Impact of Overweight in Mens with Family History of Hypertension: Early Heart Rate Variability and Oxidative Stress Disarrangements.

AIM: To evaluate cardiovascular, autonomic, and oxidative stress markers in eutrophic and overweight offspring of hypertensive parents comparing them to eutrophic and overweight offspring of normotensive parents. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study. We selected 71 male and sedentary subjects, divided into 4 groups: eutrophic group with a negative family history of hypertension (EH-, n = 18) or positive family history of hypertension (EH+, n = 17), overweight group with a negative family history of hypertension (OH-, n = 19) or a positive family history of hypertension (OH+, n = 17), and aged between 18 and 35 years. RESULTS: Blood glucose was higher in the OH+ group when compared to other groups. Diastolic blood pressure was increased in OH- and OH+ groups when compared to eutrophic groups. Regarding the HRV, the LF abs was higher in OH- and OH+ groups when compared to the EH- group. LF/HF values were higher in EH+ and OH+ groups when compared to the EH- and OH- groups. As to oxidative stress and the metabolism of nitric oxide, we observed an increase in hydrogen peroxide and nitrite levels in the OH+ group, and in the NADPH oxidase in OH- and OH+ groups when compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that the overweight group with a family history of hypertension presented all the dysfunctions observed in isolation from these risk factors. We observed an exacerbation of cardiac sympathetic modulation and early prooxidants increase, which may be associated with target organ damage and cardiovascular risk in this population.

Lung Function in Infants with Sickle Cell Anemia.

Lung volumes and forced expiratory flows were evaluated in 22 infants with sickle cell anemia and compared with a control group. Forced expiratory flows showed significantly lower values in the sickle cell group. The majority of infants had normal lung function, and obstruction was the most common pattern of abnormality.

Effect of Osteopathic Visceral Manipulation on Pain, Cervical Range of Motion, and Upper Trapezius Muscle Activity in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain and Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study.

Previous studies have reported that visceral disturbances can lead to increased musculoskeletal tension and pain in structures innervated from the corresponding spinal level through viscerosomatic reflexes. We designed a pilot randomised placebo-controlled study using placebo visceral manipulation as the control to evaluate the effect of osteopathic visceral manipulation (OVM) of the stomach and liver on pain, cervical mobility, and electromyographic activity of the upper trapezius (UT) muscle in individuals with nonspecific neck pain (NS-NP) and functional dyspepsia. Twenty-eight NS-NP patients were randomly assigned into two groups: treated with OVM (OVMG; n = 14) and treated with placebo visceral manipulation (PVMG; n = 14). The effects were evaluated immediately and 7 days after treatment through pain, cervical range, and electromyographic activity of the UT muscle. Significant effects were confirmed immediately after treatment (OVMG and PVMG) for numeric rating scale scores (p < 0.001) and pain area (p < 0.001). Significant increases in EMG amplitude were identified immediately and 7 days after treatment for the OVMG (p < 0.001). No differences were identified between the OVMG and the PVMG for cervical range of motion (p > 0.05). This study demonstrated that a single visceral mobilisation session for the stomach and liver reduces cervical pain and increases the amplitude of the EMG signal of the UT muscle immediately and 7 days after treatment in patients with nonspecific neck pain and functional dyspepsia.

Determinants of Peripheral Muscle Strength and Activity in Daily Life in People With Bronchiectasis.

Background: Bronchiectasis is characterized by a progressive structural lung damage, recurrent infections and chronic inflammation which compromise the exertion tolerance, and may have an impact on skeletal muscle function and physical function. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare peripheral muscle strength, exercise capacity, and physical activity in daily life between participants with bronchiectasis and controls and to investigate the determinants of the peripheral muscle strength and physical activity in daily life in bronchiectasis. Design: This study used a cross-sectional design. Methods: The participants' quadriceps femoris and biceps brachii muscle strength was measured. They performed the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and the number of steps/day was measured by a pedometer. Results: Participants had reduced quadriceps femoris muscle strength (mean difference to control group = 7 kg, 95% CI = 3.8-10.1 kg), biceps brachii muscle strength (2.1 kg, 95% CI = 0.7-3.4 kg), ISWT (227 m, 95% CI = 174-281 m), peak VO2 (6.4 ml/Kg/min, 95% CI = 4.0-8.7 ml/Kg/min), and number of steps/day (3,332 steps/day, 95% CI = 1,758-4,890 steps/day). A lower quadriceps femoris strength is independently associated to an older age, female sex, lower body mass index (BMI), higher score on the modified Medical Research Council scale, and shorter distance on the ISWT (R2 = 0.449). Biceps brachii strength is independently associated with sex, BMI, and dyspnea (R2 = 0.447). The determinants of number of daily steps were dyspnea and distance walked in ISWT, explaining only 27.7% of its variance. Limitations: Number of steps per day was evaluated by a pedometer. Conclusions: People with bronchiectasis have reduced peripheral muscle strength, and reduced aerobic and functional capacities, and they also are less active in daily life. Modifiable variables such as BMI, dyspnea, and distance walked on the ISWT are associated with peripheral muscle strength and physical activity in daily life.

