Klebsiella-induced infections in domestic species: a case-series study in 697 animals (1997-2019).

Klebsiella species, particularly K. pneumoniae, are well-known opportunistic enterobacteria related to complexity of clinical infections in humans and animals, commonly refractory to conventional therapy. The domestic animals may represent a source of the pathogenic and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella species to humans. Nevertheless, most studies involving Klebsiella-induced infections in domestic animals are restricted to case reports or outbreaks. We retrospectively investigated selected epidemiological data, clinical aspects, and in vitro susceptibility pattern of 697 non-repetitive Klebsiella infections in livestock and companion species (1997-2019). The isolates were obtained from different clinical disorders from dogs (n = 393), cattle (n = 149), horses (n = 98), cats (n = 27), pigs (n = 22), sheep (n = 5), goats (n = 2), and buffalo (n = 1), except four isolates from subclinical bovine mastitis. Urinary (223/697 = 32%), enteric (117/697 = 16.8%), mammary (85/697 = 12.2%), reproductive (85/697 = 12.2%), and respiratory disorders (67/697 = 9.6%) were the most common clinical manifestations. Other miscellaneous clinical pictures (116/697 = 16.6%) included abscesses, otitis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, pyodermitis, sepsis, and encephalitis. Norfloxacin (183/245 = 74.7%) and gentamicin (226/330 = 68.5%) were the most effective antimicrobials. High in vitro resistance of the isolates was seen to ampicillin (326/355 = 91.8%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (25/62 = 40.3%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (100/252 = 39.7), and multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 classes of antimicrobials was found in 20.4% (142/697) isolates. Wide variety of clinical manifestations of Klebsiella-induced infections was observed, with a predominance of urinary, enteric, mammary, reproductive, and respiratory tract disorders, reinforcing opportunistic behavior of agent. Poor in vitro efficacy was observed to some conventional antimicrobials and ~ 20% of isolates exhibited resistance pattern, reinforcing the need for proper use of drugs on therapy approaches in domestic animals to avoid multidrug-resistant bacteria, an emergent global concern.

Sperm viability, serological, molecular, and modified seminal plasma agglutination tests in the diagnosis of Leptospira in the semen and serum of bovine bulls.

The present study investigated the serum microscopic agglutination test (MAT) among 203 bovine bulls with reproduction by natural means, without apparent signs of orchitis or inflammation of accessory reproductive glands. Simultaneously, the semen of all bulls was subjected to sperm viability analysis and PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene. PCR-positive results of semen samples were confirmed by sequencing. A modified seminal plasma agglutination (MSPA) test, replacing the blood serum of all bulls in the MAT with seminal plasma was performed as well. Eight (8/203 = 3.9%) semen samples from bulls were considered nonviable (necrospermia and azoospermia) without relation to the PCR diagnosis. No agglutinin titers were identified in MSPA test. A high frequency (132/203 = 65%) of leptospiral agglutinin titers was identified in the MAT, particularly for the Sejroe serogroup (Hardjo CTG, 100/203 = 49.3%; Wolffi 74/203 = 36.4%; Guaricura 72/203 = 35.5%; and Hardjoprajitno 56/203 = 27.6%). Three (3/203 = 1.5%) semen samples of bulls were positive in the PCR, but these results were not confirmed by sequencing. The high frequency of serovars from the Sejroe serogroup typically adapted to bovines indicates the need for measures for the prophylaxis/control of the pathogen on the sampled farms. Discrepancies among the MAT, sperm viability, and molecular detection of leptospires in semen highlight the need for a combination of methods to diagnose leptospirosis in bovine bulls. To our knowledge, modified seminal plasma agglutination is described for the first time here to investigate anti-Leptospira antibodies produced locally in the genital tract in the diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis among bulls that reproduce by natural means.

Safety issues of raw milk: evaluation of bacteriological and physicochemical characteristics of human milk from a bank in a teaching hospital, focusing on Staphylococcus species.

Many infants are nurtured with milk supplied by human banks, whose bacteriological and physical-chemical profiles are a major issue. We investigated the bacteriological and physical-chemical characteristics, as well as genotypic and phenotypic and profiles of Staphylococcus species isolated from 240 samples of breast milk from a bank in a teaching hospital. Dornic acidity of milk revealed that 95.4% (229/240) had acceptable limits (< 8.0 oD). Caloric intake showed a wide variation in cream content (4%), fat (4%) and energy values (559.81 Kcal/L). Staphylococcus (105/186 or 56.5%) and Enterobacter (25/186 or 13.4%) were the most prevalent genera, although other microorganisms were identified, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (125/157 or 79.6%), vancomycin (115/157 or 73.2%), and cephalexin (112/157 or 71.3%) were the most effective antimicrobials. High resistance rates of isolates were found to penicillin G (141/157 or 89.8%), ampicillin (135/157 or 86%), and oxacillin (118/157 or 75.2%). Multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 antimicrobials occurred in 66.2% (123/186) of the isolates. Residues of microbial multiplication inhibitory substances were found in 85% (204/240) of samples. Among the coagulase-positive-CPS and negative-CoNS staphylococci, the mecA gene was detected in 53.3% (8/15) and 75% (30/40), respectively. Genes sea, seb and sec were detected in 20% (3/15) of CPS, while tsst-1 was detected in 13.34% (2/15). In addition, 13.3% (2/15) of S. aureus were toxin-producers. Genes sea, seb and sec were detected in 90% (36/40), 5% (2/40) and 15% (6/40) CoNS, respectively. Enterotoxin production was identified in 5% (2/40) of CoNS. The identification of multidrug-resistant bacteria, staphylococci species toxin-producers harboring methicillin-resistance genes, and residues of microbial multiplication inhibitory substances reinforce the need for a continuous vigilance of milk quality offered to infant consumption by human banks.

