Evaluating employability in contexts of change: validation of a scale.

Introduction: Employability is a crucial factor in managing to emerge and changing job demands. This study validates an expanded version of the Employability Appraisal Scale: EAS-60, as an instrument to identify and improve competencies for employability. Method: The EAS-60 was tested in a cross-sectional study in a Spanish population. An exploratory study was carried out using a sample of 188 workers, and the scale's structure was analyzed and confirmed in two Confirmatory Factor Analyses using a sample of 527 workers. Finally, reliability and validity were evaluated. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory analyses provide evidence supporting the multi-dimensional structure. The scale presents good psychometric properties and criteria for interpreting the scores. Discussion: The EAS-60 is a reliable and valid instrument. It allows Human Resource Managers to offer career plans at work that include specific actions of job socialization, training, improvement of specific skills, etc. Furthermore, employees can increase their employability and develop their professional careers.

Development and validation of the Work Envy Appraisal Scale (WEAS) for Spanish workers.

Envy is an important emotion that affects workers' behavior and performance. Instruments to measure envy are available, but new scales are needed for the analysis of work envy that include appraisals of challenge (benign envy) and threat (malicious envy). Based on Lazarus and Folkman's theory, the objective of this study is to develop and validate the Work Envy Appraisal Scale (WEAS) for Spanish workers. It had been carried out in two studies; in the first study, the scale was constructed and its dimensions were analyzed with a sample of 100 Spanish workers (sample 1). In the second study, the scale was validated and its psychometric properties were analyzed (sample 2, N = 219; sample 3, N = 532). The results of exploratory, confirmatory, and multigroup factor analysis showed good indices of fit for the two-factor structure. Moreover, the results showed adequate convergent and discriminant validity. Furthermore, our findings indicated that the scale is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring envy at work. This way of measuring envy at work (discerning its challenge and threat appraisal) makes it possible to find answers to some recurrent research questions (e.g. social desirability issues, the confusion of envy with other topics, etc.) and can facilitate reliable research on envy at work.

Educational Needs in Oncology Nursing: A Scoping Review.

Care in oncology requires both technical and psychosocial skills by nursing staff, so continuous learning is necessary. Evidence suggests there are some educational gaps in oncology nursing staff, and continuing educational interventions have been effective in overcoming these deficiencies. Aim: to determine the basic educational lines that a continuous training program should have for oncology nurses. A bibliographic review study was carried out in two phases from October 2020 to January 2021. In a first phase, the main databases were analyzed: PubMed, Web of Science, Dialnet and Medline, following the PRISMA methodology; and subsequently, an analysis of the most important thematic nuclei that a training program in cancer nursing should contain. The DAFO matrix and the Hanlon prioritization method were used. Four competencies that every oncology nurse should have were described: communication, coping, self-direction of learning and technical health. The thematic contents that a training program should contain were then determined, and aspects such as stress prevention and burnout, adequate communication with patient and family, and continuous educational and technical skills were considered. The results found suggest that there are deficiencies in the education of nursing staff. Continuing education programs are effective in supplementing them. They should develop the four skills described in the results section.

"Developing Capabilities". Inclusive Extracurricular Enrichment Programs to Improve the Well-Being of Gifted Adolescents.

The educational inclusion of gifted students requires not only equity but also emotional accessibility and social participation. However, different studies indicate that gifted students constitute a vulnerable group (for example, the incidence of bullying is higher). Psychosocial variables are determinants for the development and expression of giftedness, particularly during adolescence. This study analyzes the impact of an inclusive extracurricular enrichment program for gifted secondary school students on the well-being of adolescents. The program was based on the enrichment model of Renzulli and Reis (2016). The objective was to develop a cluster to facilitate high-achieving learning in collaboration with teachers, administrators, and guidance counselors from their schools as well as university professors and students that would address their emotions and socialization across the board and benefit or involve their peers in their regular classrooms. The intervention took place over two years: eight sessions, one afternoon per week, for five months during each school year. The sample consisted of 47 students from the first and second years of compulsory secondary education (Educación Secundaria Obligatoria - ESO) (age, mean (M) = 12.57, standard deviation (SD) = 0.82) during the first year and 27 students from the first, second, and third years of ESO (age, M = 13.48, SD = 0.94) during the second year; 61.4% were girls. Participants completed a questionnaire before (T1) and (T3) and after (T2) and (T4) each intervention. The results show better outcomes for psychological and subjective well-being, more positive moods, and a significant reduction in school fears. The results from this study indicate the importance of educational screening and support for gifted students to promote their well-being through collaborative enrichment activities.