Fisioterapia no paciente com asma: intervenção baseada em evidências / Physiotherapy in asthma patients: evidence-based intervention

As intervenções fisioterapêuticas destacam-se como tratamento não farmacológico e são coadjuvantes no tratamento da asma. O tratamento fisioterapêutico só deve ser iniciado quando o indivíduo estiver com a medicação ajustada para sua condição e em acompanhamento médico regular. Como a asma é uma doença crônica com episódios recorrentes de sibilância, tosse e dispneia, ocorre aumento do trabalho respiratório e da percepção do esforço, podendo levar a alterações da mecânica respiratória, função muscular respiratória e do descondicionamento físico. Os objetivos da fisioterapia são: reduzir o desconforto respiratório e a dispneia, melhorar a mecânica respiratória, melhorar a força muscular respiratória nos casos de fraqueza desta musculatura, melhorar o condicionamento cardiorrespiratório, promover higiene brônquica, quando necessária, e melhorar a qualidade de vida. Estudos prévios investigaram os efeitos dos exercícios respiratórios, do treinamento muscular respiratório (TMR), da reabilitação pulmonar (RP) e das técnicas de higiene brônquica em pacientes asmáticos. Não há evidências de que os exercícios respiratórios melhorem a função pulmonar, embora reduzam os sintomas e a medicação de resgate e melhorem a qualidade de vida. O TMR diminui a dispneia, aumenta a força muscular inspiratória e melhora a capacidade de exercício. O treinamento físico, que é o principal componente da RP, leva à melhora dos sintomas respiratórios, da capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida. Por fim, não há evidências científicas que suportem a realização de técnicas manuais de higiene brônquica. No entanto, o oscilador oral de alta frequência pode ser uma estratégia para eliminar secreção de adultos e crianças na vigência de infecção pulmonar.

Respiratory physiotherapy stands out as a nonpharmacological approach and is an adjuvant intervention in the treatment of asthma. Physiotherapy should only be initiated when the medication is adjusted to the patient's condition and when the patient is under regular medical follow-up. Asthma is a chronic disease with recurrent episodes of wheezing, cough, and dyspnea, resulting in increased respiratory workload and perceived exertion and potentially leading to changes in respiratory mechanics, respiratory muscle function, and physical deconditioning. The objectives of respiratory physiotherapy are: to reduce respiratory distress and dyspnea, to improve respiratory mechanics and respiratory muscle strength (in cases of muscle weakness), to improve cardiopulmonary conditioning, to promote bronchial hygiene when necessary, and to improve quality of life. Previous studies have investigated the effects of breathing exercises, respiratory muscle training (RMT), pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), and bronchial hygiene techniques in patients with asthma. There is no evidence that breathing exercises can improve lung function, even though they reduce symptoms and the use of rescue medication and improve quality of life. RMT reduces dyspnea, increases inspiratory muscle strength, and improves exercise capacity. Physical training, the main component of PR, leads to improvement of respiratory symptoms, functional capacity, and quality of life. Finally, there is no scientific evidence supporting the use of manual bronchial hygiene techniques. Nevertheless, the use of oral high-frequency oscillators could be a strategy for mucus clearance in adults and children with pulmonary infection.

Efficacy and safety of chloral hydrate sedation in infants for pulmonary function tests / Eficácia e segurança do hidrato de cloral na sedação de lactentes para testes de função pulmonar

Abstract Objective: To describe the efficacy and safety of chloral hydrate sedation in infants for pulmonary function tests. Methods: All sedation attempts for pulmonary function tests in infants carried out between June 2007 and August 2014 were evaluated. Obstructive sleep apnea and heart disease were contraindications to the exams. Anthropometric data, exam indication, used dose, outcomes of sedation and clinical events were recorded and described. Results: The sedation attempts in 277 infants (165 boys) with a median age of 51.5 weeks of life (14-182 weeks) were evaluated. The main indication for the tests was recurrent wheezing (56%) and the chloral hydrate dose ranged from 50 to 80mg/kg (orally). Eighteen (6.5%) infants had some type of clinical complication, with the most frequent being cough and/or airway secretion (1.8%); respiratory distress (1.4%) and vomiting (1.1%). A preterm infant had bradycardia for approximately 15 minutes, which was responsive to tactile stimulation. All observed adverse effects were transient and there was no need for resuscitation or use of injectable medications. Conclusions: The data demonstrated that chloral hydrate at the employed doses is a safe and effective medicament for sedation during short procedures in infants, such as pulmonary function tests. Because of the possibility of severe adverse events, recommendations on doses and contraindications should be strictly followed and infants should be monitored by trained staff.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever a eficácia e a segurança do hidrato de cloral na sedação de lactentes para testes de função pulmonar. Métodos: Foram avaliadas retrospectivamente todas as tentativas de sedação para exames de função pulmonar em lactentes feitas entre junho 2007 e agosto 2014. Apneia obstrutiva do sono e cardiopatia foram contraindicações para os exames. Dados antropométricos, indicação do exame, dose empregada, desfechos da sedação e intercorrências clínicas foram registrados e descritos. Resultados: Avaliaram-se as tentativas de sedação de 277 lactentes (165 meninos) com mediana de 51,5 semanas de vida (14-182). A principal indicação para os testes foi sibilância recorrente (56%) e a dose de hidrato de cloral usada variou entre 50-80mg/kg (via oral). Dezoito (6,5%) lactentes apresentaram algum tipo de intercorrência clínica e foram as mais frequentes: tosse e/ou secreção na via aérea (1,8%); desconforto respiratório alto (1,4%) e vômitos (1,1%). Um lactente prematuro apresentou bradicardia por cerca de 15 minutos, responsiva a estimulação tátil. Todos os efeitos adversos observados foram transitórios e não houve necessidade de manobras de reanimação e uso de medicações injetáveis. Conclusões: Os dados demonstraram que o hidrato de cloral, nas doses empregadas, é um medicamento seguro e eficaz para a sedação de lactentes em procedimentos de curta duração, como os testes de função pulmonar. Devido à possibilidade de eventos adversos graves, as recomendações referentes à dosagem e contraindicações devem ser seguidas de forma rígida e os lactentes devem ser monitorados por equipe treinada.

