[Bioethics through a philosophical lens: the (bio)ontological foundations of Juliana González Valenzuela's proposal]. / Bioética en clave filosófica: el fundamento (bio)ontológico desde la propuesta de Juliana González Valenzuela.

The enrichment of bioethical proposals built from and for Latin America has been increasing in recent decades. In order to contribute to this, our objective is to present a proposal for a bioethical interpretation from a philosophical approach based on the identification of central concepts of Mexican philosopher Juliana González Valenzuela. A dual bio-ontological foundation was identified: a) the "dialectic phenomenology of life," which allows the synthesis between the biological and cultural aspects of human beings, as well as the overcoming of its contradictions; and b) the Homo humanus, which enables the existence of the bio-ethical being affirmed as an authentic being and one who seeks a good life (eu-bios and eu-zoein). Reflection on and critique of the implications that the bio-ontological foundation hypothetically couples to law and power led us to identify main arguments. However, the necessary link between the bio-ethical being and said disciplines was evidenced by virtue of their social and communitarian nature (zoon politikón, ζῷον πολῑτῐκόν).

El enriquecimiento de las propuestas bioéticas construidas desde y para Latinoamérica ha ido en aumento en las últimas décadas, a efecto de contribuir a ello es que nuestro objetivo es presentar una propuesta de interpretación bioética en clave filosófica a partir de la identificación de los conceptos centrales de la filósofa mexicana Juliana González Valenzuela. Se identificó un doble fundamento bio-ontológico: a) la "fenomenología dialéctica de la vida" que permite la síntesis entre el aspecto biológico y cultural del ser humano, así como la superación de sus contradicciones; y b) el Homo humanus que posibilita la existencia del ser bio-ético afirmado en tanto un ser auténtico y en tanto busca una vida buena (eu-bíos y eu-zoein). La reflexión y crítica de las implicaciones que el fundamento bio-ontológico apareja hipotéticamente al derecho y al poder, nos llevó a identificar las principales líneas argumentativas, pero principalmente se evidenció el vínculo necesario entre el ser bio-ético y dichas disciplinas, en virtud de su naturaleza social y comunitaria (zoon politikón, ζῷον πολῑτῐκόν).

Cambios en el consumo alimentario en el sur de México: efectos del aislamiento por COVID-19 / Changes in food consumption in southern Mexico: effects of COVID-19 isolation

Introducción. El confinamiento debido a COVID-19 influenció el estilo de vida de la población mundial. En México, se ha reportado que esta influencia fue mayoritariamente negativa. Sin embargo, existen muy pocos estudios que reporten el impacto en poblaciones de alta marginación como el estado de Oaxaca, donde ya antes de la pandemia presentaban altas tasas de malnutrición. Objetivo. Analizar los efectos del aislamiento por COVID-19 sobre el consumo alimentario de la población del sur de México. Materiales y métodos. Estudio longitudinal, con una muestra (autoseleccionada) de adultos reclutados mediante un link a una página en LimeSurvey. El primer requisito fue el consentimiento informado. Se preguntaron datos sociodemográficos y se aplicó un cuestionario cuantitativo de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos (raciones/día) recomendables (carnes, cereales, leguminosas, verduras, frutas) y no recomendables (gaseosas, superfluos, azúcares y bebidas alcohólicas). Los participantes respondieron la encuesta al comienzo de la reclusión (marzo'2019) y en enero de 2021. Los datos se analizaron con SPSS'23. Resultados. Se observó un descenso significativo en el consumo de raciones/día (p<0.001) de carnes, cereales, leguminosas y verduras y por otro lado, el consumo de todos los alimentos no recomendables analizados (gaseosas, superfluos, azúcares y bebidas alcohólicas) aumentó significativamente (p<0.001). Conclusiones. Durante el aislamiento por COVID-19 la población oaxaqueña aumentó el consumo de alimentos no saludables y disminuyó el de saludables. Considerando que la situación de salud previa a la pandemia ya no era la esperada, estos resultados aportan un panorama alarmante que requiere intervención(AU)

