ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Epidemiological studies suggest whole grain consumption is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), possibly through alterations in glucose metabolism and subsequent effects on plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, a novel biomarker for CVD. Our aim was to investigate the effect of 6 wk of whole grain wheat sourdough bread consumption versus refined white bread on PAI-1. METHODS AND RESULTS: Normoglycemic/normoinsulinemic (NGI; n = 14; age 53 ± 6 y; BMI 26.5 ± 2.9 kg/m(2)) and hyperglycemic/hyperinsulinemic (HGI; n = 14; age 57 ± 7 y; BMI 35.7 ± 5.7 kg/m(2)) adults incorporated whole grain wheat sourdough (162.5 g) or white (168.8 g) bread into their diet, for 6 wk in a randomized crossover study. Pre- and post-intervention, fasting blood samples were analyzed for PAI-1 (primary outcome), as well as glucose, insulin and glucagon (secondary outcomes) at fasting and postprandially after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Anthropometric measures, fasting glucose, insulin, glucagon and PAI-1 antigen and activity were not different between treatments in either NGI or HGI adults. Glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was lower (19%, P = 0.02) after 6 wk consumption of whole grain wheat sourdough bread compared to white bread in the HGI group, with no differences in insulin or glucagon iAUC in either group. CONCLUSION: Our data showed decreased glucose iAUC after an OGTT following 6 wk whole grain wheat bread consumption in adults with differing glycemic/insulinemic status, but no improvements in PAI-1 or fasting glycemic parameters.
Subject(s)
Bread , Carbohydrate Metabolism , Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage , Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/metabolism , Triticum/chemistry , Adult , Aged , Blood Glucose/analysis , Cardiovascular Diseases/diet therapy , Cross-Over Studies , Diet , Fasting , Female , Glucagon/blood , Glucose Tolerance Test , Humans , Insulin/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/genetics , Postprandial Period , Risk Factors , Tissue Plasminogen Activator/antagonists & inhibitors , Tissue Plasminogen Activator/metabolismABSTRACT
Microhemorrhagic maculopathy is a condition characterized by the spontaneous appearance of a small, unilateral macular hemorrhage in apparently healthy individuals. In most cases, no cause if found; however, transient stress to the vascular system via a Valsalva maneuver is sometimes associated with its occurrence. This is referred to as Valsalva hemorrhagic retinopathy. In addition to Valsalva stress, other factors such as hematologic disorders, adverse effects of systemic medications, or genetic influences may play a role. In this paper, a case of Valsalva hemorrhagic retinopathy associated with aerobic exercise is presented; its mechanism is discussed; and other factors which may contribute to the formation of microhemorrhagic maculopathy are reviewed.
Subject(s)
Retinal Hemorrhage/etiology , Valsalva Maneuver/adverse effects , Adult , Athletic Injuries/complications , Female , Humans , Macula Lutea/pathologyABSTRACT
Recommendations for the design of binocular indirect ophthalmoscopes are made based on a comparative analysis of the optics of various indirects currently available. Significant differences were found to exist in the areas of brightness, stereopsis, small pupil capability, and PD ranges among the brands under study.