Efficacy and safety of chloral hydrate sedation in infants for pulmonary function tests. / Eficácia e segurança do hidrato de cloral na sedação de lactentes para testes de função pulmonar.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the efficacy and safety of chloral hydrate sedation in infants for pulmonary function tests. METHODS: All sedation attempts for pulmonary function tests in infants carried out between June 2007 and August 2014 were evaluated. Obstructive sleep apnea and heart disease were contraindications to the exams. Anthropometric data, exam indication, used dose, outcomes of sedation and clinical events were recorded and described. RESULTS: The sedation attempts in 277 infants (165 boys) with a median age of 51.5 weeks of life (14 to 182 weeks) were evaluated. The main indication for the tests was recurrent wheezing (56%) and the chloral hydrate dose ranged from 50 to 80mg/kg (orally). Eighteen (6.5%) infants had some type of clinical complication, with the most frequent being cough and/or airway secretion (1.8%); respiratory distress (1.4%) and vomiting (1.1%). A preterm infant had bradycardia for approximately 15 minutes, which was responsive to tactile stimulation. All observed adverse effects were transient and there was no need for resuscitation or use of injectable medications. CONCLUSIONS: The data demonstrated that chloral hydrate at the employed doses is a safe and effective medicament for sedation during short procedures in infants, such as pulmonary function tests. Because of the possibility of severe adverse events, recommendations on doses and contraindications should be strictly followed and infants should be monitored by trained staff.

Assessment of the quantity of microorganisms associated with bronchiectasis in saliva, sputum and nasal lavage after periodontal treatment: a study protocol of a randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: The association between periodontal disease (PD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been widely studied, with aspiration of periodontal pathogens being one of the most accepted causal mechanisms for pulmonary exacerbation. Periodontal treatment (PT) was associated with a decrease in these exacerbations. Bronchiectasis is a pulmonary disease that has many similarities to COPD; however, there are no studies correlating this condition to PD thus far. This study will evaluate if PT reduces proinflammatory cytokines in serum and saliva, as well as halitosis and the amount of microorganisms associated with exacerbation of bronchiectasis in saliva, sputum and nasal lavage 3 months after PT. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A total of 182 patients with PD and bronchiectasis will be randomly allocated to group 1 (positive control; scaling and root planing (SRP)+oral hygiene (OH)) or group 2 (experimental; SRP+photodynamic therapy+OH). After 3 months, samples of saliva, nasal lavage and sputum will be collected to determine the level of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Porphyromonas gingivalis by quantitative PCR. This protocol will determine the efficacy of PT in reducing the most likely niches of bronchiectasis exacerbation by comparing pre- and post-treatment microbiology samples. Furthermore, there will be assessment of oral halitosis and verification of inflammatory cytokines in serum and saliva. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This protocol has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Nove de Julho. Data will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02514226.

The effect of music on weight gain of preterm infants older than 32 weeks: a randomized clinical trial / Efecto de la música sobre la ganancia de peso en prematuros mayores que 32 semanas hospitalizados en el Programa Madre-Canguro: ensayo clínico randomizado / Efeito da música sobre o ganho de peso de prematuros maiores de 32 semanas: ensaio clínico randomizado

Objective: To evaluate the effect of recorded music with multimodal stimulation on the weight gain of preterm infants included in the Kangaroo-Mother Program. Methods: Randomized clinical trial with 61 premature infants, of both sexes, with postconceptional age greater or equal to 32 weeks and at least ten days of life, without detected abnormalities in the visual and hearing systems, and hospitalized in the Kangaroo-Mother Unit. Patients were randomized in two groups: of 31 preterm infants received multimodal stimulation with music daily, for seven days; 30 preterm infants received only multimodal stimulation. The following characteristics were evaluated: weight gain, energy consumption, heart rate and respiratory rate, stress signs and feeding method. Comparison between groups was made by Student’s t-test, Mann Whitney test and chi-square test, being significant p<0.05. Results: The two groups did not present significant differences in relation to the feeding method and energy consumption (p=0.46); however, weight gain was greater in the Experimental Group (p=0.002), which also presented better stability in cardiac and respiratory rates (p<0.001) and a significant reduction of stress signs (p=0.007), compared with the Control Group. Conclusions: The recorded music with multimodal stimulation is associated with a greater gain in body weight of hospitalized preterm infants as well as presents a positive influence on vital and stress signs (Clinical Trials Registry - UTN: U1111-1153-9301).

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la música grabada con estimulación modal sobre la ganancia de peso en prematuros incluidos en el Programa Madre-Canguro. Métodos: Ensayo clínico randomizado con 61 prematuros, de ambos sexos, con edad postconcepcional superior o igual a 32 semanas, mínimo de 10 días de vida, sistema visual y auditivos sin alteraciones detectadas y hospitalizados en la Unidad Madre-Canguro. La muestra fue randomizada por sorteo en dos grupos, con 31 prematuros sometidos a la estimulación multimodal con música, diariamente, durante siete días, comparados con 30 prematuros que recibieron solamente estimulación multimodal. Se evaluaron las características de los prematuros, además de ganancia de peso, consumo energético, frecuencia cardíaca y respiratoria, señales de estrés y forma de alimentación. La comparación entre los grupos fue realizada por las pruebas t de Student, Mann Whitney y chi-cuadrado, conforme a la naturaleza de las variables, siendo significante p<0,05. Resultados: Los grupos no mostraron diferencia significante respecto a la forma de alimentación y al consumo energético (p=0,46), pero la ganancia de peso fue mayor en el Grupo Experimental (p=0,002), que también presentó la estabilidad mayor de las frecuencias cardíaca y respiratoria (p<0,01) y reducción de las señales de estrés (p=0,007) significantes respecto al Grupo Control. Conclusiones: La música grabada asociada a la estimulación multimodal es eficaz para mayor ganancia de peso corporal de prematuros hospitalizados y tiene influencia positiva sobre las señales vitales y de estrés.

