Improving Cleaning Efficiency through the Measurement of Food Fouling Adhesive Strength.

This study aims to investigate the impacts of factors, including textural properties, surface roughness, and contact angle, on the cleaning performance of food soils and develop a preliminary mathematical model to predict the cleaning score, depending on the soil-surface properties. The force required to remove soil from the surface was determined by a texture analyzer equipped with a newly designed probe. Potato puree and egg yolk soils showed high adhesive forces compared to other deposits. Margarine required the lowest force to detach from the surfaces. A soil-surface characteristic number (SSCN) was constructed from the results of contact angle, roughness, and textural analysis to predict the cleaning score depending on the soil-surface properties. The experimental work presented indicates that a higher SSCN was associated with lower cleaning scores for soil-surface combinations. Furthermore, a predictive model was developed to define the relationship between cleaning scores and SSCN. The applicability of the model was validated by measuring the cleaning performance of caramel and pudding soils on glass, porcelain, and stainless-steel household surfaces by using an automatic method. Therefore, it can be concluded that the SSCN approach can be improved in further studies to predict cleaning scores of soil-surface combinations in the experimental rig or automatic dishwasher.

Alterations in the spinal cord, trigeminal nerve ganglion, and infraorbital nerve through inducing compression of the dorsal horn region at the upper cervical cord in trigeminal neuralgia.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN) cases encountered frequently in daily practice indicate significant gaps that still need to be illuminated in the etiopathogenesis. In this study, a novel TN animal model was developed by compressing the dorsal horn (DH) of the upper cervical spinal cord. METHODS: Eighteen rabbits were equally divided into three groups, namely control (CG), sham (SG), and spinal cord compression (SCC) groups. External pressure was applied to the left side at the C3 level in the SCC group. Dorsal hemilaminectomy was performed in the SG, and the operative side was closed without compression. No procedure was implemented in the control group. Samples from the SC, TG, and ION were taken after seven days. For the histochemical staining, damage and axons with myelin were scored using Hematoxylin and Eosin and Toluidine Blue, respectively. Immunohistochemistry, nuclei, apoptotic index, astrocyte activity, microglial labeling, and CD11b were evaluated. RESULTS: Mechanical allodynia was observed on the ipsilateral side in the SCC group. In addition, both the TG and ION were partially damaged from SC compression, which resulted in significant histopathological changes and increased the expression of all markers in both the SG and SCC groups compared to that in the CG. There was a notable increase in tissue damage, an increase in the number of apoptotic nuclei, an increase in the apoptotic index, an indication of astrocytic gliosis, and an upsurge in microglial cells. Significant increases were noted in the SG group, whereas more pronounced significant increases were observed in the SCC group. Transmission electron microscopy revealed myelin damage, mitochondrial disruption, and increased anchoring particles. Similar changes were observed to a lesser extent in the contralateral spinal cord. CONCLUSION: Ipsilateral trigeminal neuropathic pain was developed due to upper cervical SCC. The clinical finding is supported by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural changes. Thus, alterations in the DH due to compression of the upper cervical region should be considered as a potential cause of idiopathic TN.

Investigating self-efficacy, anxiety, attitudes and mathematics achievement regarding gender and school type / Investigando la autoeficacia, la ansiedad, las actitudes y los logros de las matemáticas con respecto al género y el tipo de escuela

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among seventh grade students' mathematics self-efficacy, mathematics anxiety, attitudes towards mathematics, mathematics achievement, gender and school type. In order to examine the difference in self-efficacy, anxiety, attitude and achievement in terms of gender and school type, two-way ANOVAs were performed. In addition, multiple regression analysis was run to investigate the role of mathematics self-efficacy, anxiety, attitude, gender and school type in predicting mathematics achievement of seventh grade students. Results revealed that there was a significant main effect of gender on mean mathematics self-efficacy scores, attitude scores, anxiety scores and mathematics achievement. However, school type did not have significant main effect on mean self-efficacy scores, anxiety scores, and achievement scores but have significant effect on attitude scores. Findings also supported that self-efficacy, anxiety, attitude, gender and school type significantly predicted the achievement scores of seventh grade students (AU)

El propósito de este estudio fue investigar la relación entre la autoeficacia en matemáticas, la ansiedad en matemáticas, la actitud con respecto a matemáticas, el rendimiento en matemáticas de los estudiantes del séptimo grado y el género y el tipo de escuela. Con el fin de examinar la diferencia en la autoeficacia, la ansiedad la actitud y el rendimiento en cuanto al género y al tipo de escuela se realizó análisis de la varianza (ANOVA) de dos vías. Además, se ejecutó un análisis de regresión múltiple para investigar el papel de autoeficacia, ansiedad, actitud y género y tipo de escuela en la predicción del rendimiento en matemáticas de los estudiantes del séptimo grado. Los resultados revelaron que el género tiene un efecto principal significativo sobre las puntuaciones de autoeficacia, las puntuaciones de actitud, las puntuaciones de ansiedad y el rendimiento en matemáticas. Sin embargo, el tipo de escuela no tiene un efecto principal significativo sobre las puntuaciones de autoeficacia, las puntuaciones de ansiedad y las puntuaciones del rendimiento pero tiene un efecto significativo sobre las puntuaciones de actitud. Los resultados también confirman que el modelo proporcionado consta de la autoeficacia, la ansiedad, la actitud, el género y el tipo de escuela, predijo significativamente las puntuaciones de rendimiento (AU)