Introduction. The isolation due to COVID-19 influenced the lifestyle of the world population. In Mexico, it was reported that this influence was mostly negative. However, there are few studies that report this impact in highly marginalized populations such as Oaxaca, which before the pandemic already had high malnutrition figures. Objective. To analyze the effects of isolation by COVID-19 on the food consumption of the population of southern Mexico. Materials and methods. Longitudinal study, with a (self-selected) sample of adults recruited through a link to a page in LimeSurvey. The first requirement was informed consent. Sociodemographic data were recolected and a quantitative questionnaire was applied on the frequency of consumption of recommended (meat, cereals, legumes, vegetables, fruits) and non-recommended (soda, miscellaneous group, sugar, and alcoholic beverages) foods (servings/ day). The participants answered the survey at the beginning of the isolation (March'2019) and in January 2021. The data was analyzed with SPSS'23. Results. A significant decrease was observed in the consumption of servings/day (p<0.001) of meat, cereals, legumes and vegetables and on the other hand, the consumption of all non-recommended foods analyzed (soda, miscellaneous group, sugar and alcoholic beverages) increased exponentially (p<0.001). Conclusions. During the isolation due to COVID-19, the Oaxacan population increased the consumption of unhealthy foods and decreased that of healthy ones. Considering that the health situation prior to the pandemic was no longer as expected, these results provide an alarming panorama that requires intervention(AU)

Entomofagia: seguridad alimentaria (disponibilidad y estabilidad) en una zona rural de Oaxaca, México / Entomophagy: Food security (availability and stability) in a rural area of Oaxaca, Mexico

Fundamentos: En la actualidad 690 millones de personas padecen hambre a nivel mundial, con lo que la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura ha emitido diversas recomendaciones como el consumo de insectos, llegando a denominarlos el alimento del futuro. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la diversidad de insectos comestibles, así como su disponibilidad y estabilidad en la comunidad rural de San Luis Amatlán, Oaxaca, Mexico. Métodos: Estudio observacional, exploratorio, transversal. Se realizó una colecta de insectos de manera directa. Se utilizó una encuesta semi-estructurada validada para medir el acceso y consumo de manera estable. Resultados: En esta población se consumen 12 especies diferentes de insectos, recolectados de manera manual (85,70%), de las cuales 3 son consumidas durante todo el año y sólo 3 están disponibles en un mes específico. El 70% de la población recolecta los insectos todos los integrantes de la familia. Conclusiones: Están disponibles 12 especies de insectos comestibles a lo largo del año. Sin embargo, su consumo está condicionado al ciclo de reproducción de cada insecto. En el periodo de mayor disponibilidad de éstos, son consumidos en abundancia y en el periodo de escasez el alimento principal es el maíz. (AU)

Background: Currently, 690 million people will suffer from hunger worldwide, with which the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization has issued various recommendations such as the consumption of insects, calling them the food of the future. The objective of this research was to analyze the diversity of edible insects, as well as their availability and stability in the rural community of San Luis Amatlán, Oaxaca, Mexico. Methods: Observational, exploratory, cross-sectional study. A direct collection of insects was carried out. Avalidated semi-structured survey was used to measure access and consumption in a stable manner. Results: In this population, 12 different species of insects are consumed, collected manually (85.70%), of which 3 are consumed throughout the year and 3 are only available in a specific month. 70% of the population collects insects from all members of the family. Conclusions: 12 species of edible insects are available throughout the year. However, its consumption is conditioned to the reproduction cycle of each insect. In the period of greatest availability of these, they are consumed in abundance and in the period of scarcity the main food is corn. (AU)

Inocuidad alimentaria en la entomofagia: Chapulines (Orthóptera) de Oaxaca, México / Food safety in entomofagia: Grasshoppers (Orthoptera) of Oaxaca, Mexico