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da música gravada com estimulação multimodal sobre o ganho de peso de prematuros incluídos no Programa Mãe-Canguru. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado com 61 prematuros, de ambos os sexos, com idade pós-concepcional maior ou igual a 32 semanas, mínimo de dez dias de vida, sistema visual e auditivos sem alterações detectadas e hospitalizados na Unidade Mãe-Canguru. A amostra foi randomizada por sorteio em dois grupos, com 31 prematuros submetidos à estimulação multimodal com música diariamente, durante sete dias, comparados com 30 prematuros que receberam apenas estimulação multimodal. Foram avaliadas as características dos prematuros, além de ganho de peso, consumo energético, frequência cardíaca e respiratória, sinais de estresse e forma de alimentação. A comparação entre os grupos foi realizada pelos testes t de Student, Mann Whitney e qui-quadrado, sendo significante p<0,05. Resultados: Os grupos não mostraram diferença significante em relação à forma de alimentação e ao consumo energético (p=0,46), porém o ganho de peso foi maior no Grupo Experimental (p=0,002), que também apresentou maior estabilidade das frequências cardíaca e respiratória (p<0,001) e redução dos sinais de estresse (p=0,007), comparado ao Grupo Controle. Conclusões: A música associada à estimulação multimodal é eficaz para maior ganho de peso corporal de prematuros hospitalizados e tem influência positiva sobre os sinais vitais e de estresse (Registro de Ensaios Clínicos - UTN: U1111-1153-9301).

Reference Equation for the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test in Children and Adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine a prediction equation for distance walked of incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and test its reliability in children and adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, which included 108 healthy volunteers between 6 and 18 years old. Those who had an abnormal spirometry or had a history of chronic disease were excluded. Two ISWT were performed. Heart rate and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) were continuously measured during the test. Dyspnea and lower limb fatigue were assessed by Borg scale before and after the tests. RESULTS: Boys walked longer distances compared with girls (1066.4 ± 254.1 m vs 889.7 ± 159.6 m, respectively, P < .0001). Except for dyspnea, there were no significant differences in the other outcomes measured (heart rate, lower limb fatigue, SpO2, and distance walked) at the peak of the two ISWT. The variables included in the predicted equation were age, body mass index, and sex. The predicted equation is: ISWTpred = 845.559 + (sex * 193.265) + (age * 47.850) - (body mass index * 26.179). The distance walked had an excellent reliability between the two ISWT, 0.98 (95% CI 0.97-0.99). The Bland-Altman plot shows agreement between tests (range from -40 to 45 m). CONCLUSIONS: We established a prediction equation for ISWT. It can be used as a reference to evaluate exercise capacity for children and adolescents. ISWT has excellent repeatability and it is a maximal-effort field test for this age group.

Chest wall mobility is related to respiratory muscle strength and lung volumes in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: Chest wall mobility is often measured in clinical practice, but the correlations between chest wall mobility and respiratory muscle strength and lung volumes are unknown. We investigate the associations between chest wall mobility, axillary and thoracic cirtometry values, respiratory muscle strength (maximum inspiratory pressure and maximum expiratory pressure), and lung volumes (expiratory reserve volume, FEV(1), inspiratory capacity, FEV(1)/FVC), and the determinants of chest mobility in healthy subjects. METHODS: In 64 healthy subjects we measured inspiratory capacity, FVC, FEV(1), expiratory reserve volume, maximum inspiratory pressure, and maximum expiratory pressure, and chest wall mobility via axillary and thoracic cirtometry. We used linear regression to evaluate the influence of the measured variables on chest wall mobility. RESULTS: The subjects' mean ± SD values were: age 24 ± 3 years, axillary cirtometry 6.3 ± 2.0 cm, thoracic cirtometry 7.5 ± 2.3 cm; maximum inspiratory pressure 90.4 ± 10.6% of predicted, maximum expiratory pressure 92.8 ± 13.5% of predicted, inspiratory capacity 99.7 ± 8.6% of predicted, FVC 101.9 ± 10.6% of predicted, FEV(1) 98.2 ± 10.3% of predicted, expiratory reserve volume 90.9 ± 19.9% of predicted. There were significant correlations between axillary cirtometry and FVC (r = 0.32), FEV(1) (r = 0.30), maximum inspiratory pressure (r = 0.48), maximum expiratory pressure (r = 0.25), and inspiratory capacity (r = 0.24), and between thoracic cirtometry and FVC (r = 0.50), FEV(1) (r = 0.48), maximum inspiratory pressure (r = 0.46), maximum expiratory pressure (r = 0.37), inspiratory capacity (r = 0.39), and expiratory reserve volume (r = 0.47). In multiple regression analysis the variable that best explained the axillary cirtometry variation was maximum inspiratory pressure (R(2) 0.23), and for thoracic cirtometry it was FVC and maximum inspiratory pressure (R(2) 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: Chest mobility in healthy subjects is related to respiratory muscle strength and lung function; the higher the axillary cirtometry and thoracic cirtometry values, the greater the maximum inspiratory pressure, maximum expiratory pressure, and lung volumes in healthy subjects.

Impact of the prolonged slow expiratory maneuver on respiratory mechanics in wheezing infants.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in respiratory mechanics and tidal volume (V T) in wheezing infants in spontaneous ventilation after performing the technique known as the prolonged, slow expiratory (PSE) maneuver. METHODS: We included infants with a history of recurrent wheezing and who had had no exacerbations in the previous 15 days. For the assessment of the pulmonary function, the infants were sedated and placed in the supine position, and a face mask was used and connected to a pneumotachograph. The variables of tidal breathing (V T and RR) as well as those of respiratory mechanics-respiratory system compliance (Crs), respiratory system resistance (Rrs), and the respiratory system time constant (prs)-were measured before and after three consecutive PSE maneuvers. RESULTS: We evaluated 18 infants. The mean age was 32 ± 11 weeks. After PSE, there was a significant increase in V T (79.3 ± 15.6 mL vs. 85.7 ± 17.2 mL; p = 0.009) and a significant decrease in RR (40.6 ± 6.9 breaths/min vs. 38.8 ± 0,9 breaths/min; p = 0.042). However, no significant differences were found in the variables of respiratory mechanics (Crs: 11.0 ± 3.1 mL/cmH2O vs. 11.3 ± 2.7 mL/cmH2O; Rrs: 29.9 ± 6.2 cmH2O • mL-1 • s-1 vs. 30.8 ± 7.1 cmH2O • mL-1 • s-1; and prs: 0.32 ± 0.11 s vs. 0.34 ±0.12 s; p > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: This respiratory therapy technique is able to induce significant changes in V T and RR in infants with recurrent wheezing, even in the absence of exacerbations. The fact that the variables related to respiratory mechanics remained unchanged indicates that the technique is safe to apply in this group of patients. Studies involving symptomatic infants are needed in order to quantify the functional effects of the technique.

