupo control. Se les realizó audiometría inicial y un mes después a la totalidad de los pacientes. Resultados: se recabó una muestra de 22 pacientes con edad promedio de 53 (±13). En nuestra muestra de 11 pacientes con infiltración en ambos oídos, un oído mostró mejoría; por otro lado, en el grupo control que no fue infiltrado 4 mostraron aumento en la hipoacusia y pasaron del nivel leve al moderado en los 4 casos, 2 en el oído izquierdo y 2 en el oído derecho (Rho de Spearman = 0.93, p ≤ 0.001). El riesgo relativo fue de 1.22. Conclusión: se puede observar una asociación de que la NAC intratimpánica pudiera llegar a ser una alternativa para la prevención y el tratamiento de la ototoxicidad inducida por cisplatino.

[Results and complications of knee arthroplasty in patients with obesity]. / Resultados y complicaciones de la artroplastía de rodilla en pacientes con obesidad.

Introduction: In México, many patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are obese, which has medical and financial consequences. The functional outcomes and the incidence of complications of these patients remain uncertain due to the inconsistency between studies. Objective: To determine the association between obesity, complications and functional results of patients undergoing TKA. Material and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, prospective, observational, cohort study in which patients who underwent TKA between September 1, 2021, and August 30, 2022, were studied. Patients were divided by their body mass index (BMI) in < 30kg/m2 and > 30kg/m2 and their demographic characteristics, Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and incidence of complications were compared. Results: Out of the 102 patients, 59 presented a BMI < 30 kg/m2 and 43 a BMI > 30 kg/m2. No difference was found in their postoperative OKS (p = 0.12) and delta OKS (p = 0.07). A significant increase in trans-surgical (p = 0.02) and post-surgical (p = 0.04) complications was found in the group with BMI > 30 kg/m2, presenting a risk 5.03 times higher. Conclusion: A BMI > 30kg/m2 does not affect the functional results after a TKA; however, it is associated with a risk 5.03 times higher of suffering complications during and after surgical intervention.

Introducción: en México un gran número de pacientes sometidos a artroplastía total de rodilla (ATR) padecen obesidad, situación que genera grandes implicaciones médicas y financieras. Los resultados funcionales y la incidencia de complicaciones de estos pacientes permanecen inciertos debido a la gran incongruencia entre los diferentes estudios. Objetivos: determinar la asociación entre obesidad, complicaciones y resultados funcionales de los pacientes sometidos a una ATR. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, prospectivo, observacional, de cohorte en el que se estudiaron los pacientes a los que se les realizó una ATR primaria entre el 1 de septiembre de 2021 y el 30 de agosto de 2022. Se dividió a los pacientes con base en su índice de masa corporal (IMC) en < 30kg/m2 y > 30 kg/m2 y se compararon según sus características demográficas, el Oxford Knee Score (OKS) y la incidencia de complicaciones. Resultados: de los 102 pacientes, 59 presentaron un IMC < 30 kg/m2 y 43 un IMC>30kg/m2. No se encontró diferencia significativa en el OKS postquirúrgico (p = 0.12) y el OKS delta (p = 0.07); sin embargo, sí se encontró un aumento significativo en las complicaciones transquirúrgicas (p = 0.02) y postquirúrgicas (p = 0.04) en el grupo de IMC > 30 kg/m2, pues presentó un riesgo 5.03 veces mayor. Conclusión: un IMC > 30 kg/m2 no afecta los resultados funcionales posteriores a una ATR; sin embargo, sí se asocia con un riesgo 5.03 veces mayor de sufrir complicaciones durante y después de la intervención quirúrgica.

Management of Penis Fracture: Clinical Cases Treated in Our Center and Comparison with Literature.