Fundamentos: La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, ha propuesto laentomofagia como alternativa para abordar la inseguridad alimentaria. Esto se basa en el gran aporte proteicode los insectos, además de que su ciclo de vida y consumo ayudan a mantener la integridad del medio ambiente.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la inocuidad alimentaria (agentes biológicos y físicos) de los chapulines(saltamontes) ofertados para consumo humano en la ciudad de Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz, Oaxaca, México.Métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo-exploratorio. Se utilizaron dos agares: métodos estándar paradetectar E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus y L. monocytogenes y Mac Conkey para bacterias Salmonella spp yColiformes.Resultados: Se halló la presencia de diferentes contaminantes físicos: hojas en 90,9% (n=10), palos en 81,8%(n=9), otros insectos en 54,5% (n=6), cabello en 36,3% (n=4) y piedras en 18,1% (n=2). No se hallaron restos depapel, tierra, plástico, huesos, metal ni cristal. Las Unidades Formadoras de Colonias halladas se encuentran enun rango de valores aceptables según normativas vigentes.Conclusiones: El consumo de insectos orthópteros representa, además de su aporte proteico, un consumoinocuo en esta población. Este estudio sienta las bases para realizar investigaciones con las diferentes especiescomestibles y en las distintas comunidades donde son consumidas en México. (AU)

Background: The FAO has proposed entomophagy as an alternative to address food insecurity. This is basedon the great protein contribution of insects, in addition to the fact that their life cycle and consumption helpmaintain the integrity of the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Food Safety(biological and physical agents) of chapulines (grasshoppers) offered for human consumption in the city ofMiahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz, Oaxaca, MexicoMethods: Cross-sectional, descriptive-exploratory study. 11 samples was used. Two agars: standard methodsto detect E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and L. monocytogenes and MacConkey for Salmonella spp and Coliformbacteria.Results: The presence of different physical contaminants was found: leaves in 90.9% (n=10), sticks in 81.8%(n=9), other insects in 54.5% (n=6), hair in 36.3% (n=4) and stones in 18.1% (n=2). No remains of paper, soil,plastic, bones, metal or glass were found. The CFUs found are within a range of acceptable values accordingto regulations.Conclusions: The consumption of orthopteran insects represents, in addition to its protein content, aninnocuous consumption in this population. This study lays the foundations for conducting research with thedifferent edible species at the communities in Mexico. (AU)

Perfil nutricional de la dieta en la Casa del Niño Indígena CDI de Oaxaca, México / Nutritional profile of the diet in the Casa del Niño Indígena CDI of Oaxaca, México

Fundamentos: El estado nutricional de la población se ve influenciado por diversos factores económicos,sociales y culturales, especialmente en zonas indígenas. La creación de programas como “La Casa Para NiñoIndígena” (CNI) proporciona alimentación a estas poblaciones vulnerables. El presente trabajo determinó elperfil nutricional de la dieta proporcionada a los beneficiarios en la comunidad de Santa Lucia Miahuatlán.Métodos: Se determinó el perfil de macronutrientes y micronutrientes de los menús ofertados durante unmes. Se calculó el porcentaje de adecuación respecto a la ingesta diaria recomendada por sexo y por grupo deedad de cada beneficiario.Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la dieta aporta una energía de 1822,7 kcal, los hidratos de carbonorepresentan 253,7 gramos (1014,9 kcal), las proteínas 72,0 gramos (288,1 kcal), y los lípidos 49,0 gramos(441,0 kcal). El perfil calórico fue un 58% para hidratos de carbono, 16% proteínas y 25 % lípidosrespectivamente. El 35% del menú proporcionado en la CNI no se adecuó al menú teórico.Conclusiones: El perfil nutricional de la dieta fue normocalórico, hiperprotéico, hipolipídico ynormohidrocarbonada, sin presentar deficiencias significativas en los micronutrientes. Siendo la comida y eldesayuno las comidas con mayor distribución energética. (AU)