Bacteriological, cytological, and molecular investigation of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, mycobacteria, and other bacteria in caseous lymphadenitis and healthy lymph nodes of slaughtered sheep.

Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in sheep is a chronic contagious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, commonly characterized by abscess formation in peripheral lymph nodes and disseminated infections. Nonetheless, other microorganisms, including with zoonotic relevance, can be isolated from CL-resembling lymph nodes. Currently, mycobacteria have been reported in visceral granulomatous lesions in small ruminants, a fact that poses a public health issue, particularly in slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption. Cytology using fine needle aspiration and microbiological culturing are suitable tests for routine diagnostic, whereas present drawbacks and molecular methods have been confirmatory. Data about the occurrence of mycobacteria in both lymph nodes with aspect of CL and apparently healthy visceral nodes of sheep slaughtered for human consumption are scarce. In this study, 197 visceral lymph nodes of sheep showed lymphadenitis and 202 healthy visceral lymph nodes of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption were submitted to conventional bacteriological diagnosis, mycobacteria culturing, and cytological evaluation. Compatible Corynebacterium isolates were subjected to multiplex PCR targeting 16S rRNA, rpoB, and pld genes to detect C. pseudotuberculosis. Based on microbiological identification, C. pseudotuberculosis (86/197; 43.7%), streptococci γ-hemolytic (17/197; 8.6%), and Trueperella pyogenes (12/197; 6.1%) were prevalent in lymph nodes with abscesses, as opposed to staphylococci (53/202; 26.2%) in apparently healthy lymph nodes. No mycobacteria were isolated. Cytology identified 49.2% (97/197) Gram-positive pleomorphic organisms (coryneform aspect). Multiplex PCR confirmed genetic material of C. pseudotuberculosis in 74.4% (64/86) of the samples with C. pseudotuberculosis isolation and 66% (64/97) samples with cytological coryneform aspect (κ = 86.78%; 95% CI = 79.87-93.68%). These findings emphasize the prevalence of C. pseudotuberculosis in abscess formation among peripheral lymph nodes of sheep. Other bacteria were also identified in lymph nodes sampled that resembling C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections that may difficult the diagnosis. Multiplex PCR revealed a valuable assay to detect C. pseudotuberculosis, in addition to routine methods applied to CL-diagnosis. No mycobacteria were identified in lymph nodes sampled, with and without apparent lesions. Nonetheless, due to public health impacts, this pathogen should be considered as a differential diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections during inspection procedures of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption.

Carrier flies of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli as potential dissemination agent in dairy farm environment.

The life cycle of synanthropic flies and their behavior, allows them to serve as mechanical vectors of several pathogens. Given that flies can carry multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, this study aimed to investigate the spread of genes of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from flies collected in two dairy farms in Brazil. Besides antimicrobial resistance determinants, the presence of virulence genes related to bovine colibacillosis was also assessed. Of 94 flies collected, Musca domestica was the most frequently found in the two farms. We isolated 198 E. coli strains (farm A=135 and farm B=63), and >30% were MDR E. coli. We found an association between blaTEM and phenotypical resistance to ampicillin, or chloramphenicol, or tetracycline; and blaCTX-M and resistance to cefoperazone. A high frequency (86%) of phylogenetic group B1 among MDR strains and the lack of association between multidrug resistance and virulence factors suggest that antimicrobial resistance possibly is associated with the commensal bacteria. Clonal relatedness of MDR E. coli performed by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis showed wide genomic diversity. Different flies can carry clones, but with distinct antimicrobial resistance pattern. Sanger sequencing showed that the same class 1 integron arrangement is displayed by apparently unrelated strains, carried by different flies. Our conjugation results indicate class 1 integron transfer associated with tetracycline resistance. We report for the first time, in Brazil, that MDR E. coli is carried by flies in the milking environment. Therefore, flies can act as carriers for MDR strains and contribute to dissemination routes of antimicrobial resistance.

Identification of Mycobacterium species and Rhodococcus equi in peccary lymph nodes.

Mycobacterium species and the virulence-associated proteins (vapA, vapB, and vapN genes) of Rhodococcus equi isolated from 330 lymph nodes of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) and white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) intended for human consumption were investigated. Thirty-six (10.9%) R. equi strains were isolated; 3.3% (n = 11/330) were from white-lipped peccary lymph nodes, and 7.6% (25/330) were from collared peccary lymph nodes. Among the 11 isolates of R. equi from the white-lipped peccaries, 90.9% (n = 10/11) were obtained from the mesenteric lymph nodes, and only 9.1% (n = 1/10) were obtained from the mediastinal lymph nodes. In the 25 isolates of R. equi obtained from the collared peccaries, 40.0% (n = 10/25) were recovered from the mesenteric lymph nodes, 36% (n = 9/25) from the submandibular lymph nodes, and 24.0% (n = 6/25) from the mediastinal lymph nodes. No vapA, vapB, or vapN genes (plasmidless) or three host-associated types (pVAPA, pVAPB, and pVAPN) were identified among the R. equi isolates. Mycobacterium species were isolated in 3.03% (n = 10/330) of all the lymph nodes analyzed. Among the 10 mycobacterial isolates, 60% (n = 6/10) were from the white-lipped peccary lymph nodes, and 40% (n = 4/10) were from the collared peccary lymph nodes. Ten Mycobacterium species were detected by PCR-PRA with a predominance of M. avium type 1. Sequencing of the hsp65 and rpob genes revealed mycobacteria that were saprophytic (M. sinense and M. kumamotonense) and potentially pathogenic (M. colombiense and M. intracellulare) to humans and animals. To our knowledge, this is the first description of R. equi and/or mycobacterial species identified in the lymph nodes of peccary specimens. R. equi (plasmidless) and the mycobacterial species described here have been reported as causes of pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised humans.