OBJECTIVE: To expose our clinical experience in the management of the penis fracture and make a literature review about this topic. METHODS: We present a case of a 49 years old man diagnosticated penis fracture. We expose the results of our clinical cases diagnosticated and treated from October 2018 to October 2020 and make a literature review. RESULTS: A 49 years old man that presented swallow and sensation of snap during a sexual intercourse. He was diagnosticated of penis fracture with the help of ultrasound and was performed an urgent reparation. The results of our serial of 4 cases were: The 75% (3) presented pain and sensation of snap during the sexual intercourse, 50% (2) detumescence, the 100% (4) ecchymosis and the 25% (1) present an actual lateral deviation. Anyone presents erectile dysfunction nowadays. CONCLUSIONS: The penis fracture has a clinical diagnosis but the ultrasound could be useful. The early surgical repair has a good result with low tase of complications.

Management of Penis Fracture: Clinical Cases Treated in Our Center and Comparison with Literature

Abstract Objective: To expose our clinical experience in the management of the penis fracture and make a literature review about this topic. Methods: We present a case of a 49 years old man diagnosticated penis fracture. We expose the results of our clinical cases diagnosticated and treated from October 2018 to October 2020 and make a literature review. Results: A 49 years old man that presented swallow and sensation of snap during a sexual intercourse. He was diagnosticated of penis fracture with the help of ultrasound and was performed an urgent reparation. The results of our serial of 4 cases were: The 75% (3) presented pain and sensation of snap during the sexual intercourse, 50% (2) detumescence, the 100% (4) ecchymosis and the 25% (1) present an actual lateral deviation. Anyone presents erectile dysfunction nowadays. Conclusions: The penis fracture has a clinical diagnosis but the ultrasound could be useful. The early surgical repair has a good result with low tase of complications (AU)

Effects of emotional congruency and task complexity on decision-making.

The heuristic approach to decision-making holds that the selection process becomes more efficient when part of the information available is ignored. One element involved in selecting information is emotional valence. If emotional congruency is related to simplified decision-making strategies, then the interaction of this factor with task complexity should exist. The present study explored how factors of this nature influence decision-making efficiency. We hypothesized that emotional congruency would have a positive effect on task execution and that the magnitude of that effect would increase with greater task complexity because in that condition the amount of information to be processed is greater, meaning that a heuristic approach to the problem would be more efficient. We design a decision in browser decision-making task in which participants had to select emotional images to gain points. Depending on the correlation between emotional valence and in-task image value, we defined three emotional congruency conditions: direct, null, and inverse. Our results show that distinct types of emotional congruency have differential effects on behavior. While direct congruency-enhanced overall decision-making performance, inverse congruency interacted with task complexity to modify the pace at which task feedback affected behavior.

Hallazgos ecocardiográficos de pacientes pediátricos con mucopolisacaridosis tipo IV-A con mutación c.901G>T en el gen GALNS en un centro de salud de cuarto nivel de Colombia en el periodo de 2012-2019

La mucopolisacaridosis tipo IV-A es un trastorno de almacenamiento lisosómico poco frecuente, cuya manifestación clínica más evidente es la disostosis múltiple. Alteraciones multiorgánicas se han descrito en este tipo de pacientes, sin embargo, las manifestaciones cardiovasculares no han sido descritas con gran énfasis. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo principal describir los hallazgos ecocardiográficos en pacientes pediátricos con mucopolisacaridosis tipo IV-A con mutación c.90iG>T en el gen GALNS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de serie de casos que incluyó pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado (clínico, bioquímico y molecular) de mucopolisacaridosis tipo IV-A; los pacientes asistieron a una institución hospitalaria en Pereira, Colombia, entre 2012 y 2019, donde se valoraron parámetros ecocardiográficos. Se incluyeron diez pacientes con edades comprendidas entre 3 y 18 años, media de 10. Las anomalías cardiacas identificadas fueron regurgitación mitral trivial RM en 4 de 10 pacientes, dilatación del anillo aórtico en 9 de 10, dilatación de la aorta ascendente, dilatación del arco transverso y del istmo aórtico en 1 de 10, área subaórtica levemente engrosada sin estenosis e hipertrofia ventricular izquierda concéntrica leve en 1 de 10 pacientes. La función ventricular fue normal en todos los pacientes. Los hallazgos ecocardiográficos más frecuentes fueron dilatación del anillo aórtico y regurgitación trivial de la válvula mitral, adicionalmente, pueden encontrarse válvulas mitral y aórtica engrosadas e hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, por lo que es importante una valoración periódica por cardiología pediátrica.