Background: The nutritional status of the population is influenced by various economic, social and culturalfactors, especially in indigenous areas. The creation of programs such as “La Casa para Niño Indígena” (CNI) isresponsible for providing food to these vulnerable populations. The present work determined the nutritionalprofile of the diet provided to the beneficiaries in the community of Santa Lucia Miahuatlán.Methods: The macronutrient and micronutrient profile of the menus offered during a month wasdetermined. The percentage of adequacy with respect to the recommended daily intake by sex and age groupof each beneficiary was calculated.Results: The results showed that the diet provides an energy of 1 822.7 kcal, carbohydrates represent 253.7grams (1 014.9 kcal), proteins 72.0 grams (288.1 kcal), and lipids 49 .0 grams (441.0 kcal). The caloric profilewas 58% for carbohydrates, 16% proteins and 25% lipids respectively. 35% of the menu provided at the CNIwere not adapted to the theoretical menu.Conclusions: The nutritional profile of the diet was normocaloric, hyperproteic, hypolipidic andnormohydrocarbon, without presenting significant deficiencies in micronutrients. Food and breakfast beingthe times with the greatest energy distribution. (AU)

VNTR (CAG)n polymorphism of the ATXN2 gene and metabolic parameters of cardiovascular risk associated with the degree of obesity in the Amerindian population of Oaxaca.

INTRODUCTION: The ATXN2 gene has a VNTR (CAG)n with locus in exon1. Long alleles within the normal range (22-29 repeats) are associated with severe obesity in people from the United Kingdom, Indonesia and the Caribbean. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the influence of VNTR (CAG)n on metabolic profile in adults with obesity and pre-obesity, as well as to estimate its effect on the risk of developing diabetes. METHODS AND MATERIAL: 255 adults of Chinantec Amerindian ethnic origin were included, who underwent anthropometric and biochemical evaluation. The VNTR was amplified by end-point PCR and by 8% PAGE electrophoresis. RESULTS: Differences were found in the waist/hip circumference index and body mass index in the carriers of genotypes different to the one homozygous for 22 repeats with a Student's t-test value of 0.0041 and 0.0334, respectively. We also found an association with a family history of chronic disease. CONCLUSION: The VNTR of ATXN2 is associated with obesity in Mexican adults of Chinantec ancestry.

New Genetic Polymorphisms as an Epidemiological Factor of Arterial Hypertension in Patients with Hyposodical Diet.

Hypertension is a major public health problem, affecting more than a quarter of the world's population causing serious cardiovascular problems. In recent years, different polymorphisms have been studied and helped to identify some candidate genes and hereditary syndromes associated with the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of hypertension. Therefore, it is important to identify these molecular mechanisms. This review exposes all the genes and polymorphisms that increase or decrease the risk of hypertension in different populations that are related to the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, G protein, salt excretion, aldosterone synthesis, lipid metabolism, mechanism of insulin resistance, vitamin metabolism, purines and sodium reabsorption. This document can be a useful tool in clinical practice, in addition to serving as a support for future research on this topic.

VNTR (CAG)n polymorphism of the ATXN2 gene and metabolic parameters of cardiovascular risk associated with the degree of obesity in the Amerindian population of Oaxaca. / Polimorfismo VNTR (CAG)n del gen ATXN2 y parámetros metabólicos de riesgo cardiovascular asociados con el grado de obesidad en población amerindia de Oaxaca.

INTRODUCTION: The ATXN2 gene has a VNTR (CAG)n with locus in exon1. Long alleles within the normal range (22-29 repeats) are associated with severe obesity in people from the United Kingdom, Indonesia and the Caribbean. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the influence of VNTR (CAG)n on metabolic profile in adults with obesity and pre-obesity, as well as to estimate its effect on the risk of developing diabetes. METHODS AND MATERIAL: 255 adults of Chinantec Amerindian ethnic origin were included, who underwent anthropometric and biochemical evaluation. The VNTR was amplified by end-point PCR and by 8% PAGE electrophoresis. RESULTS: Differences were found in the waist/hip circumference index and body mass index in the carriers of genotypes different to the one homozygous for 22 repeats with a Student's t test value of 0.0041 and 0.0334, respectively. We also found an association with a family history of chronic disease. CONCLUSION: The VNTR of ATXN2 is associated with obesity in Mexican adults of Chinantec ancestry.