Emotional Intelligence Profiles and Self-Esteem/Self-Concept: An Analysis of Relationships in Gifted Students.

The psychological well-being of students affects their academic achievement, social relationships and school coexistence and is something that families worry about. This aspect becomes vital when students have atypical development and/or specific needs. Studies on the impact of giftedness on students' self-concept and self-esteem offer mixed results. Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a key factor for their well-being that must be developed by educational institutions. This study analyzes the relationships between emotional intelligence profiles and both self-concept and self-esteem of identified gifted students between 8 and 18 years of age who study in regular Spanish schools and non-identified peers. A total of 118 identified gifted and 122 non-identified subjects participated in the study. The Self-Concept Scale Form 5 (AF5), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24 (TMMS-24) were administered. Clusters of students were identified on the basis of their scores in the three dimensions of EI. Subsequently, the differences in self-esteem and self-concept according to the student's emotional intelligence profile were analyzed. The results showed a taxonomy of three-cluster profiles in both groups and the existence of differences between profiles of EI in the self-esteem and self-concept dimensions in gifted students, not so in the non-identified group. The results have important implications for education and health professionals, both for the evaluation and for the introduction of adjusted intervention programs in case of vulnerability.

Well-Being without Employment? Promoting the Employability of Refugees.

There are more than 25 million refugees in the world. Many of them try to reach the Mediterranean in order to enter Europe. Spain is one of the countries that receive refugees and have to integrate them. Many refugees have experienced persecution in their countries, as well as forced migration, rape, diseases, etc. Their integration requires support and coordination from the government, health services, and social agents. The first step in achieving this integration is getting a job, which is currently an important issue. Thus, we aim to analyze the employability of a specific group of refugees in Spain and then develop and implement an intervention program to improve their employability. Our framework is based on the Bioecological Model of Employability. The results obtained show that the program is effective in improving employability, and they highlight the importance of labor inclusion for refugees' well-being. Moreover, the findings reveal the need to create labor market policies and further evaluations, diagnostics, and intervention programs that improve employability and other types of personal-community growth. It is necessary to focus on refugees' needs and develop appropriate services.

La alimentación como fuente de conflicto entre paciente y familia en cuidados paliativos / Feeding as a source of conflict between patient and family in palliative care

Introducción: los conflictos forman parte de las relaciones humanas. Pocos estudios han contemplado los conflictos que la alimentación puede producir en la fase final de la vida, los factores que inciden en su aparición y la forma de gestionarlos. Su conocimiento ayudaría al equipo asistencial a mejorar el cuidado de estos pacientes y sus familias. Objetivo: analizar la existencia del conflicto intrafamiliar vinculado con la alimentación en la enfermedad oncológica en cuidados paliativos, la gestión del mismo y la influencia en su aparición de los cambios en la alimentación, el control sobre la misma, la necesidad de comer, el acompañamiento, la adaptación a la enfermedad y la vinculación de la alimentación con la supervivencia, la calidad de vida y el cuidado. Métodos: el diseño del estudio fue transversal. Se recogieron datos de 57 parejas formadas por un paciente oncológico en cuidados paliativos y su cuidador principal por medio de una entrevista ad hoc validada y de la escala Perceived Adjustement to Chronic Illness Scale (PACIS). Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de contenidos y análisis descriptivos e inferenciales. Resultados: pacientes y cuidadores reconocieron la existencia de un conflicto relacionado con la alimentación del paciente (49,1% y 54,4%), gestionándolo cerca del 30% de forma inadecuada. Ninguna de las variables analizadas resultó estadísticamente significativa en relación a la aparición del conflicto (considerando p < 0,05), excepto la necesidad de comer del paciente (?² = 9,163; p = 0,027). Conclusiones: el conflicto intrafamiliar debido a la alimentación se presenta como un problema que requiere reflexión, análisis e intervención por parte del equipo asistencial, dado que no se han podido establecer todos los factores que inciden en su aparición