Cut-off value for absolute lymphocytes as an alternative for the immunophenotypic analysis of CD3+ T cells in the monitoring of immunosuppressive therapy with thymoglobulin.

INTRODUCTION: Immunosuppression of T lymphocytes is required for preventing acute rejection after transplantation and for the treatment of chronic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The laboratory monitoring for this therapy is the measurement of T cells by immunophenotyping, aiming the target value of less than 20 cells per µL. OBJECTIVE: To establish a cut-off point for the total number of lymphocytes in the automated blood cell count that reflects less than twenty T cells µL by immunophenotyping. METHODS: We studied and evaluated 242 kidney transplant patients that had results of automated blood cell count and quantification of T cells by immunophenotyping technique. The patients were divided into two groups, depending on the T lymphocyte immunophenotyping rates established by lower and higher than 20 cells per µL. After, we evaluated the cut-off point for lymphocytes in the blood cell count with a specificity of 100% to exclude patients with high levels of T lymphocytes. RESULTS: We found that the cut-off point of 70 lymphocytes per µL obtained by automated blood cell count showed 100% of specificity to exclude patients with T-cell counts higher than 20 cells per µL by immunophenotyping. CONCLUSION: The results found in this study may be helpful to monitor the immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplant patients in places where a flow cytometer is not available, or when this equipment is not present in the full routine.

Cut-off value for absolute lymphocytes as an alternative for the immunophenotypic analysis of CD3+ T cells in the monitoring of immunosuppressive therapy with thymoglobulin / Valor de corte para linfócitos absolutos como alternativa para análise imunofenotípica de células T CD3+ no monitoramento de terapia imunossupressora com timoglobulina

Abstract Introduction: Immunosuppression of T lymphocytes is required for preventing acute rejection after transplantation and for the treatment of chronic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The laboratory monitoring for this therapy is the measurement of T cells by immunophenotyping, aiming the target value of less than 20 cells per µL. Objective: To establish a cut-off point for the total number of lymphocytes in the automated blood cell count that reflects less than twenty T cells µL by immunophenotyping. Methods: We studied and evaluated 242 kidney transplant patients that had results of automated blood cell count and quantification of T cells by immunophenotyping technique. The patients were divided into two groups, depending on the T lymphocyte immunophenotyping rates established by lower and higher than 20 cells per µL. After, we evaluated the cut-off point for lymphocytes in the blood cell count with a specificity of 100% to exclude patients with high levels of T lymphocytes. Results: We found that the cut-off point of 70 lymphocytes per µL obtained by automated blood cell count showed 100% of specificity to exclude patients with T-cell counts higher than 20 cells per µL by immunophenotyping. Conclusion: The results found in this study may be helpful to monitor the immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplant patients in places where a flow cytometer is not available, or when this equipment is not present in the full routine.

Resumo Introdução: A imunossupressão de linfócitos T é necessária para a prevenção da rejeição aguda em transplantes e no tratamento de doenças autoimunes e inflamatórias crônicas. O seu monitoramento laboratorial consiste na quantificação dos linfócitos T realizada pela técnica de imunofenotipagem, na qual o valor preconizado é manter inferior a 20 células/µL. Objetivo: Estabelecer um ponto de corte para o número de linfócitos totais no hemograma automatizado que reflita uma contagem de linfócitos T inferior a 20 células/µL por imunofenotipagem. Métodos: Foram avaliados 242 pacientes transplantados renais que continham resultados do hemograma automatizado e quantificação de linfócitos T por imunofenotipagem. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, conforme os valores de linfócitos T estabelecidos pela imunofenotipagem: inferiores e superiores a 20 células/µL. A partir disto, foi avaliado o ponto de corte de linfócitos no hemograma com especificidade de 100% para excluir os pacientes com valores elevados de linfócitos T. Resultados: Este estudo evidenciou que o ponto de corte de 70 linfócitos/µL obtidos pelo hemograma automatizado apresentou especificidade de 100% para excluir os pacientes com contagens de linfócitos T superiores a 20 células/µL na imunofenotipagem. Conclusão: Esta pesquisa poderá auxiliar no monitoramento da terapia imunossupressora em pacientes transplantados renais em locais que não possuem um citômetro de fluxo disponível, ou ainda quando este equipamento não se faz presente na rotina integral.

