ABSTRACT
The Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDVs) infect a wide range of eukaryotic species, including amoeba, algae, fish, amphibia, arthropods, birds, and mammals. This group of viruses has linear or circular double-stranded DNA genomes whose size spans approximately one order of magnitude, from 100 to 2500 kbp. The ultimate origin of this peculiar group of viruses remains an open issue. Some have argued that NCLDVs' origin may lie in a bacteriophage ancestor that increased its genome size by subsequent recruitment of eukaryotic and bacterial genes. Others have suggested that NCLDVs families originated from cells that underwent an irreversible process of genome reduction. However, the hypothesis that a number of NCLDVs sequences have been recruited from the host genomes has been largely ignored. In the present work, we have performed pangenomic analyses of each of the seven known NCLDVs families. We show that these families' core- and shell genes have cellular homologs, supporting possible escaping-gene events as part of its evolution. Furthermore, the detection of sequences that belong to two protein families (small chain ribonucleotide reductase and Erv1/Air) and to one superfamily [2OG-Fe(II) oxygenases] that are for distribution in all NCLDVs core and shell clusters encoding for oxygen-dependent enzymes suggests that the highly conserved core these viruses originated after the Proterozoic Great Oxidation Event that transformed the terrestrial atmosphere 2.4-2.3 Ga ago.
Subject(s)
Evolution, Molecular , Viruses , Animals , Phylogeny , DNA Viruses/genetics , Viruses/genetics , Eukaryota/genetics , Oxygen , Genome, Viral/genetics , Mammals/geneticsABSTRACT
Polygonum hydropiperoides e P. spectabile são espécies conhecidas como "ervade-bicho" e utilizadas como antiinflamatórias, anti-hemorroidais e antidiarréicas. As análises farmacognósticas indicaram teores de perda por dessecação, de cinzas totais e de cinzas insolúveis que variaram de 4,0 a 6,5 por cento; 5,0 a 10,0 por cento e 0,1 a 0,4 por cento, respectivamente. Através de cromatografia em camada delgada, foram detectados triterpenos e/ou esteróides, cumarinas, flavonóides, polifenóis, taninos e saponinas nas quatro amostras. Os teores de polifenóis totais, taninos e flavonóides foram de 7,0 por cento; 5,5 por cento e 0,4 por cento, respectivamente, para P. spectabile, e diferiram das três amostras de P. hydropiperoides, observando-se valores em torno de 5,0 por cento; 4,0 por cento e 0,6 por cento para duas delas e de 12,5 por cento; 11,3 por cento e 0,3 por cento para a outra. Estas espécies, morfologicamente muito semelhantes, são empregadas, indiscriminadamente, na produção de medicamentos fitoterápicos. Este estudo mostrou variações nos teores de polifenóis e taninos nas amostras de P. hydropiperoides, coletadas no outono e na primavera. Estes resultados representam os primeiros parâmetros obtidos para o controle de qualidade de P. hydropiperoides e P. spectabile.
Polygonum hydropiperoides and P. spectabile are, commonly known as "erva-de-bicho", and traditionally used as anti-inflammatory, antihaemorrhoidal and anti-diarrhea. The pharmacognostic analysis indicated the content of loss on drying, of total ash and acid-insoluble ash ranged from 4.0 to 6.5 percent, 5.0 to 10.0 percent and 0.1 to 0.4 percent, respectively. The TLC analysis revealed the presence of triterpenes and/or steroids, coumarins, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins and saponins in the four samples. The content of total polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids were 7.0 percent, 5.5 percent and 0.4 percent, respectively for P. spectabile. They were different from the three samples of P. hydropiperoides. The values observed were around 5.0 percent, 4.0 percent and 0.6 percent for two of them and 12.5 percent, 11.3 percent and 0,3 percent for the other one. These species are morphologically very similar and they are used indiscriminately for the production of herbal medicines. This study showed variations on the contents of polyphenols and tannins in samples of P. hydropiperoides collected in autumn and spring. These results represent the first parameters obtained for the quality control of P. hydropiperoides and P. spectabile.
ABSTRACT
A Tintura de "pau-pereira" poderia ser produzida a partir de uma das espécies Aspidosperma parvifolium ou Geissospemun vellosii, espécies conhecidas com o nome popular de "pau-pereira". Análise por CCD e CLAE mostrou que A. parvifolium, uma entre várias Apocynaceae, não é ingrediente da Tintura de "pau-pereira", uma vez que o alcalóide uleína, um marcador químico da espécie, não foi detectado no fitoterápico. Poderia se tratar de G. vellossii, que possui os alcalóides gessospermina, pereirina e velosina, mas o perfil cromatográfico da tintura obtido por CLAE, sugeriu possuir principalmente polifenóis.