Introduction: conflicts are part of human relationships. Few studies have looked at the conflicts that food can produce at the end of life, the factors that affect its appearance, and the way to manage them. This knowledge would help healthcare teams to improve the care of these patients and their families. Aim: to analyze the existence of a family conflict linked to food in palliative-care oncological patients, its management, and the influence on their appearance of changes in diet, diet control, need to eat, support, adaptation to disease, and the association of feeding with survival, quality of life, and care. Methods: the design of the study was cross-sectional. Data from 57 palliative-care oncological patient-family caregiver pairs were collected through a validated ad hoc interview and the PACIS scale. The data was analyzed through content analyses and descriptive and inferential analyses. Results: patients and caregivers recognized the existence of conflict related to the patient's diet (49.1 % and 54.4 %), with approximately 30 % managing it in an inappropriate way. None of the analyzed variables was statistically significant in relation to conflict appearance (considering p < 0.05), except patient need to eat (?² = 9.163, p = 0,027). Conclusions: family conflict due to patient feeding is reported as a problem that requires reflection, analysis, and intervention by the healthcare team, given that all factors involved in its appearance could not be established

[Feeding as a source of conflict between patient and family in palliative care]. / La alimentación como fuente de conflicto entre paciente y familia en cuidados paliativos.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: conflicts are part of human relationships. Few studies have looked at the conflicts that food can produce at the end of life, the factors that affect its appearance, and the way to manage them. This knowledge would help healthcare teams to improve the care of these patients and their families. Aim: to analyze the existence of a family conflict linked to food in palliative-care oncological patients, its management, and the influence on their appearance of changes in diet, diet control, need to eat, support, adaptation to disease, and the association of feeding with survival, quality of life, and care. Methods: the design of the study was cross-sectional. Data from 57 palliative-care oncological patient-family caregiver pairs were collected through a validated ad hoc interview and the PACIS scale. The data was analyzed through content analyses and descriptive and inferential analyses. Results: patients and caregivers recognized the existence of conflict related to the patient's diet (49.1% and 54.4%), with approximately 30% managing it in an inappropriate way. None of the analyzed variables was statistically significant in relation to conflict appearance (considering p < 0.05), except patient need to eat (χ² = 9.163, p = 0,027). Conclusions: family conflict due to patient feeding is reported as a problem that requires reflection, analysis, and intervention by the healthcare team, given that all factors involved in its appearance could not be established.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: los conflictos forman parte de las relaciones humanas. Pocos estudios han contemplado los conflictos que la alimentación puede producir en la fase final de la vida, los factores que inciden en su aparición y la forma de gestionarlos. Su conocimiento ayudaría al equipo asistencial a mejorar el cuidado de estos pacientes y sus familias. Objetivo: analizar la existencia del conflicto intrafamiliar vinculado con la alimentación en la enfermedad oncológica en cuidados paliativos, la gestión del mismo y la influencia en su aparición de los cambios en la alimentación, el control sobre la misma, la necesidad de comer, el acompañamiento, la adaptación a la enfermedad y la vinculación de la alimentación con la supervivencia, la calidad de vida y el cuidado. Métodos: el diseño del estudio fue transversal. Se recogieron datos de 57 parejas formadas por un paciente oncológico en cuidados paliativos y su cuidador principal por medio de una entrevista ad hoc validada y de la escala Perceived Adjustement to Chronic Illness Scale (PACIS). Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de contenidos y análisis descriptivos e inferenciales. Resultados: pacientes y cuidadores reconocieron la existencia de un conflicto relacionado con la alimentación del paciente (49,1% y 54,4%), gestionándolo cerca del 30% de forma inadecuada. Ninguna de las variables analizadas resultó estadísticamente significativa en relación a la aparición del conflicto (considerando p < 0,05), excepto la necesidad de comer del paciente (χ² = 9,163; p = 0,027). Conclusiones: el conflicto intrafamiliar debido a la alimentación se presenta como un problema que requiere reflexión, análisis e intervención por parte del equipo asistencial, dado que no se han podido establecer todos los factores que inciden en su aparición.

Culture, Work, and Subjective Well-Being: The Role of LMX and Resilience in Spanish and Chinese Cultures.