Impacto da técnica de expiração lenta e prolongada na mecânica respiratória de lactentes sibilantes / Impact of the prolonged slow expiratory maneuver on respiratory mechanics in wheezing infants

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações da mecânica respiratória e do volume corrente (VC) em lactentes sibilantes em ventilação espontânea após a realização da técnica de expiração lenta e prolongada (ELPr). MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo lactentes com história de sibilância recorrente e sem exacerbações nos 15 dias anteriores. Para a avaliação da função pulmonar, os lactentes foram sedados e posicionados em decúbito dorsal com máscara facial acoplada a um pneumotacógrafo. As variáveis da respiração corrente - VC e FR - e da mecânica respiratória - complacência do sistema respiratório (Csr), resistência (Rsr) e constante de tempo (psr) - foram mensuradas antes e após a realização de três sequências consecutivas de ELPr. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 18 lactentes, com média de idade de 32 ± 11 semanas. Houve um aumento significante no VC após ELPr (79,3 ± 15,6 mL vs. 85,7 ± 17,2 mL; p = 0,009), assim como uma redução na FR (40,6 ± 6,9 ciclos/min vs. 38,8 ± 0,9 ciclos/min; p = 0,042). Entretanto, não houve alterações significantes nos valores da mecânica respiratória (Csr: 11,0 ± 3,1 mL/cmH2O vs. 11,3 ± 2,7 mL/cmH2O; Rsr: 29,9 ± 6,2 cmH2O • mL-1 • s-1 vs. 30,8 ± 7,1 cmH2O • mL-1 • s-1; e psr: 0,32 ± 0,11 s vs. 0,34 ± 0,12 s; p > 0,05 para todos). CONCLUSÕES: Essa técnica de fisioterapia respiratória é capaz de induzir alterações significativas no VC e na FR de lactentes com sibilância recorrente, mesmo na ausência de exacerbações. A manutenção das variáveis da mecânica respiratória indica que a técnica é segura para ser aplicada nesse grupo de pacientes. Estudos com lactentes sintomáticos são necessários para quantificar os efeitos funcionais da técnica.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in respiratory mechanics and tidal volume (V T) in wheezing infants in spontaneous ventilation after performing the technique known as the prolonged, slow expiratory (PSE) maneuver. METHODS: We included infants with a history of recurrent wheezing and who had had no exacerbations in the previous 15 days. For the assessment of the pulmonary function, the infants were sedated and placed in the supine position, and a face mask was used and connected to a pneumotachograph. The variables of tidal breathing (V T and RR) as well as those of respiratory mechanics-respiratory system compliance (Crs), respiratory system resistance (Rrs), and the respiratory system time constant (prs)-were measured before and after three consecutive PSE maneuvers. RESULTS: We evaluated 18 infants. The mean age was 32 ± 11 weeks. After PSE, there was a significant increase in V T (79.3 ± 15.6 mL vs. 85.7 ± 17.2 mL; p = 0.009) and a significant decrease in RR (40.6 ± 6.9 breaths/min vs. 38.8 ± 0,9 breaths/min; p = 0.042). However, no significant differences were found in the variables of respiratory mechanics (Crs: 11.0 ± 3.1 mL/cmH2O vs. 11.3 ± 2.7 mL/cmH2O; Rrs: 29.9 ± 6.2 cmH2O • mL-1 • s-1 vs. 30.8 ± 7.1 cmH2O • mL-1 • s-1; and prs: 0.32 ± 0.11 s vs. 0.34 ±0.12 s; p > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: This respiratory therapy technique is able to induce significant changes in V T and RR in infants with recurrent wheezing, even in the absence of exacerbations. The fact that the variables related to respiratory mechanics remained unchanged indicates that the technique is safe to apply in this group of patients. Studies involving symptomatic infants are needed in order to quantify the functional effects of the technique.

Broncoprovocação com solução salina hipertônica em crianças asmáticas / Bronchoprovocation with hypertonic saline solution in asthmatic children / Brocoprovocación con solución salina hipertónica en niños asmáticos

OBJETIVO: Verificar se o teste de broncoprovocação, com solução salina hipertônica a 4,5%, permite detectar o gradiente de resposta em crianças e adolescentes com asma, segundo a gravidade da enfermidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal composto por 75 pacientes asmáticos com idades entre seis e 18 anos. Os pacientes foram classificados pela gravidade (intermitente associada à persistente leve - IL, e persistente moderada associada à grave - MG) e segundo a presença de sensibilização a aeroalérgenos (testes cutâneos de hipersensibilidade imediata a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae e Blomia tropicalis) ou não (atópicos versus não atópicos). Todos foram submetidos ao teste de broncoprovocação com solução salina hipertônica a 4,5%, considerando-se o resultado positivo se havia redução do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) ≥20%. RESULTADOS: 60 indivíduos eram atópicos. A frequência de positividade do teste de broncoprovocação foi maior no Grupo MG do que no IL (93 versus 65%). O tempo necessário para a queda de 20% do VEF1 para o grupo de atópicos foi menor no MG quando comparado ao IL: 90 (30 - 330) versus 210 (30 - 690) segundos, com p<0,05. A porcentagem de queda do VEF1 foi mais acentuada no subgrupo MG do que no IL [26,4% (14 - 63) versus 20% (0 - 60), p<0,05]. CONCLUSÕES: O teste de broncoprovocação com solução salina hipertônica a 4,5% é de fácil realização e seguro, permitindo detectar gradiente de resposta em crianças e adolescentes com asma segundo a gravidade da mesma. A maior frequência de positividade e a queda mais rápida do VEF1 foram observadas nos pacientes com asma moderada ou grave.