Mucopolysaccharidosis IV-A is a rare lysosomal storage disorder, whose most evident clinical manifestation is multiple dysostosis. Multiorgan disorders have been described in this type of patients, however, the Cardiovascular manifestations have not been described with greater emphasis. The main objective of this research was to describe the echocardiographic findings in pediatric patients with type IV-A mucopolysaccharidosis with c.901G>T mutation in the GALNS gene. A descriptive case series study was carried out, which included patients with a confirmed diagnosis (clinical, biochemical and molecular) of mucopolysaccharidosis type IV-A; the patients were attended a hospital institution in Pereira, Colombia, between 2012 and 2019, where echocardiography parameters were evaluated. Ten patients with ages ranging from 3 to 18 years, average 10, were included. The cardiac abnormalities identified were trivial mitral regurgitation in 4 of 10 patients, aortic annulus dilation in 9 of 10, dilatation of the ascending aorta, dilatation of the transverse arch and aortic isthmus in 1 of 10, slightly thickened subaortic area without stenosis and mild concentric left ventricular hypertrophy in 1 of 10 patients. Ventricular function was normal in all patients. The most frequent echocardiography findings were dilatation of the aortic annulus and trivial regurgitation of the mitral valve, additionally, thickened mitral and aortic valves and left ventricular hypertrophy may be found, so periodic evaluation by pediatric cardiology is important.

[Delta of neutrophil lymphocyte index and mortality in covid-19 disease]. / Delta del índice neutrófilo linfocito y mortalidad en infección COVID-19.

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, due to SARS-CoV-2, is a worldwide health problem. The neutrophil-lymphocyte index allows risk stratification in patients with severe and poor prognostic data, since it reflects the inflammatory state. Objective: To determine whether the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Index delta predicts mortality in patients with COVID-19. Material and methods: We conducted a longitudinal, comparative study in patients with COVID-19, older than 18 years, admitted to the ICU. We evaluated HAS, DM, obesity, COPD, asthma, PaO2/FiO2, tomographic severity. On admission and on days 3 and 7 we measured Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Index, SOFA and APACHE score. For statistical analysis, we performed ROC and Kaplan-Meyer curves. Results: We included 180 patients with COVID-19, 63 died (35%). Delta INL1(Day1-day3)>4.11 was associated with mortality (AUC:0.633); sensitivity 55.56% and specificity 77.78%, CI95 0.55-0.70, for delta INL2 (Day1-day7)>8.95 (AUC:0.623); sensitivity 44.44% and specificity 84.62%, CI95 0.54-0.69. Difference in survival was observed for Delta1. SOFA scale >6, was associated with more days of mechanical ventilation and lower PaO2/FiO2 (p<0.001). Conclusions: INL delta between the day of ICU admission and the 3rd day of evolution is a predictor of mortality in critically ill patients.