Globalization and interdependencies among nations require a better understanding of the influence of culture on organizational processes. In order to succeed in global business, leaders have to respond to practices that may be different in diverse cultures. This study was conducted within the framework of the leader member exchange approach and from a positive perspective of organizations linking successful businesses and workers' well-being. The aim of this study was to examine whether the quality of the relationship with the leader predicts engagement and life satisfaction, and whether resilience moderates this relationship in two different cultural contexts (Spanish and Chinese). The sample was composed of 277 workers (127 Chinese workers corresponding to a vertical-collectivistic culture and 150 Spanish workers representing a horizontal-individualistic culture). To test the hypotheses, a structural equations model (SEM) was conducted using the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation method. Results revealed that leader-member exchange (LMX) positively predicts engagement and life satisfaction and that the moderator role of resilience varies across cultures. Resilience moderated the relationship between LMX and engagement and life satisfaction only in the Spanish sample. In the Chinese sample, resilience only moderated the relation between LMX and life satisfaction. Finally, our study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between leaders and subordinates operating in a global context.

Subjective Emotional Well-Being, Emotional Intelligence, and Mood of Gifted vs. Unidentified Students: A Relationship Model.

Subjective well-being (SWB) is a basic component of the health of children and adolescents. Studies of SWB in gifted students are scarce and show contradictory results. Some researchers consider these groups to be vulnerable, and according to some reports they are more often involved in situations of harassment as victims and/or harassers. Emotional intelligence (EI) is related to SWB and can be a protective factor in these situations. However, the underlying mechanism remains relatively unexplored, especially in the affective dimension of SWB. The present study develops and tests a model for the mediating role of mood in the relationship between EI and SWB. The participants were 273 Spanish students aged 8 to 18 years, distributed into two samples: sample 1, gifted students, and sample 2, unidentified students. The results showed that (1) gifted students exhibited lower scores in EI (specifically, in clarity) and SWB (specifically, in positive experiences) and higher scores on the sadness dimension of mood states and that (2) EI was positively related to SWB, and mood was a significant mediator in the relationship between EI and SWB. The mediating role of the positive mood is given in both groups; however, the negative mood only mediates this relationship in gifted students. The results are discussed, theoretical and practical contributions to the literature are proposed, and implications for parents and teachers are suggested.

Dificultades de reclutamiento en investigación en cuidados paliativos / Sampling difficulties in palliative care research

OBJETIVO: Analizar la mortandad de la muestra en investigaciones con pacientes paliativos oncológicos en domicilio. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo y transversal. Se planteó un estudio multicéntrico con muestreo intencional entre enero 2011 y junio 2012. CRITERIOS DE INCLUSIÓN: Pacientes oncológicos subsidiarios de cuidados paliativos, ECOG 2-3, mayores de 18 años, con cuidador familiar en domicilio y consentimiento informado. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, mortandad de la muestra y otros factores relacionados con las dificultades en el reclutamiento, la participación y los tiempos de dilación entre las etapas de la investigación. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos e inferenciales. RESULTADOS: Ciento treinta y cuatro pacientes cumplían criterios de inclusión, con una edad media de 69,97 años. El 50% eran hombres, estando casados el 58,2% y viudos el 29,9%. Tan solo 57 pacientes concluyeron el estudio. El 53% de los pacientes no fueron incluidos en el estudio, un 4,5% de las entrevistas no se concluyeron, por lo que la mortandad de la muestra fue del 57,5%. Declinaron participar el 35,2% de los pacientes (57,7% hombres) y el 42,3% de los cuidadores (80,3% mujeres). El equipo excluyó al 22,5%de los pacientes por causas clínicas. Las causas de la no participación fueron: sin especificar el 29,6%; reagudización de los síntomas el 25,4%; deterioro del estado general el 23,9%; exitus el 8,5%; no problemas alimenticios el 5,6%; falta de tiempo el 4,2%; no firmar el consentimiento el 1,4%; y no implicar a la cuidadora el 1,4%. Todas las entrevistas no concluidas fueron causadas por reagudización sintomática. El tiempo transcurrido entre el reclutamiento y el sondeo sobre la participación no fue estadísticamente significativo entre los participantes y los no participantes. Tampoco lo fue entre las entrevistas concluidas y las no concluidas. CONCLUSIONES: El diseño de cualquier investigación en paliativos debería tener en cuenta la alta mortandad de la muestra en este tipo de investigaciones, no habiéndose encontrado factores fácilmente modificables por el investigador que puedan disminuirla