Enterotoxin genes, multidrug resistance, and molecular typing of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from organic bovine milk / Genes de enterotoxinas, multirresistência a antimicrobianos e caracterização molecular de espécies de Staphylococcus spp. isoladas de leite bovino orgânico

The multidrug resistant and the emergence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from animals, food, and humans are public health concern. These microorganisms produce different toxins related to food poisoning in humans. This study aimed to characterize Staphylococcus spp. isolated from two organic milk farms in Brazil. A total of 259 milk samples were collected, from which 58 (22.4%) Staphylococcus spp. were isolated. The highest sensibility to ceftiofur and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was observed in 96.6% of Staphylococcus spp., and whereas 89% were resistant to penicillin G. The mecA gene was detected in 13.8% of the isolates. SEA and SEC were the most common enterotoxins detected. PFGE revealed genetic heterogeneity from S. intermedius and S. warneri analyzed, while S. aureus presented similar profiles among isolates from the two studied herds. To the best of our knowledge, the current study describes for the first time presence of enterotoxins, mecA gene, and genetic diversity of staphylococci isolated from organic dairy farms in Brazil.(AU)

A emergência de estafilococos multirresistentes e resistentes à meticilina, isolados de animais, alimentos e humanos é uma preocupação em saúde pública. Esses micro-organismos produzem diferentes toxinas relacionadas à intoxicação alimentar em humanos. Este estudo caracterizou Staphylococcus spp. isolados em duas fazendas orgânicas no Brasil. Foram coletadas 259 amostras de leite em duas propriedades leiteiras orgânicas, nas quais 58 (22,4%) estirpes de Staphylococcus spp. foram isoladas. A maior sensibilidade dos isolados foi observada para ceftiofur e sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim em 96,6%. Em contraste, acima de 89% de resistência dos estafilicocos foi encontrada para penicilina G. O gene mecA foi identificado em 13,8% dos isolados. SEA e SEC foram as enterotoxinas mais comumente detectadas. PFGE revelou heterogeneidade genética entre S. intermedius e S. warneri, enquanto S. aureus demonstraram perfis semelhantes entre isolados dos dois rebanhos estudados. Relata-se pela primeira vez no Brasil a detecção de enterotoxinas, o gene mecA e diversidade genética em estafilococos isolados de vacas em produção orgânica.(AU)

Enterotoxin genes, multidrug resistance, and molecular typing of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from organic bovine milk / Genes de enterotoxinas, multirresistência a antimicrobianos e caracterização molecular de espécies de Staphylococcus spp. isoladas de leite bovino orgânico

The multidrug resistant and the emergence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from animals, food, and humans are public health concern. These microorganisms produce different toxins related to food poisoning in humans. This study aimed to characterize Staphylococcus spp. isolated from two organic milk farms in Brazil. A total of 259 milk samples were collected, from which 58 (22.4%) Staphylococcus spp. were isolated. The highest sensibility to ceftiofur and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was observed in 96.6% of Staphylococcus spp., and whereas 89% were resistant to penicillin G. The mecA gene was detected in 13.8% of the isolates. SEA and SEC were the most common enterotoxins detected. PFGE revealed genetic heterogeneity from S. intermedius and S. warneri analyzed, while S. aureus presented similar profiles among isolates from the two studied herds. To the best of our knowledge, the current study describes for the first time presence of enterotoxins, mecA gene, and genetic diversity of staphylococci isolated from organic dairy farms in Brazil.(AU)

A emergência de estafilococos multirresistentes e resistentes à meticilina, isolados de animais, alimentos e humanos é uma preocupação em saúde pública. Esses micro-organismos produzem diferentes toxinas relacionadas à intoxicação alimentar em humanos. Este estudo caracterizou Staphylococcus spp. isolados em duas fazendas orgânicas no Brasil. Foram coletadas 259 amostras de leite em duas propriedades leiteiras orgânicas, nas quais 58 (22,4%) estirpes de Staphylococcus spp. foram isoladas. A maior sensibilidade dos isolados foi observada para ceftiofur e sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim em 96,6%. Em contraste, acima de 89% de resistência dos estafilicocos foi encontrada para penicilina G. O gene mecA foi identificado em 13,8% dos isolados. SEA e SEC foram as enterotoxinas mais comumente detectadas. PFGE revelou heterogeneidade genética entre S. intermedius e S. warneri, enquanto S. aureus demonstraram perfis semelhantes entre isolados dos dois rebanhos estudados. Relata-se pela primeira vez no Brasil a detecção de enterotoxinas, o gene mecA e diversidade genética em estafilococos isolados de vacas em produção orgânica.(AU)

Frequency, serotyping and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella from feces and lymph nodes of pigs / Isolamento, sorotipagem e padrões de resistência a antimicrobianos de Salmonella em fezes e linfonodos de suínos

Salmonellosis is a foodborne disease caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella, being pigs and pork-products potentially important for its occurrence. In recent decades, some serovars of Salmonella have shown increase of resistance to conventional antimicrobials used in human and animal therapy, with serious risks for public health. The aim of this study was to evaluate feces (n=50), mediastinal (n=50), mesenteric (n=50) and mandibular (n=50) lymph nodes obtained from slaughter houses for Salmonella spp. Positive samples were serotyped and subjected to an in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test, including the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. Salmonella species were identified in 10% (20/200) of total samples. From these, 20% (10/50) were identified in the submandibular lymph nodes, 18% (9/50) in the mesenteric lymph nodes, 2% (1/50) in feces and 0% (0/50) in the mediastinal lymph nodes. The serotypes found were Salmonella Typhimurium (55%), S. enterica subsp. enterica 4,5,12: i: - (35%), S. Brandenburg and S. Derby with 5% (5% each). All strains showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial; 90% were resistant to four or more antimicrobials, and 15% were multidrug-resistant. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and nalidixic acid was particularly prevalent amongst the tested serovars. Here, we highlighted the impact of pigs in the epidemiological chain of salmonellosis in domestic animals and humans, as well as the high antimicrobial resistance rates of Salmonella strains, reinforcing the necessity for responsible use of antimicrobials for animals as an emergent One Health issue, and to keep these drugs for human therapy approaches.(AU)