Association between nutritional risk markers and polymorphisms rs2291166 in TJP1 and VNTR (CAG)n in ATXN2 in an obese adolescent Mexican population. / Asociación entre marcadores de riesgo nutricionales con los polimorfismos rs2291166 de TJP1 y el VNTR (CAG)n de ATXN2 en población mexicana adolescente con obesidad.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the correlation between indices of diet quality (DQIs), insulin sensitivity (QUICKI) and resistance (HOMA-IR), waist circumference (WHR) and body mass (BMI) and the alleles and genotypes of the TJP1 SNP rs2291166 and the VNTR of ATXN2 in adolescent patients. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: The study enrolled 85 subjects aged 10-20years, from the city of Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, recruited in the period 2017-2018. DQIs, BMI, WHR, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, and diet quality index were measured. The rs2291166 polymorphism in TJP1 was determined by allele-specific PCR and the (CAG)n expansion in ATXN2 was determined by hot start PCR. PCR products were analyzed using 8% PAGE electrophoresis and silver nitrate staining. RESULTS: A correlation was found of indices DQIs, HOMA-IR, WHR and BMI with the heterozygous genotype of the TJP1 SNP rs2291166 and the long and short repeats of the ATXN2 CAG repeat in obese adolescent patients. A very strong positive correlation was seen between the TJP1 SNP and the HOMA-IR index (P<.05). A positive correlation was also found between the ATXN2 CAG repeat and the QUICKI index (P=.000) (P<.05), while the DQIs index correlated more closely with BMI and WHR. CONCLUSIONS: DQIs, TJP1 SNP rs2291166, and ATXN2 CAG repeat are determinants of obesity-related risk parameters such as BMI, WHR, QUICKI, and HOMA-IR in the adolescent population analyzed.

Estado nutricional de escolares peruanos según nivel socioeconómico. Proyecto INCOS / Nutritional status of Peruvian schoolchildren by socioeconomic level. INCOS Project

FUNDAMENTOS: El aporte alimentario desequilibrado provoca malnutrición, siendo un grave problema de salud pública. El objetivo fue valorar el consumo alimentario de los escolares de una región Andina de Perú, comparando dos poblaciones con características socioeconómicas distintas: una rural en pobreza extrema con Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE) y otra urbana en transición nutricional sin PNAE. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal que incluyeron 432 escolares. Se valoraron medidas antropométricas y consumo alimentario mediante recuerdo de 24 horas y cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria. Se calculó el Índice Ponderal (IP) (Z-score IMC/Edad-OMS) y la adecuación al consumo aconsejado. RESULTADOS: La zona en pobreza extrema, con 4,7% de delgadez y 8,8% de exceso de peso, consume más pescado (18,3 g/día vs 7,78 g/día), lácteos (593,5 g/día vs 176,8 g/día), cereales (150,8 g/día vs 134,8 g/día), tubérculos (147,4 g/día vs 57,9 g/día) y legumbres (50,3 g/día vs 14,9 g/día) y menos carne (14,4 g/día vs 64,9 g/día), huevos (9,5 g/día vs 26,3 g/día), frutas (9,6 g/día vs 95,9 g/día) grasas (20,2 g/día vs 34,2 g/día) y alimentos superfluos (18,7 g/día vs 124,7 g/día) (p˂0,001) que la zona en transición nutricional, que presenta 21,8% de delgadez y 20,7% de exceso de peso. CONCLUSIONES: Mayoritariamente los escolares de la zona en pobreza extrema presentan normopeso y un patrón alimentario cercano al modelo saludable, relacionado con el PNAE, mientras la otra zona presenta características de la transición nutricional

BACKGROUND: The unbalanced food intake causes malnutrition remains a serious public health problem. The objective was to assess the food consumption of schoolchildren in an Andean region of Peru, comparing two areas with very different socioeconomic status: a rural one in extreme poverty with a National Program for School Feeding (NPSF) and another urban in nutritional transition without NPSF. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. 432 schoolchildren. Anthropometric measures and food consumption were evaluated by 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire. The Ponderal Index (PI) (Z-score BMI/Age-WHO) and the advised consumption adequacy were calculated. RESULTS: The extreme poverty area, with 4.7% of thinness and 8.8% of excess weight, consumes more fish (18.3 g/day vs 7.8 g/day), dairy products (593.5 g/day vs 176.8 g/day), cereals (150.8 g/day vs 134.8 g/day), tubers (147.4 g/day vs 57.9 g/day) and legumes (50.3 g/day vs 14.9 g/day); and less meat (14.4 g/day vs 64,9 g/day), eggs (9.5 g/day vs 26.3 g/day), fruits (9.6 g/day vs 95.9 g/day), visible fats (20.2 g/day vs 34.2 g/day) and superfluous foods (18.7 g/day vs 124.7 g/day) (p˂0.001) than the nutritional transition area, which presents 21.8% thinness and 20.7% of excess-weight. CONCLUSIONS: Mostly of the schoolchildren in the extreme poverty area present normal weight and a food pattern close to the healthy model, related to the NSFP, while the nutritional transition area presents characteristics of the nutritional transition