AIMS: To analyze the sample attrition in research with cancer patients at home. METHODS: Descriptive and transversal study. Multicentre study with purposive sampling. Inclusion criteria: palliative oncological, ECOG 2-3, older than 18 years, with family caregiver at home, informed consent. Variables: sociodemographic, sample attrition and other factors related to recruiting difficulties, participation and time delay between stages of research. Descriptive and inferential analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty four patients met the inclusion criteria, 69.97 years old on average.50% men, 58.2% were married and 29.9% widowed. Only 57 patients completed the study. Fifty-three percent of patients were not included in the study. The sample attrition was 57.5%, 4.5% surveys were not completed.35.2% patients declined to participate (57.7% men) and 42.3% caregivers (80.3% women). The team excluded 22.5% patients for clinical reasons. The causes of nonparticipation were: 29.6% unspecified, 25.4% symptomatic exacerbation, 23.9% patient worsening, 8.5% died, 5.6% had no food problems, 4.2% lack of time, 1.4% did not sign consent and 1.4% patients did not want to involve their caregiver. All of the uncompleted surveys were due to symptomatic exacerbation. The time between recruitment and surveying on participation was not statistically significant between participants and nonparticipants, or between the completed and uncompleted surveys. CONCLUSIONS: The design of any investigation in palliative care should consider the high sample attrition in this type of research, factors that could be easily modifiable by the researcher to reduce it were not found

Employability Appraisal Scale (EAS): Development and Validation in a Spanish Sample.

Employability is an important issue in the labor context. Currently, the European Union presents employability as the path to full employment and active citizenship, and a strategy to reduce unemployment and poverty. This study develops and validates an Employability Appraisal Scale. Specifically, we propose a multidimensional employability scale that analyzes both individual indicators and personal circumstances from the Bioecological Model of Employability. The Employability Appraisal Scale (EAS) assesses personal and social dimensions of employability. It was developed and tested using data from 489 people from a very heterogeneous sample (precarious workers, professionals, prisoners, long-term unemployed, socially excluded, etc.). Results provide evidence for the multi-dimensional structure and validity of the EAS. This scale is a valid and reliable instrument to measure employability, and it provides criteria for interpreting scores. Finally, we present theoretical and practical implications of the EAS for social and labor integration, job transition, and career development. Our findings have positive implications for identifying effectiveness indicators in training programs, and they contribute to designing intervention policies to increase employability.

Envy and Counterproductive Work Behavior: The Moderation Role of Leadership in Public and Private Organizations.

Envy is a frequent emotion in work contexts where there is strong competition for resources and the leader is the person who manages them. When employees feel envy, they are likely to use counterproductive work behaviors (CWB), but the use of these behaviors may differ depending on the organization’s ownership. The goal of this study is to develop and test a model for the moderating role of Leader Member Exchange (LMX) in the relationship between envy and CWB in public and private organizations. The study design was cross-sectional. Data were collected from 225 Spanish employees in public and private organizations and analyzed using Path Analysis techniques. Results showed that envy was positively related to CWB, and that LMX was a significant moderator in the relationship between envy and CWB in public organizations, but not in private ones. However, this relationship is positive with high LMX, but less than in subjects with low LMX. Findings provide empirical support for the hypothesized conceptual model. This study is one of the first to explore LMX as a moderator of the relationship between envy and CWB. Thus, this study adds value to previous social exchange studies on LMX by integrating emotion research into the context of an exchange-based relationship. Our findings lead to several practical implications for creating healthy organizations.

Women's Job Search Competence: A Question of Motivation, Behavior, or Gender.

We examined motivation and behaviors in women's active job search in Spain and the gender gap in this process. The current crisis in Spain and the increase in the number of unemployed people have revealed new inequalities that particularly affect women's employability, especially the most vulnerable women. This paper addresses two exploratory studies: the first study analyzes gender differences in the active job search using a sample of 236 Spanish participants; the second study explores the heterogeneity and diversity of unemployed women in a sample of 235 Spanish women. To analyze the active job search, the respondents were invited to write open-ended responses to questions about their job search behaviors and complete some questionnaires about their motivation for their active job search. The content analysis and quantitative results showed no significant differences in motivational attributes, but there were significant gender differences in the job search behavior (e.g., geographical mobility). Moreover, the results showed heterogeneity in unemployed women by educational level and family responsibilities. The asynchronies observed in a neoliberal context reveal the reproduction of social roles, social-labor vulnerability, and a gender gap. Thus, women's behavior is an interface between employment and family work, but not their motivations or aspirations. Our results can have positive implications for labor gender equality by identifying indicators of effectiveness in training programs for women's job search, and it can contribute to designing intervention empowerment policies for women.