Nas últimas décadas, o aumento de cepas circulante de Salmonella concomitantemente a resistência microbiana tem despertado a preocupação dos órgãos de Saúde Pública. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi pesquisar a presença de Salmonella a partir de fezes (n=50), linfonodos mediastinos (n=50), mesentéricos (n=50) e submandibular (n=50) oriundos de um abatedouro suíno. As cepas isoladas foram sorotipadas e testadas quanto a resistência antimicrobiana. A presença de Salmonella isolada foram em 10% (20/200) do total de amostras, sendo 20% dos linfonodos submandibulares, 18% dos linfonodos mesentéricos e 2% das fezes. Os sorotipos encontrados foram S. Typhimurium (55%), S. enterica subsp. enterica 4,5,12: i: - (35%), S. Brandenburg (5%) e S. Derby (5%). Todas a cepas apresentaram resistência a pelo menos um antimicrobiano testado, sendo 90% resistente pelo menos quatro antimicrobianos. Destes, 15% foram classificadas como multidrogas resistentes. Os antimicrobianos mais resistentes entre os sorovares isolados foram a ciprofloxacina, tetraciclina e o ácido nalidixico. A presença de cepas de Salmonella resistente a antimicrobianos na espécie suína tem gerado um grande impacto epidemiológico entre homem e animal, reforçando cada vez mais a necessidade do uso adequado de drogas principalmente relacionado com o tema One Health.(AU)

Frequency, serotyping and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella from feces and lymph nodes of pigs / Isolamento, sorotipagem e padrões de resistência a antimicrobianos de Salmonella em fezes e linfonodos de suínos

Salmonellosis is a foodborne disease caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella, being pigs and pork-products potentially important for its occurrence. In recent decades, some serovars of Salmonella have shown increase of resistance to conventional antimicrobials used in human and animal therapy, with serious risks for public health. The aim of this study was to evaluate feces (n=50), mediastinal (n=50), mesenteric (n=50) and mandibular (n=50) lymph nodes obtained from slaughter houses for Salmonella spp. Positive samples were serotyped and subjected to an in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test, including the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. Salmonella species were identified in 10% (20/200) of total samples. From these, 20% (10/50) were identified in the submandibular lymph nodes, 18% (9/50) in the mesenteric lymph nodes, 2% (1/50) in feces and 0% (0/50) in the mediastinal lymph nodes. The serotypes found were Salonella Typhimurium (55%), S. enterica subsp. enterica 4,5,12: i: - (35%), S. Brandenburg and S. Derby with 5% (5% each). All strains showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial; 90% were resistant to four or more antimicrobials, and 15% were multidrug-resistant. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and nalidixic acid was particularly prevalent amongst the tested serovars. Here, we highlighted the impact of pigs in the epidemiological chain of salmonellosis in domestic animals and humans, as well as the high antimicrobial resistance rates of Salmonella strains, reinforcing the necessity for responsible use of antimicrobials for animals as an emergent One Health issue, and to keep these drugs for human therapy approaches.(AU)

Nas últimas décadas, o aumento de cepas circulante de Salmonella concomitantemente a resistência microbiana tem despertado a preocupação dos órgãos de Saúde Pública. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi pesquisar a presença de Salmonella a partir de fezes (n=50), linfonodos mediastinos (n=50), mesentéricos (n=50) e submandibular (n=50) oriundos de um abatedouro suíno. As cepas isoladas foram sorotipadas e testadas quanto a resistência antimicrobiana. A presença de Salmonella isolada foram em 10% (20/200) do total de amostras, sendo 20% dos linfonodos submandibulares, 18% dos linfonodos mesentéricos e 2% das fezes. Os sorotipos encontrados foram S. Typhimurium (55%), S. enterica subsp. enterica 4,5,12: i: - (35%), S. Brandenburg (5%) e S. Derby (5%). Todas a cepas apresentaram resistência a pelo menos um antimicrobiano testado, sendo 90% resistente pelo menos quatro antimicrobianos. Destes, 15% foram classificadas como multidrogas resistentes. Os antimicrobianos mais resistentes entre os sorovares isolados foram a ciprofloxacina, tetraciclina e o ácido nalidixico. A presença de cepas de Salmonella resistente a antimicrobianos na espécie suína tem gerado um grande impacto epidemiológico entre homem e animal, reforçando cada vez mais a necessidade do uso adequado de drogas principalmente relacionado com o tema "One Health".(AU)

MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN OF SEVEN CLINICAL ISOLATES OF Nocardia spp. IN BRAZIL.

Nocardia is a ubiquitous microorganism related to pyogranulomatous infection, which is difficult to treat in humans and animals. The occurrence of the disease is on the rise in many countries due to an increase in immunosuppressive diseases and treatments. This report of cases from Brazil presents the genotypic characterization and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern using the disk-diffusion method and inhibitory minimal concentration with E-test® strips. In summary, this report focuses on infections in young adult men, of which three cases were cutaneous, two pulmonary, one neurological and one systemic. The pulmonary, neurological and systemic cases were attributed to immunosuppressive diseases or treatments. Sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA segments (1491 bp) identified four isolates of Nocardia farcinica, two isolates of Nocardia nova and one isolate of Nocardia asiatica. N. farcinica was involved in two cutaneous, one systemic and other pulmonary cases; N. nova was involved in one neurological and one pulmonary case; and Nocardia asiatica in one cutaneous case. The disk-diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the most effective antimicrobials were amikacin (100%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (100%), cephalexin (100%) and ceftiofur (100%), while isolates had presented most resistance to gentamicin (43%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (43%) and ampicillin (29%). However, on the inhibitory minimal concentration test (MIC test), only one of the four isolates of Nocardia farcinica was resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.

MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN OF SEVEN CLINICAL ISOLATES OF Nocardia spp. IN BRAZIL / Identificação molecular e perfil de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos de sete isolados clínicos de Nocardia spp. no Brasil

Nocardia is a ubiquitous microorganism related to pyogranulomatous infection, which is difficult to treat in humans and animals. The occurrence of the disease is on the rise in many countries due to an increase in immunosuppressive diseases and treatments. This report of cases from Brazil presents the genotypic characterization and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern using the disk-diffusion method and inhibitory minimal concentration with E-test® strips. In summary, this report focuses on infections in young adult men, of which three cases were cutaneous, two pulmonary, one neurological and one systemic. The pulmonary, neurological and systemic cases were attributed to immunosuppressive diseases or treatments. Sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA segments (1491 bp) identified four isolates of Nocardia farcinica, two isolates of Nocardia nova and one isolate of Nocardia asiatica. N. farcinica was involved in two cutaneous, one systemic and other pulmonary cases; N. nova was involved in one neurological and one pulmonary case; and Nocardia asiatica in one cutaneous case. The disk-diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the most effective antimicrobials were amikacin (100%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (100%), cephalexin (100%) and ceftiofur (100%), while isolates had presented most resistance to gentamicin (43%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (43%) and ampicillin (29%). However, on the inhibitory minimal concentration test (MIC test), only one of the four isolates of Nocardia farcinica was resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.

Nocardia é um microorganismo ubiquitário relacionado a infecções piogranulomatosas, com difícil resolução tecidual em humanos e animais. A doença é mundialmente emergente devido ao aumento de doenças e tratamentos imunossupressores. Este relato de casos ocorridos no Brasil visa apresentar a identificação molecular dos isolados e o padrão de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos por disco-difusão e concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) através de fitas E-test®. Os casos ocorreram em homens, em idade adulta. Três quadros foram cutâneos, dois pulmonares, um neurológico e um sistêmico. O quadro respiratório, o neurológico e um sistêmico estavam associados à doença ou terapia imunossupressoras. O sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA (1491pb) possibilitou a identificação de quatro isolados de Nocardia farcinica, dois de Nocardia nova e um de Nocardia asiatica. N. farcinica foi observada em dois casos dermatológicos, um pulmonar e um quadro sistêmico, N. nova foi isolada de um caso neurológico e outro pulmonar; e N. asiatica em um caso dermatológico. O teste de disco-difusão mostrou que amicacina (100%), amoxicilina/clavulanato (100%), cefalexina (100%) e ceftiofur (100%) foram mais efetivos; enquanto gentamicina (43%), sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim (43%) e ampicilina (29%) foram menos efetivos. No entanto, no teste de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), apenas um dos quatro isolados da espécie Nocardia farcinica mostrou-se resistente a sulfametoxazole-trimetropina.

Deforming mandibular osteomyelitis in a cow caused by Trueperella pyogenes / Osteomielite mandibular deformante em vaca causada por Trueperella pyogenes

This study reports an unusual case of deforming mandibular osteomyelitis in a cow caused by Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, on the face of the ventrolateral caudal portion of the right branch of the mandible. Fragment aspired of lesion by fine needle allowed cytological characterization, isolation and identification of T. pyogenes. Radiographic examination showed marked periosteal reaction in the right mandible, numerous lytic areas and cortical bone destruction. Despite of treatment based on in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity test, it was recommended the euthanasia due to progressive worsening of the cow's condition. Multiple abscesses were observed in the mandibular region at necropsy. Pyogranuloma was characterized in histological exam. Sampled material collected from the lesion after necropsy resulted in microbiological reisolation of T. pyogenes .

Relata-se caso incomum de osteomielite mandibular deformante em vaca, causada por Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, na face ventro-lateral da porção caudal do ramo direito da mandíbula. A punção aspirativa de fragmento da lesão permitiu a caracterização citológica, o isolamento microbiano e identificação de T. pyogenes. Exame radiográfico mostrou acentuada reação periodontal na mandíbula direita, com predomínio de áreas líticas e destruição da cortical óssea. Apesar da instituição do tratamento baseado no teste de sensibilidade microbiana in vitro, foi recomendada a eutanásia, em virtude da piora progressiva do estado geral do animal. No exame post-mortem foram observados múltiplos abscessos na lesão que, histologicamente, foi caracterizada como piogranuloma. A colheita de material da região mandibular afetada, após a necropsia, resultou no reisolamento microbiológico de T. pyogenes .

Deforming mandibular osteomyelitis in a cow caused by Trueperella pyogenes / Osteomielite mandibular deformante em vaca causada por Trueperella pyogenes

This study reports an unusual case of deforming mandibular osteomyelitis in a cow caused by Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, on the face of the ventrolateral caudal portion of the right branch of the mandible. Fragment aspired of lesion by fine needle allowed cytological characterization, isolation and identification of T. pyogenes. Radiographic examination showed marked periosteal reaction in the right mandible, numerous lytic areas and cortical bone destruction. Despite of treatment based on in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity test, it was recommended the euthanasia due to progressive worsening of the cow's condition. Multiple abscesses were observed in the mandibular region at necropsy. Pyogranuloma was characterized in histological exam. Sampled material collected from the lesion after necropsy resulted in microbiological reisolation of T. pyogenes.(AU)