Introducción: El síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda, por SARS-CoV-2, es un problema mundial de salud. El índice neutrófilo-linfocito, permite estratificar el riesgo en pacientes con datos de severidad y mal pronóstico, ya que refleja el estado inflamatorio. Objetivo: Determinar si el delta del Índice Neutrófilo-Linfocito predice mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, comparativo en pacientes con COVID-19, mayores de 18 años, ingresados a UCI. Evaluamos HAS, DM, Obesidad, EPOC, asma, PaO2/FiO2, severidad tomográfica., A su ingreso y los días 3 y 7 medimos Índice Neutrófilo-Linfocito, puntaje SOFA y APACHE. En el análisis estadístico, realizamos curvas ROC y Kaplan-Meyer. Resultados: Incluimos 180 pacientes con COVID-19, 63 fallecieron (35%). Se asoció delta INL1(Día1-día3)>4.11 con mortalidad (AUC:0.633); sensibilidad 55.56% y especificidad 77.78%, IC95 0.55-0.70, para delta INL2 (Día1-día7)>8.95 (AUC:0.623); sensibilidad 44.44% y especificidad 84.62%, IC95 0.54-0.69. Se observó diferencia en la sobrevida para delta1. La escala SOFA >6, se asoció a más días de ventilación mecánica y PaO2/FiO2 menor (p<0.001). Conclusiones: El delta de INL entre el día de ingreso a UCI y el 3er día de evolución es predictor de mortalidad en pacientes críticamente enfermos.

Physiopathology of the Priapism Secondary to Tamsulosin: Clinical Cases of Our Hospital and Literature Review.

OBJECTIVE: To describe two cases of man with the diagnosis of ischemic priapism after the intake of tamsulosin and to revise the scientific literature. METHODS: We present two cases of men that developed an ischemic priapism after the intake of tamsulosin prescribed for STUI and were treated in our hospital. We described the two cases, from the diagnosis until the surgery that was performed. Also, we review the scientific literature about this topic. RESULTS: In one hand, a 67 years old man with the previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia that take a one single dosis of tamsulosin and developed a priapism of 9 hours of duration. He was diagnosticated of low-flow priapism that was reverted after the use of intracavernosal phenylephrine. On the other hand, a 61 years old man without any medical condition. He developed a priapism after the intake of also one single dosis of tamsulosin and came to the hospital after 48 hours of the beginning of the erection. In this case, the use of intracavernosal phenylephrine wasn´t effective so we decided to performed a distal shunt between cavernosal and spongy body according to the techniques of Winter, Ebbehoj and Al-Ghorab. All of them without results. At the end, we tried a proximal shunt according Quackles technique, also ineffective. The patient declined another surgery for implantation of a pennis prothesis and went home after four days of hospitalization with the disappearance of the pain. CONCLUSIONS: The tamsulosin is a drug well known by urologist that have a safety profile probed with the years. Nevertheless, it's association with a disease like the priapism forced us to explain to our patients this rare adverse effect.

Cortical functionality during reversal learning on a decision-making task in young men.

The evaluation of external and internal stimuli permits the ongoing actualization of choice-related information and, thus, the association between stimuli and outcomes. This process is essential to decision-making as it allows constant adaptation to environmental changes in order to maximize gains and minimize losses. Reversal learning paradigms are used to study this process, which has been associated with prefrontal cortex activity (frontopolar, dorsolateral) in conjunction with posterior areas (parietal, temporal), due to their participation in integrating and processing the stimuli-reward relation. The aim of this study was to assess the cortical functionality associated with reversal learning during the decision-making process. The EEG activity of 22 young men was recorded while performing a decision-making task in a reversal learning condition compared to an initial learning condition. EEG data were analyzed during evaluation of the stimuli, before motor execution (formation of preferences), and during task feedback (outcome evaluation). The formation of preferences stage was characterized by a higher correlation of the alpha2 band between the parietal cortices. In the feedback stage of the reversal learning condition, a higher absolute power of the theta band in the left dorsolateral (F3), and a lower correlation of the alpha1 band between the right frontopolar and dorsolateral (Fp2-F4), as well as between the right frontopolar and temporal (Fp2-T4), were observed. The data obtained show that the EEG activity of the areas recorded changed in the evaluation of the stimuli information in the reversal learning condition during a decision-making task.