Development and validation of the work conflicto appraisal scalet (WCAS) / Desarrollo y validación de la Escala de Valoración del Conflicto (WCAS)

BACKGROUND: In the context of cognitive appraisal, the Work Conflict Appraisal Scale (WCAS) was developed to assess work conflict in terms of threat and challenge. METHOD: In the first study, the factorial structure of the scale was tested using confirmatory factor analysis with a Spanish multi-occupational employee sample (N= 296). In the second study, we used multi-sampling confirmatory factor analysis (N= 815) to cross-validate the results. RESULTS: The analyses confirm the validity of the scale and are con-sistent with the tri-dimensional conflict classification. The findings support the distinction between the challenge and threat appraisals of work conflict, highlighting the importance of measuring these two types of appraisal separately. CONCLUSIONS: This scale is a valid and reliable instrument to measure conflict appraisal in organizations

ANTECEDENTES: en el contexto de la valoración cognitiva se ha desarrollado la escala de Evaluación del Conflicto en el Trabajo (WCAS) que permite evaluar el conflicto en términos de desafío y amenaza. MÉTODO: el Estudio 1 contó con 296 trabajadores con los que se puso a prueba la estructura factorial de la escala usando análisis factorial confirmatorio. En el Estudio 2, con 815 trabajadores, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio multi-muestra, para la validación cruzada de los resultados. RESULTADOS: los análisis confirman la validez de la escala y son consistentes con la clasificación tridimensional del conflicto, apoyando la distinción entre evaluación del conflicto como desafío y como amenaza. Se subraya la importancia de medir estos dos tipos de valoración separadamente CONCLUSIONES: esta escala es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir la percepción de conflicto en las organizaciones

Development and validation of the Work Conflict Appraisal Scale (WCAS).

BACKGROUND: In the context of cognitive appraisal, the Work Conflict Appraisal Scale (WCAS) was developed to assess work conflict in terms of threat and challenge. METHOD: In the first study, the factorial structure of the scale was tested using confirmatory factor analysis with a Spanish multi-occupational employee sample (N= 296). In the sec-ond study, we used multi-sampling confirmatory factor analysis (N= 815) to cross-validate the results. RESULTS: The analyses confirm the validity of the scale and are con-sistent with the tri-dimensional conflict classification. The findings support the distinc-tion between the challenge and threat appraisals of work conflict, highlighting the im-portance of measuring these two types of appraisal separately. CONCLUSIONS: This scale is a valid and reliable instrument to measure conflict appraisal in organizations.

El enfermo de cáncer: una aproximación a su representación social / The cancer patient: an approach to social representation / O paciente de câncer: uma aproximação a suas representações sociais

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo el análisis de la representación social del cáncer y de los enfermos oncológicos en la población española. Para ello se entrevistaron a 200 sujetos elegidos mediante muestreo al azar. El método utilizado fue la realización de entrevistas estructuradas que contenían asociaciones libres de palabras ante términos estimulo y preguntas semicerradas. Las respuestas obtenidas son analizadas a partir de análisis descriptivos y análisis de contenido. Los resultados nos indican que existe una representación social del cáncer y del enfermo oncológico y que parte de ella sufre variaciones en función de la pertenencia a determinadas categorías o grupos sociales. Estos resultados son relevantes en el contexto sanitario ya que dicho conocimiento permite a los sanitarios analizar su comunicación con el paciente y poder llevar a cabo un trato diferenciado del enfermo de cáncer, no por su pertenencia social a un grupo de enfermos determinado sino por sus peculiaridades personales lo que incrementa la efectividad de la acción profesional.

The objective of this research is to analyze the social representation of cancer and cancer patients in Spanish society. In order to do this we interviewed 200 subjects chosen by random opinion-based. The method used was structured interviews containing free associations of words to terms stimulus and semi-closed questions. Responses were analyzed with descriptive analysis and content analysis. The results indicate that there is a social representation of cancer and cancer patients. The peripheral core of these social representations suffers variations depending if the subject belongs to different social groups or categories. These results are important for Health because such knowledge allows professionals to analyze their communication with the patient and perform a different treatment in relation to cancer patient, not by his social belonging to a particular group of patients, but by their personal characteristics, thus increasing the effectiveness of professional action.