OBJECTIVE: To verify if the bronchoprovocation test with 4.5% hypertonic saline solution allows to detect the gradient of response in asthmatic children and adolescents, according to asthma severity. METHODS: 75 asthmatic patients aged six to 18 years-old were evaluated in this cross-sectional study. They were classified according to asthma severity in: intermittent or mild persistent (IM) and moderate or severe persistent (MS). They were also classified according to sensitization to inhaled allergens in atopics: positive skin prick test to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae and Blomia tropicalis; or non- atopic with negative skin prick tests. All patients underwent a bronchoprovocation test with 4.5% hypertonic saline solution. The result of the bronchoprovocation test was considerd positive if at least a reduction of 20% in the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was noted. RESULTS: 60 individuals were atopic. The bronchoprovocation test was positive more frequently in the MS group than in the IM one (93 versus 65%). Less time was needed for a 20% fall of FEV1 in the MG compared to the IL group [90 (30 - 330) versus 210 (30 - 690) seconds; p<0.05]. The percentage of FEV1 fall was higher in the MG group than in the IL one [26,4% (14 - 63) versus 20% (0 - 60); p<0.05]. CONCLUSIONS: The 4.5% hypertonic saline solution bronchoprovocation test is safe and easy to perform. It detects a gradient of response in asthmatic children and adolescents regarding asthma severity. Higher frequency of positive tests, shorter time for FEV1 fall, and higher percentage of FEV1 fall were observed in moderate and severe asthmatic patients.

OBJETIVO: Verificar si la prueba de broncoprovocación, con solución salina hipertónica a 4,5%, permite detectar el gradiente de respuesta en niños y adolescentes con asma, según la gravedad de la enfermedad. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, compuesto por 75 pacientes asmáticos, con edades entre seis y 18 años. Los pacientes fueron clasificados por la gravedad (intermitente asociada a persistente liviana - IL - y persistente moderada asociada a grave - MG) y según la presencia de sensibilización a aeroalérgenos (pruebas cutáneas de hipersensibilidad inmediata a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae y Blomita tropicalis) o no (atópicos versus no atópicos). Todos fueron sometidos a la prueba de broncoprovocación con solución salina hipertónica a 4,5%, considerándose el resultado positivo como la reducción del volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (VEF1) ≥20%. RESULTADOS: Sesenta individuos eran atópicos. La frecuencia de positividad de la prueba de broncoprovocación fue mayor en el Grupo MG que en el IL (93 versus 65%). El tiempo necesario para la reducción de 20% del VEF1 para el grupo de atópicos fue menor en el MG cuando comparado al IL, 90 (30 a 330) versus 210 (30 a 690) segundos, con p<0,05. El porcentaje de reducción del VEF1 fue más acentuada en el subgrupo MG que en el IL, 26,4 (14 a 63%) versus 20% (0 a 60%), p<0,05. CONCLUSIONES: La prueba de broncoprovocación con solución salina hipertónica a 4,5% es de fácil realización y segura, permitiendo detectar el gradiente de respuesta en niños y adolescentes con asma, según la gravedad de la enfermedad. La mayor frecuencia de positividad y la reducción más rápida del VEF1 fueron observadas en los pacientes con asma moderada o grave.

Respiratory muscle strength in children and adolescents with asthma: similar to that of healthy subjects?

OBJECTIVE: To compare children/adolescents with mild or moderate asthma and healthy subjects in terms of respiratory muscle strength, correlating it with spirometric variables in the former group. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving individuals 6-16 years of age and clinically diagnosed with mild/moderate asthma, together with a group of healthy, age- and gender-matched subjects. We determined spirometric values, as well as MIP and MEP, and we selected three reproducible measurements (variation < 10%). RESULTS: We evaluated 75 patients with asthma and 90 controls. The mean age was 10.0 ± 2.6 years. There were no statistically significant differences between the controls and the asthma group regarding MIP (-89.7 ± 26.7 cmH2O vs. -92.2 ± 26.3 cmH2O; p = 0.541) or MEP (79.2 ± 22.9 cmH2O vs. 86.4 ± 24.0 cmH2O; p = 0.256). The groups were subdivided by age (children and adolescents: 6-12 and 13-16 years of age, respectively). Within the asthma group, there was a significant difference between the child and adolescent subgroups in terms of MEP (74.1 ± 24.1 cmH2O vs. 92.1 ± 21.9 cmH2O; p < 0.001) but not MIP (p = 0.285). Within the control group, there were significant differences between the child and adolescent subgroups in terms of MIP (-79.1 ± 17.7 cmH2O vs. -100.9 ± 28.1 cmH2O; p < 0.001) and MEP (73.9 ± 18.7 cmH2O vs. 90.9 ± 28.1cmH2O; p < 0.001). In the asthma group, spirometric variables did not correlate with MIP or MEP. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample, asthma was found to have no significant effect on respiratory muscle strength.

Benefícios do decúbito ventral associado ao CPAP em recém-nascidos prematuros / Evaluation of prone position associated with CPAP in newborn preterm

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os benefícios nas variáveis clínicas do decúbito ventral (DV) associado a pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas (CPAP), em recém-nascido pré-termo (RNPT). Foi feito um estudo transversal em RNPT com utilização do CPAP internados na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). As frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR), SpO2, quantificação do desconforto respiratório pelo boletim de Silverman e Andersen (BSA: quanto maior o valor, pior o desconforto respiratório) foram avaliados em cinco fases. Na fase I foram avaliadas a FC, FR, SpO2 e BSA em decúbito supino. Nas fases II, III, IV e V foram coletadas as mesmas variáveis da fase I após 5, 15, 30 e 60 min, respectivamente. O RNPT foi posicionado em DV logo após a fase I. Foi realizada análise de variância repetida para comparação entre todas as variáveis estudadas nas cinco fases, e utilizado-se teste de Bonferroni para análise post hoc. Foi considerada significância estatística quando p<0,05. No estudo, foram incluídos 13 RNPT, com média idade gestacional 33±1,5 semanas, sendo 7 do gênero masculino. Não houve alteração significante na FC, FR e SpO2, entre todas as fases. Houve redução no BSA nas fases III e IV quando comparadas à fase I: fase 1, 4,6±1,6 vs. fase III, 2,4±0,5 (p=0,02); fase I, 4,6±1,6 vs. fase IV, 2,4±0,5 (p=0,002). Concluiu-se, então, então que DV reduz o desconforto respiratório em RNPT quando associado ao CPAP, quando permanecem por, pelo menos, 15 min, sem alteração na FC, FR e SpO2.