Autoimmune manifestations in pediatric patients with human type I T - cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) infection / Manifestaciones autoinmunes en pacientes pediátricos con infección por virus linfotrópico humano de células T tipo I (HTLV-1)

ABSTRACT HTLV-1 is a retrovirus that has an impact on human health due to its T-lymphocyte tropism. It occurs worldwide, but is more prevalent in tropical regions. Although most infected individuals will remain asymptomatic, the infection may manifest with complications such as uveitis, myelopathy, and leukemia, among others. The diagnosis is a chieved by the detection of anti-HTLV antibodies and a confirmatory test (Western Blot or proviral load). Although there is no specific treatment, medical treatments are aimed towards the management of secondary diseases. Three cases are described of pediatric patients diagnosed with HTLV-1 infection and associated autoimmune manifestations.

RESUMEN El virus linfotrópico humano de células T tipo I (HTLV-1) es un retrovirus que causa impacto en la salud del ser humano debido al tropismo para infectar a linfocitos T. Está distribuido mundialmente, pero es más prevalente en regiones tropicales. La mayoría de las personas afectadas permanecen asintomáticas, sin embargo, al manifestarse puede causar complicaciones como uveítis, mielopatía y leucemia, entre otras. Su diagnóstico se hace mediante la determinación de anticuerpos anti-HTLV y prueba confirmatoria (Western Blot o carga proviral). No tiene tratamiento específico, las medidas están dirigidas a la prevención y el manejo de las afecciones secundarias. Se describen tres pacientes en edad pediátrica con diagnóstico de infección por HTLV-1 y manifestaciones autoinmunes.

Serum biomarkers for diagnosis and characterization of prostate cancer. / Biomarcadores plasmáticos en el diagnóstico y caracterización del cáncer de próstata.

PSA is the most widely used diagnosticand prognostic biomarker in prostate cancer (PCa).However, its lack of specificity has generated the needto search for new complementary markers. In thisscenario, blood plasma constitutes one of the sourcesof search for new markers, which have been tried tobe combined with PSA and other clinical variables inorder to develop tests that increase their diagnosticspecificity.This narrative review of the literature provides anoverview of commercially available plasma biomarkers and tests for use in different clinical settingsfor PCa. The most studied markers to help select theappropriate patients for initial and / or repeat biopsyhave been: PHI, 4K, STHLM3. These markers havebeen oriented towards the diagnosis of the so-calledclinically signifi cant PCa, trying to validate and calibratetheir algorithms in different populations. Giventhe development and evolution in the diagnosis of PCa,there is still a lack of evidence of the impact of magneticresonance imaging (MRI) when used in combinationwith these new markers, as well as its possiblerole in the screening of the disease and not only in theearly diagnosis process. Furthermore, there are only asmall number of studies that have directly comparedthese tests with each other and with PSA, so there isnot enough evidence to know which test has the bestproperties in each clinical scenario. In order to clarifythe true diagnostic role of these new biomarkers, newprospective, comparative studies in different populationsare absolutely necessary to evaluate their clinicalutility in combination with MRI and fusion biopsy.

El PSA es el biomarcador diagnóstico ypronóstico más ampliamente utilizado en cáncer deprostata (CaP). Sin embargo, su falta de especificidadha generado la necesidad de buscar nuevos marcadorescomplementarios. En este escenario, el plasmasanguíneo constituye una de las fuentes de búsquedade nuevos marcadores, los cuales han tratado decombinarse con el PSA y otras variables clínicas conel objeto de desarrollar tests que aumentaran su especificidaddiagnóstica.En esta revisión narrativa de la literatura se proporcionauna descripción general de los biomarcadoresplasmáticos y tests disponibles comercialmentepara ser utilizados en diferentes contextos clínicosdel CaP. Los test más estudiados para ayudar a seleccionarlos pacientes adecuados para la biopsia inicialy / o repetida han sido: PHI, 4K, STHLM3. Estos testse han orientado hacia el diagnóstico del denominadoCaP clínicamente significativo, intentando validary calibrar sus algoritmos en diferentes poblaciones.Dado el desarrollo y evolución en el diagnóstico deCaP, aún existe una falta de evidencia del impacto de la resonancia magnética (RM) al ser empleada encombinación con estos nuevos marcadores, así comosu posible papel en el screening de la enfermedad yno solo en el proceso de diagnóstico precoz. Además,solo se dispone de una pequeña cantidad de estudiosque hayan comparado directamente estos test entreellos y con el PSA, de modo que no existe evidenciasuficiente para saber qué test tiene mejores propiedadesen cada escenario clínico. En el escenarioactual, para poder aclarar el verdadero papel diagnósticode estos nuevos biomarcadores, son absolutamentenecesarios nuevos estudios prospectivos,comparativos y en diferentes poblaciones, que evalúensu utilidad clínica en combinación con la RM yla biopsia fusión.