Esta pesquisa visa analisar as representações sociais do câncer e de pacientes de câncer na população espanhola. Para isso, foram entrevistados 200 sujeitos selecionados por amostragem aleatória. O método utilizado foi de entrevistas estruturadas contendo associações livres de palavras frente a termos de estímulo e questões semi-fechadas. As respostas obtidas foram analisadas com base em análise descritiva e análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicam que existe uma representação social do câncer e de pacientes com câncer e que parte dela sofre alterações dependendo do pertencimento a certas categorias ou grupos sociais. Estes resultados são relevantes no contexto da saúde porque tal conhecimento permite aos profissionais analisar sua comunicação com o paciente e realizar um tratamento diferenciado do paciente com câncer, não por seu pertencimento social a um determinado grupo de pacientes, mas por suas características pessoais, aumentando assim a eficácia da ação profissional.

El enfermo de cáncer: una aproximación a su representación social / The cancer patient: an approach to social representation / O paciente de câncer: uma aproximação a suas representações sociais

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo el análisis de la representación social del cáncer y de los enfermos oncológicos en la población española. Para ello se entrevistaron a 200 sujetos elegidos mediante muestreo al azar. El método utilizado fue la realización de entrevistas estructuradas que contenían asociaciones libres de palabras ante términos estimulo y preguntas semicerradas. Las respuestas obtenidas son analizadas a partir de análisis descriptivos y análisis de contenido. Los resultados nos indican que existe una representación social del cáncer y del enfermo oncológico y que parte de ella sufre variaciones en función de la pertenencia a determinadas categorías o grupos sociales. Estos resultados son relevantes en el contexto sanitario ya que dicho conocimiento permite a los sanitarios analizar su comunicación con el paciente y poder llevar a cabo un trato diferenciado del enfermo de cáncer, no por su pertenencia social a un grupo de enfermos determinado sino por sus peculiaridades personales lo que incrementa la efectividad de la acción profesional.(AU)

The objective of this research is to analyze the social representation of cancer and cancer patients in Spanish society. In order to do this we interviewed 200 subjects chosen by random opinion-based. The method used was structured interviews containing free associations of words to terms stimulus and semi-closed questions. Responses were analyzed with descriptive analysis and content analysis. The results indicate that there is a social representation of cancer and cancer patients. The peripheral core of these social representations suffers variations depending if the subject belongs to different social groups or categories. These results are important for Health because such knowledge allows professionals to analyze their communication with the patient and perform a different treatment in relation to cancer patient, not by his social belonging to a particular group of patients, but by their personal characteristics, thus increasing the effectiveness of professional action.(AU)

Esta pesquisa visa analisar as representações sociais do câncer e de pacientes de câncer na população espanhola. Para isso, foram entrevistados 200 sujeitos selecionados por amostragem aleatória. O método utilizado foi de entrevistas estruturadas contendo associações livres de palavras frente a termos de estímulo e questões semi-fechadas. As respostas obtidas foram analisadas com base em análise descritiva e análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicam que existe uma representação social do câncer e de pacientes com câncer e que parte dela sofre alterações dependendo do pertencimento a certas categorias ou grupos sociais. Estes resultados são relevantes no contexto da saúde porque tal conhecimento permite aos profissionais analisar sua comunicação com o paciente e realizar um tratamento diferenciado do paciente com câncer, não por seu pertencimento social a um determinado grupo de pacientes, mas por suas características pessoais, aumentando assim a eficácia da ação profissional.(AU)

La autoestima y las prioridades personales de valor. Un análisis de sus interrelaciones en la adolescencia / Self-esteem and personal value priorities. An analysis of their relationship in adolescence

Este estudio hace un análisis de las relaciones existentes entre algunas dimensiones del autoconcepto y las prioridades de valor. Se utilizaron dos escalas, el cuestionario de autoconcepto (AUT30) y el Cuestionario de Valores de Schwartz. Los resultados indican que no existe un perfil de valores distintivo y coherente que se asocie con mayor probabilidad a una autoestima global elevada. En cambio, cuando se analizan separadamente las diversas dimensiones de la autoestima -en este caso académica y física-, éstas sí se relacionan significativa y coherentemente con ciertas prioridades de valor. Los adolescentes con alta autoestima académica tienden a priorizar en mayor medida valores prosociales, de conformidad y de autodirección. Los adolescentes con alta autoestima física tienden a priorizar valores de autobeneficio y de seguridad. Se comentan las implicaciones de estos resultados y se sugieren líneas futuras de investigación. (AU)