Bioactive Compounds from BRS Violet Grape Pomace: An Approach of Extraction and Microencapsulation, Stability Protection and Food Application.

Microencapsulating phenolic compounds and anthocyanins from grape pomace, a by-product of the food industry, is attractive because of the many beneficial health effects associated with these compounds. At first, we evaluated the cultivar BRS Violeta using microencapsulation, indicating the degree of innovation in the present research. This study aims to microencapsulate grape pomace extract in a combination of maltodextrin and xanthan gum via lyophilization, and determine the protective effect of this microcapsule on the phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. Thus, the microcapsule stability was determined over 120 days, under different temperature conditions (4 and 25 °C) and in the presence or absence of light. Additionally, a gelatin application test was performed to investigate the effect of the microcapsule on color stability. When comparing the extract versus microcapsules, the microcapsule results were better both for total anthocyanins (1.69 to 1.54-fold) and total phenolic compounds (3.06 to 1.74-fold), indicating a longer half-life after encapsulation. The microcapsule application in gelatin demonstrated that the encapsulating matrix retained the color for 30 days. Thus, the encapsulation method can be recommended to preserve the bioactive compounds and the coloration in food products such as gelatin.

Microencapsulated antioxidant stevia fraction fortifies whey protein and enhances its antidiabetic activity.

Whey protein was fortified with a microencapsulated fraction of Stevia rebaudiana, in the proportion 1:4 (w/w), with maltodextrin from the elite variety of Stevia UEM-13, rich in antioxidant compounds, and evaluated its antioxidant and antidiabetic potential in vitro. The fraction in ethyl acetate, the microencapsulated fraction, the whey protein obtained by membrane and a commercial whey protein were characterized and were also investigated solubility, microencapsulation efficiency and stability and digestion in vitro. In addition, these products and two formulations of the icroencapsulated fraction with the obtained whey protein were tested for their potential to inhibit the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme (antidiabetic activity). The microencapsulated fraction (0.5%) and the supplement fortified with the 20% fraction microencapsulated showed inhibitory potential for the enzyme. As for the α-glucosidase enzyme, all products tested showed inhibition, with the formulation with 1.6% microencapsulated fraction added to whey protein being significantly higher. The microencapsulated fraction showed better solubility and stability, including in vitro digestion analysis, and showed antioxidant and antidiabetic capacity. A sensory evaluation was performed with panelists who regularly consume whey protein supplements and products with stevia and the supplement formulation with 1.6 g microencapsulated stevia per 100 g of whey protein have good sensory acceptance.

Freeze-dried human milk microcapsules using gum arabic and maltodextrin: An approach to improving solubility.

Human milk (HM) is essential for newborns' food, but its low storage stability is a limiting factor so that microencapsulation may stabilize and protect compounds sensitive to degradation. This study investigated the action of maltodextrin and gum arabic on freeze-dried HM concerning its quality and solubility. Microencapsulation was evidenced by morphology, and all samples presented high encapsulation efficiency (>85 %), proving to be an efficient process. Furthermore, specific signals in the Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra indicate the interactions between the coating materials and the HM matrix. Gum arabic improved the reconstitution properties of freeze-dried HM (higher solubility, 3 % on average, and lower dissolution time, around 80 %), elucidating its high stabilization capacity, even at low concentrations (5 and 10 %). Despite the best results reached by gum arabic, the addition of maltodextrin proved effective; in other words, its low stabilization capacity enables combinations with gum arabic. A lower polidispersibility (difference of 20 % between samples: control and containing gum arabic) was also observed, which means that the encapsulated samples were more homogeneous. Therefore, through the analysis performed, we recommend using gum arabic alone or with maltodextrin to obtain HM microcapsules with a good quality of reconstitution.

Thermal and non-thermal treatments in the processing of cagaita nectar - Eugenia dysenterica.

This work aimed to analyze cagaita nectar subjected to different thermal and non-thermal treatments regarding its quality over 30 days of storage (5°C). Ultra (U) and thermosonication (T) were the techniques used for 30 and 60 minutes of processing samples. These techniques proved to be effective to preserve physicochemical quality, regarding rheology and texture, since ultra and thermosonicated samples had their consistency increased when compared to the pasteurized sample over 30 days, a desirable factor for a fruit nectar. Samples treated more intensely with ultrasound and temperature (Pasteurized, U 25°C/60 min and T 60°C/ 30 min) showed higher soluble solids content. The sample U 25°C/60 min increased its brightness, reduced its firmness and also its consistency after 30 storage days. For all samples there was an increase in carotenoids content and a maintenance of viscosity and cohesiveness (texture) over 30 days, thus indicating that the used treatments can be feasible instead of pasteurization, maintaining the shelf life of cagaita nectar in the time evaluated.

Citric acid incorporated in a chitosan film as an active packaging material to improve the quality and duration of matured cheese shelf life.

Chitosan-based film incorporated with citric acid was prepared by the casting method for application in a Brazilian matured cheese. Three formulations of cheese were processed, with the intention of evaluating the application of a starter culture and the effect of the film in terms of its physiochemical, microbiological, and sensorial characteristics. It was observed by scanning electron microscopy (sem) analysis that the film has a homogeneous appearance, and the crosslinking between citric acid and chitosan was confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The cheese with chitosan-based film presented lower weight loss (5.2%) and showed antimicrobial activity against aerobic mesophilic bacteria. All samples showed high rates of sensorial acceptability (>79%), with no significant differences between them. It is apparent that the chitosan film maintained the typical cheese characteristics. Therefore, chitosan and citric acid film can be used to improve the characteristics of matured cheese and extend its shelf life.