Biomarcadores plasmáticos en el diagnóstico y caracterización del cáncer de próstata / Serum biomarkers for diagnosis and characterization of prostate cáncer

El PSA es el biomarcador diagnóstico y pronóstico más ampliamente utilizado en cáncer deprostata (CaP). Sin embargo, su falta de especificidadha generado la necesidad de buscar nuevos marcadores complementarios. En este escenario, el plasmasanguíneo constituye una de las fuentes de búsqueda de nuevos marcadores, los cuales han tratado decombinarse con el PSA y otras variables clínicas conel objeto de desarrollar tests que aumentaran su especificidad diagnóstica.En esta revisión narrativa de la literatura se proporciona una descripción general de los biomarcadores plasmáticos y tests disponibles comercialmentepara ser utilizados en diferentes contextos clínicosdel CaP. Los test más estudiados para ayudar a seleccionar los pacientes adecuados para la biopsia inicialy / o repetida han sido: PHI, 4K, STHLM3. Estos testse han orientado hacia el diagnóstico del denominado CaP clínicamente significativo, intentando validary calibrar sus algoritmos en diferentes poblaciones.Dado el desarrollo y evolución en el diagnóstico deCaP, aún existe una falta de evidencia del impacto de la resonancia magnética (RM) al ser empleada encombinación con estos nuevos marcadores, así comosu posible papel en el screening de la enfermedad yno solo en el proceso de diagnóstico precoz. Además,solo se dispone de una pequeña cantidad de estudiosque hayan comparado directamente estos test entreellos y con el PSA, de modo que no existe evidenciasuficiente para saber qué test tiene mejores propiedades en cada escenario clínico. En el escenarioactual, para poder aclarar el verdadero papel diagnóstico de estos nuevos biomarcadores, son absolutamente necesarios nuevos estudios prospectivos,comparativos y en diferentes poblaciones, que evalúen su utilidad clínica en combinación con la RM yla biopsia fusión. (AU)

PSA is the most widely used diagnosticand prognostic biomarker in prostate cancer (PCa).However, its lack of specificity has generated the needto search for new complementary markers. In thisscenario, blood plasma constitutes one of the sourcesof search for new markers, which have been tried tobe combined with PSA and other clinical variables inorder to develop tests that increase their diagnosticspecificity.This narrative review of the literature provides anoverview of commercially available plasma biomarkers and tests for use in different clinical settingsfor PCa. The most studied markers to help select theappropriate patients for initial and / or repeat biopsyhave been: PHI, 4K, STHLM3. These markers havebeen oriented towards the diagnosis of the so-calledclinically signifi cant PCa, trying to validate and calibrate their algorithms in different populations. Giventhe development and evolution in the diagnosis of PCa,there is still a lack of evidence of the impact of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) when used in combination with these new markers, as well as its possiblerole in the screening of the disease and not only in theearly diagnosis process. Furthermore, there are only asmall number of studies that have directly comparedthese tests with each other and with PSA, so there isnot enough evidence to know which test has the bestproperties in each clinical scenario. In order to clarifythe true diagnostic role of these new biomarkers, newprospective, comparative studies in different populations are absolutely necessary to evaluate their clinicalutility in combination with MRI and fusion biopsy. (AU)