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical variables in new born preterm infants (NBPT) in the prone position (PP) associated with CPAP. A cross sectional study in NBPT with CPAP at the intensive care unit was done. Variables: heart rate (HR), respiratory rates (RR), SpO2, respiratory distress quantify by Silverman and Andersen (BSA) bulletin (which the higher level means worst respiratory distress) were assessed. The protocol was conducted in five phases. In phase I, HR, RR, SpO2, and BSA were evaluated in supine position. In phases II, III, IV and V the same variables were evaluated as phase I, at 5, 15, 30 and 60 min, respectively, after phase I. Following the phase I, the RNPT was positioned at the PP. We performed repeated analysis of variance to compare all the variables studied in five phases, and used the Bonferroni test for post hoc analysis. Statistical significance was considered when p<0.05. We evaluated 13 preterm infants, mean gestational age of 33±1.5 weeks, 7 males. No significant changes at HR, RR and SpO2 were observed. A significant reduction in BSA at phases III and IV, compared to I, was observed (phase I: 4.6±1.6 vs. phase III: 2.4±0.5, p=0.02; phase I: 4.6±1,6 vs. phase IV: 2.4±0.5, p=0.002). We concluded that PP reduced respiratory distress in preterm infants associated at CPAP when they stay for at least 15 min, with no change in HR, RR and SpO2.

Força dos músculos respiratórios em crianças e adolescentes com asma: similar à de indivíduos saudáveis? / Respiratory muscle strength in children and adolescents with asthma: similar to that of healthy subjects?

OBJETIVO: Comparar a força dos músculos respiratórios de crianças e adolescentes com asma leve/moderada com a de indivíduos saudáveis e correlacionar variáveis da espirometria com a força desses músculos nos indivíduos com asma. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com indivíduos (6-16 anos de idade) com diagnóstico clínico de asma leve/moderada e voluntários saudáveis pareados por idade e gênero. Foram determinados valores espirométricos, PImáx e PEmáx, sendo selecionadas três medidas reprodutíveis (variação < 10%). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 75 pacientes com asma e 90 controles. A média de idade foi de 10,0 ± 2,6 anos. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre o grupos controle e asma em relação a PImáx (-89,7 ± 26,7 cmH2O vs. -92,2 ± 26,3 cmH2O; p = 0,541) e PEmáx (79,2 ± 22,9 cmH2O vs. 86,4 ± 24,0 cmH2O; p = 0,256). Os dois grupos foram subdivididos em crianças (6-12 anos) e adolescentes (13-16 anos). Nos subgrupos de crianças e adolescentes no grupo asma, houve diferença da PEmáx (74,1 ± 24,1 cmH2O vs. 92,1 ± 21,9 cmH2O; p < 0,001), mas não da PImáx (p = 0,285). Nos subgrupos de crianças e adolescentes no grupo controle, houve diferenças de PImáx (-79,1 ± 17,7 cmH2O vs. -100,9 ± 28,1 cmH2O; p < 0,001) e PEmáx (73,9 ± 18,7 cmH2O vs. 90,9 ± 28,1 cmH2O; p < 0,001). Não houve correlação das variáveis de espirometria com PImáx e PEmáx nos pacientes do grupo asma. CONCLUSÕES: Na presente amostra, a presença de asma não determinou alterações significativas na força dos músculos respiratórios.

OBJECTIVE: To compare children/adolescents with mild or moderate asthma and healthy subjects in terms of respiratory muscle strength, correlating it with spirometric variables in the former group. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving individuals 6-16 years of age and clinically diagnosed with mild/moderate asthma, together with a group of healthy, age- and gender-matched subjects. We determined spirometric values, as well as MIP and MEP, and we selected three reproducible measurements (variation < 10%). RESULTS: We evaluated 75 patients with asthma and 90 controls. The mean age was 10.0 ± 2.6 years. There were no statistically significant differences between the controls and the asthma group regarding MIP (-89.7 ± 26.7 cmH2O vs. -92.2 ± 26.3 cmH2O; p = 0.541) or MEP (79.2 ± 22.9 cmH2O vs. 86.4 ± 24.0 cmH2O; p = 0.256). The groups were subdivided by age (children and adolescents: 6-12 and 13-16 years of age, respectively). Within the asthma group, there was a significant difference between the child and adolescent subgroups in terms of MEP (74.1 ± 24.1 cmH2O vs. 92.1 ± 21.9 cmH2O; p < 0.001) but not MIP (p = 0.285). Within the control group, there were significant differences between the child and adolescent subgroups in terms of MIP (-79.1 ± 17.7 cmH2O vs. -100.9 ± 28.1 cmH2O; p < 0.001) and MEP (73.9 ± 18.7 cmH2O vs. 90.9 ± 28.1cmH2O; p < 0.001). In the asthma group, spirometric variables did not correlate with MIP or MEP. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample, asthma was found to have no significant effect on respiratory muscle strength.