Estado nutricional de los escolares de una zona rural de extrema pobreza de Ccorca, Perú. Proyecto INCOS / Nutritional status of the school children in an extremely poor rural area of Ccorca, Perú.INCOS project

La ingesta deficitaria es un factor determinante en la desnutrición infantil, un problema de salud pública frecuente en algunas zonas de Latinoamérica. Nuestro objetivo es valorar el desarrollo antropométrico, el consumo alimentario, la ingesta nutricional y su adecuación en escolares, según edad y género, de una zona rural de extrema pobreza de los Andes peruanosque ha recibido programas gubernamentales de ayuda alimentaria. Estudio descriptivo en 171 escolares de 8,9±1,67 años, 51,5% varones. El desarrollo antropométrico se valora mediante el Z-score IMC/edad, el consumo alimentario por la entrevista semiestructurada de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y el método de Recuerdo de 24 horas, la ingesta nutricional con la tabla de composición de alimentos peruana y francesa (REGAL) y su adecuación mediante la probabilidad de ingesta inadecuada (PII). Presentan delgadez el 4,7%, sobrepeso el 8,8% y obesidad el 0,6%. El consumo alimentario y la ingesta nutricional no presentan diferencia entre géneros, ni grupos de edad (6-9 años y 10-12 años). La distribución porcentual de macronutrientes es equilibrada. La PII de energía y la mayoría de nutrientes es significativamente mayor en el grupo de 10-12 años que en el de 6-9 años.Lasvitaminas A, D, C, B3 y folatosson deficientes en ambos grupos; y el calcio, hierro, vitamina E y vitamina B1 en el de 10-12 años. En conclusión, los escolares presentan un peso adecuado en relación a su talla y edad probablemente debido a la alimentación aportada por las ayudas estatales alimentarias. Sin embargo al haber un escaso consumo de frutas, verduras y hortalizas,se refleja un riesgo nutricional de algunas vitaminas y minerales, mayor en el grupo de 10-12 años de más elevados requerimientosnutricionales(AU)

An insufficient intake contributes to child malnutrition, a common public health problem in some Latin America areas. Our objective is to assess the anthropometric development, the food consumption, the nutritional intake and its school children adequacy, according to age and gender, in anextremely poor rural area in the Peruvian Andes where governmental food assistance programs were given. Descriptive study based on 171 school children about 8,9±1,67years, 51,5% males. Anthropometrics characteristics are valuated through IBM/age Z-Score. Food consumption is assessed by semi structured interview frequency of food consumption anda 24-hour diet recall method. The nutritional intake is estimated with the Peruvian and French food composition tables. The adequacy nutritional intake is calculated by the inadequate intake probability (IIP). Evidences are about 4,7% of thinness, 8,8% overweight and 0,6% obesity. The food consumption and the nutritional intake are similar among gender and age groups (6-9 years old and 10-12 years old). There is an acceptable macronutrients distribution range. The IIP energy and most nutrients are significantly greater in the 10-12 group than in the 6-9 group. A deficient intake of vitamin A, D, C, B3, folate is observed in both groups and in Calcium, iron, vitamin E and B1 in the 10-12 group. In conclusion, students have an adequate weight for their height and age, maybe due to the state program of food aid. Nevertheless, there remains weak consumption of fruit and vegetables that is reflected in the nutritional risk of some vitamins and minerals, which is higher in the 10-12 years old group due their greater nutritional requirements(AU)