The Tincture of "Pau-Pereira" is produced from the stem bark of a plant popularly known as "pau-pereira" and supposed to be Geissospemun vellosii. Analysis by TLC and HPLC showed that Aspidosperma parvifolium, one among several Apocynaceae species popularly known as "pau-pereira", is not an ingredient of the Tincture of "Pau-Pereira" since the alkaloid uleine, a chemical marker for A. parvifolium, was not detected neither in the plant remedy nor in the stem bark used to produce it and indicated as being Geissospermum vellosii.
ABSTRACT
Do extrato hexânico das raízes de Zeyheria montana M., uma Bignoniácea conhecida como bolsa‑de‑pastor, empregada popularmente contra doenças de pele, foram isolados os seguintes compostos: lapachol, α‑lapachona, desidro‑α‑lapachona, 4‑hidróxi-α‑lapachona, β‑sitosterol, ácido esteárico e uma mistura de ácidos graxos. Estas substancias foram identificadas por métodos espectrométricos usuais e/ou comparação com amostras autênticas. No cromatograma do extrato etanólico, obtido por CLAE, foram identificados os picos correspondentes às naftoquinonas isoladas e ao ácido esteárico. A ocorrência de naftoquinonas nas raizes de Z. montana e a atividade antimicrobiana comprovada para o lapachol e a α‑lapachona justificam o uso popular desta espécie.
Zeyheria montana M. (Bignoniaceae) is a widespread species in the Cerrado area of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and is popularly known as bolsa‑de‑pastor. In the Brazilian tradicional medicine its roots are used for the treatment of skin diseases. Several species of Bignoniaceae contain naphthoquinones, and lapachol was previously reported in the stem wood of Z. digitalis. This paper describes the isolation of three naphtoquinones from Z. montana stem barks, namely α‑lapachone, dehydro‑α‑lapachone and 4‑hydroxy‑α‑lapachone, besides lapachol, stearic acid and β‑sitosterol. Furthermore, we report the HPLC fingerprint for the species, which allowed the identification of the isolated compounds, except β‑sitosterol. Since the in vitro antimicrobial activity of lapachol and α‑lapachone has been previously described, the presence of these naphthoquinones in the roots of Z. montana corroborates its popular use for the treatment of skin diseases.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper was to know the prevalence of genital prolapse after the Burch procedure. Also to intend knowing if the associate surgery for vaginal relaxation used in our Urogynecologic Service is working well. Seventy four patients with more than six months after the Burch procedure were addressed from October 1995 to January 1996. Special attention was put to detect pelvis floor defects in specific vaginal sites (urethra, bladder, vaginal ápex, cul de sac and distal posterior wall). The prevalence of urethrocele was 2.7%, cystocele 50.6%, almost of all were mild. None severe cystocele was detected. Cervical prolapse was present in 21.3%, vault prolapse in 9.3% and enterocele 41.9%. The posterior colporraphy seems to be useful to prevent the vault prolapse and the enterocele. On the contrary the Moschowitz procedure seems not to be useful in this aspect. In order to diminish the prevalence of genital prolapse posterior to Burch procedure it would be better to improve the preoperative vaginal examination in order to do segmentary prolapse diagnosis and also to stablish an individualized surgical treatment of them.
Subject(s)
Uterine Prolapse/surgery , Female , Humans , Methods , Vagina/surgeryABSTRACT
Los objetivos del estudio fueron: conocer la prevalencia de prolapso genital posterior al procedimiento de Burch. Evaluar resultados de la cirugía efectuada en asociación con procedimiento de colposuspensión con el propósito de corregir el prolapso existente o prevenir el prolapso postoperatorio. Estudio clínico retrospectivo, longitudinal. Se exploraron 74 pacientes que con diagnóstico de incontinencia genuina de esfuerzo habían sido tratadas quirúrgicamente con el procedimiento de Burch en el Servicio de Urología Ginecológica del Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia del C.M.N.O. del IMSS en Guadalajara. Control postoperatorio mínimo de seis meses. Método estadístico utilizado: frecuencias simples, porcentajes y prueba de Chi-cuadrada. La incidencia de prolapso genital postoperatorio en pared anterior de vagina, ápex y pared posterior, fue: Uretrocele 2.7 por ciento, cistocele 51.3 por ciento, ápex 17.9 por ciento en pacientes histerectomizadas; rectocele 45.9 por ciento. La mayoría de los casos fueron de grado leve, sin embargo siete pacientes (9.5 por ciento) requirieron de cirugía complementaria por el prolapso mismo. La colporrafia posterior parece ser útil para evitar el enterocele; no así el cierre de Douglas con la técnica de Moschowitz. Al evaluar con criterio estricto cada uno de los segmentos de vagina, se pudo apreciar una alta incidencia de prolapso genital posterior al procedimiento de Burch. Si bien la gran mayoría de los casos fueron prolapsos leves y asintomáticos, es aconsejable estudiar preoperatoriamente a la paciente con gran cuidado, a fin de establecer una estrategia de manejo individualizado con resultados más eficientes