Técnicas de fisioterapia respiratória não provocam efeitos adversos na função pulmonar de crianças asmáticas hospitalizadas: ensaio clínico randomizado / Chest physiotherapy does not cause adverse effects on lung function in children hospitalized with asthma: randomized clinical trial

A asma é doença de prevalência elevada na criança e responsável por número significativo de hospitalizações. O emprego de técnicas convencionais de fisioterapia respiratória em pacientes durante exacerbação é controverso pela possibilidade de induzir ou acentuar broncoespasmo pré-existente.Objetivos: Identificar alterações na função pulmonar de pacientes asmáticos com hipersecreção brônquica e hospitalizados avaliando-se o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF 1) e o pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE) após a realização de técnicas convencionais de fisioterapia respiratória.Pacientes e métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado com 21 crianças asmáticas hospitalizadas por exacerbação e submetidas à tapotagem ou vibrocompressão. A função pulmonar e as frequências respiratória (FR) e cardíaca (FC) foram mensuradas antes, imediatamente após e 30 minutos após as terapias.Resultados: Onze pacientes foram submetidos à vibrocompres¬são (Vib) e dez a tapotagem (Tap). A idade variou entre 7 e 14 anos sendo 13 (62%) do sexo masculino. Os valores do VEF1 no grupo Tap antes, imediatamente após e após trinta minutos foram: 1,47±0,20 L; 1,57±0,29 L; 1,46±0,37 L respectivamente (p=0,60) e 1,54 ± 0,31 L; 1,58±0,32 L; 1,65 ± 0,27 L (p=0,21) no grupo Vib. Não houve mudanças significantes nos valores de FR, FC e do PFE.Conclusão: a Vib e a Tap aplicadas à pacientes asmáticos hospita¬lizados por exacerbação não interferiram com a função pulmonar (VEF 1 e PFE) e não induziram desconforto respiratório nesses pacientes. As técnicas de tapotagem e vibrocompressão são seguras e podem ser realizadas nestes pacientes.

Asthma is a common disease in children, and it is one ofthe major causes of hospitalization due to exacerbations. The asthmatic patient can benefitfrom treatment with conventional chest physiotherapy techniques when there ís presence of bronchial secretions; however, it may improve bronchial constriction due to inflammation.Objective: To identify adverse effects on lung function in asthmatics with hyper secretion in the hospital for evaluation of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and expiratory peak flow (PEF) after conventional chest physiotherapy techniques. Method: Randomized clinicai trlal with 21 children hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in a pediatric hospital, submitted to percussion and vibrocompression techniques. Lung function, respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) were measured before, immediately after and 30 minutes after each therapyResults: Eleven patients were included in the vibrocompression (Vib) group and ten in the percussion (Perc) group. The age ranged between 7 and 14 years, and 13 (62%) were male. Values of VEF1 in Perc before, immediately after, and thirty minutes after were: 1.47±0.20 L, 1.57±0.29 L, 1.46±0.37 L respectively (p = 0.60) and 1.54 ± 0.31 L, 1.58±0.32 L, 1.65±0.27 L (p = 0.21) in Vib group. RR, HR and PEF did not change significantlyConclusion: Perc and Vib techniques did not alter lung function (FEV1 and PEF) and did not cause respiratory distress in hyperesecretory asthmatic patients during hospital admission, becoming safe techniques to be performed in this group.

Prancha ortostática nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva da cidade de São Paulo / Mesa ortostatica en las Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de la ciudad de São Paulo / Orthostatic plate in Intensive Therapy Units of São Paulo city

A imobilização e a internação prolongada do paciente crítico na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) podem provocar efeitos adversos. A prancha ortostática pode ser um recurso utilizado na recuperação precoce de variáveis funcionais de pacientes críticos em UTI. Essa terapêutica é utilizada com frequência em outros países, entretanto, no Brasil, não existem dados sobre a disponibilidade desse equipamento nas UTI’s, bem como sua frequência de uso. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a frequência de uso da prancha ortostática nas UTI´s de hospital público, hospital privado e hospital sem fins lucrativos existentes na cidade de São Paulo. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal utilizando questionário semiestruturado como forma de coleta de dados. Foram selecionados 182 hospitais para avaliação. Desses, 70 foram incluídos e 15 (21,42 por cento) dos hospitais avaliados devolveram o questionário respondido, 3 (20 por cento) deles possuíam a prancha ortostática, porém nenhum a utilizava como recurso terapêutico de rotina na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. A maioria dos hospitais investigados não possuem a prancha e dos 3 hospitais que relatam possuir o equipamento, apenas um faz uso na UTI.

Immobilization and prolonged internment of the critical patient in Intensive Therapy Units (ITU) may have adverse effects. The orthostatic plate may be a resource for early recovery of functional variables of critical patients in ITU; that therapeutic measure is frequently used in other countries. No data exist in Brazil about the availability of this equipment in ITUs or about its frequency of use. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of use of the orthostatic plate in ITUs of São Paulo private, public and non profit hospitals. This is a transversal study using semi-structured questionnaire for data collection. 182 institutions were asked to take part in the evaluation, 70 hospitals were included and 15 (21.42 percent) of the evaluated hospitals answered the questionnaire; 3 (20 percent) of them had an orthostatic plate, but no one used it as a routine therapeutic resource in Intensive Therapy Units. Most hospitals do nothave the plate; from the 3 hospitals that reported to have the equipment, only one uses the plate in the ITU.

La inmovilización y la internación prolongada del paciente crítico en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) pueden provocar efectos adversos. La mesa ortostatica puede ser un recurso de la recuperación precoz de variables funcionales de pacientes críticos en la UTI; esa terapéutica es utilizada con frecuencia en otros países. Entretanto, no existen en Brasil datos acerca de la disponibilidad del equipamiento en las UTIs, ni su frecuencia de uso. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la frecuencia de uso de la mesa ortostatica en las UTIs de hospitales públicos, hospitales particulares y hospitales sin fines lucrativos de la ciudad de São Paulo. Estamos ante un estudio transversal que usa un cuestionario semi-estruturado como forma de recolección de datos. Fueron reclutadas 182 instituciones para evaluación; se incluyeran 70 hospitales y 15 (21,42 por ciento) de los hospitales evaluados contestaran el cuestionario; 3 (20 por ciento) de ellos tenían plancha ortostatica, pero ningún de ellos la empleaban como recurso terapéutico rutinero en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. La mayoría de los hospitales no tiene la plancha; entre los 3 hospitales que relatan poseer el equipamiento, apenas uno utiliza la mesa en la UTI.