Relata-se caso incomum de osteomielite mandibular deformante em vaca, causada por Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, na face ventro-lateral da porção caudal do ramo direito da mandíbula. A punção aspirativa de fragmento da lesão permitiu a caracterização citológica, o isolamento microbiano e identificação de T. pyogenes. Exame radiográfico mostrou acentuada reação periodontal na mandíbula direita, com predomínio de áreas líticas e destruição da cortical óssea. Apesar da instituição do tratamento baseado no teste de sensibilidade microbiana in vitro, foi recomendada a eutanásia, em virtude da piora progressiva do estado geral do animal. No exame post-mortem foram observados múltiplos abscessos na lesão que, histologicamente, foi caracterizada como piogranuloma. A colheita de material da região mandibular afetada, após a necropsia, resultou no reisolamento microbiológico de T. pyogenes.(AU)

Influencia de la vitamina D en la salud humana / Influence of vitamin D in human health / Influência da vitamina D na saúde humana

La vitamina D es una sustancia liposoluble, que tiene dos formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) o colecalciferol (vitamina D3), que se encuentran en algunas plantas y peces, y son sintetizadas en la piel a través de la luz del sol respectivamente. La deficiencia de esta vitamina puede ayudar en la aparición y agravamiento de muchas enfermedades. La deficiencia de vitamina D es común en personas de edad avanzada, sin embargo, puede estar presente en cualquier edad y se asocia con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las enfermedades autoinmunes, el cáncer y las enfermedades metabólicas. La producción de vitamina D en la piel es modulada por la estación, la latitud, la hora del día, pigmentación de la piel, la edad y el uso de protectores solares. Su forma activa 1,25(OH)2D ejerce diversas funciones en el cuerpo, tales como la salud ósea, la homeostasis, el metabolismo celular, la regulación del sistema inmunológico, cardiovascular y sistema esquelético. En la actualidad, la falta se considera como un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo.

Vitamin D is a liposoluble substance, which has two forms: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), found in some plants and fish, or synthesized in the skin through sunlight, respectively. Deficiency of this vitamin may help to the onset and worsening of many diseases. Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in the elderly, but can be present at any age, and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer and metabolic diseases. The skin vitamin D production is modulated by the season, latitude, time of day, skin pigmentation, age and use of sunscreen. Its active form 1,25(OH)2D exerts several functions in the body such as bone health, homeostasis, cell metabolism, immune system regulation, cardiovascular and skeletal systems. Currently, its lack is seen as a public health problem worldwide.

A vitamina D é uma substância lipossolúvel, que se apresenta de duas formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) ou colecalciferol (vitamina D3), encontrada em plantas e alguns peixes, ou sintetizada na pele através da luz solar, respectivamente. A deficiência desta vitamina pode auxiliar no aparecimento e agravamento de diversas patologias. A hipovitaminose D é prevalente em indivíduos idosos, contudo, pode estar presente em qualquer faixa etária e está relacionada com doenças cardiovasculares, doenças autoimunes, câncer e doenças metabólicas. A produção cutânea de vitamina D é modulada pela estação, latitude, período do dia, pigmentação da pele, idade e uso de filtro solar. Sua forma ativa 1,25(OH)2D exerce diversas funções no organismo, como na saúde óssea, homeostasia, metabolismo celular, regulação do sistema imune, cardiovascular e esquelético. Atualmente, sua deficiência é vista como um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo.

Influência da vitamina D na saúde humana / Influencia de la vitamina D en la salud humana / Influence of vitamin D in human health

A vitamina D é uma substância lipossolúvel, que se apresenta de duas formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) ou colecalciferol (vitamina D3), encontrada em plantas e alguns peixes, ou sintetizada na pele através da luz solar, respectivamente. A deficiência desta vitamina pode auxiliar no aparecimento e agravamento de diversas patologias. A hipovitaminose D é prevalente em indivíduos idosos, contudo, pode estar presente em qualquer faixa etária e está relacionada com doenças cardiovasculares, doenças autoimunes, câncer e doenças metabólicas. A produção cutânea de vitamina D é modulada pela estação, latitude, período do dia, pigmentação da pele, idade e uso de filtro solar. Sua forma ativa 1,25(OH)2D exerce diversas funções no organismo, como na saúde óssea, homeostasia, metabolismo celular, regulação do sistema imune, cardiovascular e esquelético. Atualmente, sua deficiência é vista como um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo.

La vitamina D es una sustancia liposoluble, que tiene dos formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) o colecalciferol (vitamina D3), que se encuentran en algunas plantas y peces, o son sintetizadas en la piel a través de la luz del sol respectivamente. La deficiencia de esta vitamina puede ayudar en la aparición y agravamiento de muchas enfermedades. La deficiencia de vitamina D es común en personas de edad avanzada, sin embargo, puede estar presente en cualquier edad y se asocia con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las enfermedades autoinmunes, el cáncer y las enfermedades metabólicas. La producción de vitamina D en la piel es modulada por la estación, la latitud, la hora del día, pigmentación de la piel, la edad y el uso de protectores solares. Su forma activa 1,25(OH)2D ejerce diversas funciones en el cuerpo, tales como la salud ósea, la homeostasis, el metabolismo celular, la regulación del sistema inmunológico, cardiovascular y sistema esquelético. En la actualidad, la falta se considera como un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo.

Vitamin D is a liposoluble substance, which has two forms: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), found in some plants and fish, or synthesized in the skin through sunlight, respectively. Deficiency of this vitamin may help to the onset and worsening of many diseases. Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in the elderly, but can be present at any age, and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer and metabolic diseases. The skin vitamin D production is modulated by the season, latitude, time of day, skin pigmentation, age and use of sunscreen. Its active form 1,25(OH)2D exerts several functions in the body such as bone health, homeostasis, cell metabolism, immune system regulation, cardiovascular and skeletal systems. Currently, its lack is seen as a public health problem worldwide.

Influencia de la vitamina D en la salud humana / Influence of vitamin D in human health / InfluÛncia da vitamina D na saúde humana

La vitamina D es una sustancia liposoluble, que tiene dos formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) o colecalciferol (vitamina D3), que se encuentran en algunas plantas y peces, y son sintetizadas en la piel a través de la luz del sol respectivamente. La deficiencia de esta vitamina puede ayudar en la aparición y agravamiento de muchas enfermedades. La deficiencia de vitamina D es común en personas de edad avanzada, sin embargo, puede estar presente en cualquier edad y se asocia con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las enfermedades autoinmunes, el cáncer y las enfermedades metabólicas. La producción de vitamina D en la piel es modulada por la estación, la latitud, la hora del día, pigmentación de la piel, la edad y el uso de protectores solares. Su forma activa 1,25(OH)2D ejerce diversas funciones en el cuerpo, tales como la salud ósea, la homeostasis, el metabolismo celular, la regulación del sistema inmunológico, cardiovascular y sistema esquelético. En la actualidad, la falta se considera como un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo.(AU)

Vitamin D is a liposoluble substance, which has two forms: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), found in some plants and fish, or synthesized in the skin through sunlight, respectively. Deficiency of this vitamin may help to the onset and worsening of many diseases. Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in the elderly, but can be present at any age, and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer and metabolic diseases. The skin vitamin D production is modulated by the season, latitude, time of day, skin pigmentation, age and use of sunscreen. Its active form 1,25(OH)2D exerts several functions in the body such as bone health, homeostasis, cell metabolism, immune system regulation, cardiovascular and skeletal systems. Currently, its lack is seen as a public health problem worldwide.(AU)

A vitamina D é uma substÔncia lipossolúvel, que se apresenta de duas formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) ou colecalciferol (vitamina D3), encontrada em plantas e alguns peixes, ou sintetizada na pele através da luz solar, respectivamente. A deficiÛncia desta vitamina pode auxiliar no aparecimento e agravamento de diversas patologias. A hipovitaminose D é prevalente em indivíduos idosos, contudo, pode estar presente em qualquer faixa etária e está relacionada com doenþas cardiovasculares, doenþas autoimunes, cÔncer e doenþas metabólicas. A produþÒo cutÔnea de vitamina D é modulada pela estaþÒo, latitude, período do dia, pigmentaþÒo da pele, idade e uso de filtro solar. Sua forma ativa 1,25(OH)2D exerce diversas funþ§es no organismo, como na saúde óssea, homeostasia, metabolismo celular, regulaþÒo do sistema imune, cardiovascular e esquelético. Atualmente, sua deficiÛncia é vista como um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo.(AU)

InfluÛncia da vitamina D na saúde humana / Influencia de la vitamina D en la salud humana / Influence of vitamin D in human health

A vitamina D é uma substÔncia lipossolúvel, que se apresenta de duas formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) ou colecalciferol (vitamina D3), encontrada em plantas e alguns peixes, ou sintetizada na pele através da luz solar, respectivamente. A deficiÛncia desta vitamina pode auxiliar no aparecimento e agravamento de diversas patologias. A hipovitaminose D é prevalente em indivíduos idosos, contudo, pode estar presente em qualquer faixa etária e está relacionada com doenþas cardiovasculares, doenþas autoimunes, cÔncer e doenþas metabólicas. A produþÒo cutÔnea de vitamina D é modulada pela estaþÒo, latitude, período do dia, pigmentaþÒo da pele, idade e uso de filtro solar. Sua forma ativa 1,25(OH)2D exerce diversas funþ§es no organismo, como na saúde óssea, homeostasia, metabolismo celular, regulaþÒo do sistema imune, cardiovascular e esquelético. Atualmente, sua deficiÛncia é vista como um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo.(AU)

La vitamina D es una sustancia liposoluble, que tiene dos formas: ergocalciferol (vitamina D2) o colecalciferol (vitamina D3), que se encuentran en algunas plantas y peces, o son sintetizadas en la piel a través de la luz del sol respectivamente. La deficiencia de esta vitamina puede ayudar en la aparición y agravamiento de muchas enfermedades. La deficiencia de vitamina D es común en personas de edad avanzada, sin embargo, puede estar presente en cualquier edad y se asocia con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las enfermedades autoinmunes, el cáncer y las enfermedades metabólicas. La producción de vitamina D en la piel es modulada por la estación, la latitud, la hora del día, pigmentación de la piel, la edad y el uso de protectores solares. Su forma activa 1,25(OH)2D ejerce diversas funciones en el cuerpo, tales como la salud ósea, la homeostasis, el metabolismo celular, la regulación del sistema inmunológico, cardiovascular y sistema esquelético. En la actualidad, la falta se considera como un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo.(AU)

Vitamin D is a liposoluble substance, which has two forms: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), found in some plants and fish, or synthesized in the skin through sunlight, respectively. Deficiency of this vitamin may help to the onset and worsening of many diseases. Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in the elderly, but can be present at any age, and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer and metabolic diseases. The skin vitamin D production is modulated by the season, latitude, time of day, skin pigmentation, age and use of sunscreen. Its active form 1,25(OH)2D exerts several functions in the body such as bone health, homeostasis, cell metabolism, immune system regulation, cardiovascular and skeletal systems. Currently, its lack is seen as a public health problem worldwide.(AU)