Sodium alginate with turmeric coating for ripened cheeses.

Artisanal cheeses produced with high coliform counts are commonly on the market in several countries. The bioactive edible coating use appears as technological innovation in the dairy derivatives market to improve quality and increasing the products shelf life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of cheeses produced with Lactobacillus helveticus containing high coliform counts and coated with tumeric and sodium alginate. The coatings were evaluated for mechanical properties, water steam permeability and sorption isotherm. The experimental design was completely randomized and the treatments consisted of sodium alginate and turmeric 1% (AGAT) edible cover and the other one without edible cover (SEMC), data were analyzed by the Proc GLM SAS 9.3 program.The coated cheeses had higher microbial growth although the total coliform bacteria were reduced according to the storage time. For instrumental color, there was no significant difference between treatments. Coverage significantly altered hardness, gumminess, chewiness and cohesiveness over time, while elasticity was not affected. The coating presence was not significant for water steam permeability and mechanical properties. The tested solution did not effectively improve microbiological quality, however, coated cheese samples showed increased lactic acid bacteria, water activity and improved cheese texture, making them softer, with less elasticity, cohesion and chewing.

Camu-camu bioactive compounds extraction by ecofriendly sequential processes (ultrasound assisted extraction and reverse osmosis).

Technical feasibility of an ecofriendly sequential process (ultrasound assisted extraction and reverse osmosis, or UAE and RO) was evaluated in order to obtain a functional Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) product with high vitamin C content. Water was used in the assisted extraction by probe ultrasound (UAE) in an experimental design to evaluate different times, amplitudes and temperatures. The best region for total phenolic (TP) and vitamin C (VC) extraction was 5 min, 60 °C and 30% amplitude. Following extraction, the sample was concentrated by reverse osmosis (R25a, 500 Da, polyamide, and 5 bar area 3 ft2), obtaining a relatively low fouling of 19%. At the end of the sequential process (by HPLC-DAD/UV vis), was obtained a concentrated camu-camu (CC) with high Vitamin C (52.01 ± 0.889 mg/g) and cyanidin-3-glucoside, being respectively 7.0 and 4.5 times higher; also the concentration of phenolic compounds was increased by 3.2 times (25.798 mg GAE/g), and anthocyanins in 6.5 times (66.169 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside/100 g) as well as high antioxidant activity by all three methods evaluated (increased 3.0, 4.6 and 2.38 times for ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, respectively) by comparing the CC with the initial extract (CS). Twenty compounds were identified by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, highlighting quercetin, gallic acid, p- coumaric, ellagic acid and cyanidin-3-glucoside, and at the first time alnusiin was detected in camu-camu. Therefore, the combination of ultrasound assisted extraction and reverse osmosis can be a promising profitable alternative in order to apply bioactive compounds in food, nutraceuticals and cosmetic matrices, bringing their benefits to consumers.

How drying methods can influence the characteristics of mucilage obtained from chia seed and psyllium husk / Como os métodos de secagem podem influenciar as características da mucilagem obtida de sementes de chia e casca de psyllium

ABSTRACT: The influence of drying methods (oven drying at 50 °C, and freeze drying) on the centesimal composition, functional characteristics and rheological properties of mucilage obtained from chia seed and psyllium husk were investigated. Results showed that high temperature of oven drying reduced fiber content, solubility, emulsion activity and emulsion stability of mucilage. All samples showed pseudo plastic behavior, with the best result produced by Heschel-Bulkley and Power Law models of chia and psyllium mucilage, respectively. These results will be helpful in selecting suitable drying methods depending on the functional and rheological properties desired of the chia and psyllium mucilage in a food product.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência dos métodos de secagem (secagem em estufa a 50 °C e liofilização) sobre a composição centesimal, características funcionais e propriedades reológicas da mucilagem obtida a partir de sementes de chia e casca de psyllium. Os resultados mostraram que a alta temperatura de secagem em estufa reduziu o teor de fibras, a solubilidade, a atividade da emulsão e a estabilidade da emulsão das mucilagens. Todas as amostras apresentaram comportamento pseudoplástico, com o melhor ajuste produzido pelos modelos Heschel-Bulkley e Power Law das mucilagens de chia e psyllium, respectivamente. Estes resultados serão úteis na seleção do método de secagem adequado, dependendo das propriedades funcionais e reológicas desejadas das mucilagens de chia e psyllium.

Ultrasound assisted extraction of hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) bioactive compounds for application as potential functional ingredient.

The ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of total anthocyanins (TA) and total phenolic compounds (TP) from hibiscus calyces was evaluated with the intention of using the extract in future food products. The Box-Behnken Design was used for the extraction evaluating sonication time, solvent concentration and temperature. Final results suggest that 45 min, 65 °C and 25% ethanol can be considered the best region for UAE extraction. The relative area of the peaks identified by UPLC-MS/MS in the extract obtained by the UAE are superior in 2 or even 4 times those obtained by conventional extraction, for all the compounds, suggesting that the UAE method is more effective in the extraction of bioactive compounds. The extract obtained was used to make jelly and submitted to in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation. Loss of TP, TA and antioxidant activity in the jelly with addition of extract was lower when compared to extract loss itself, showing that it is feasible the hibiscus extract application in food products.

Effect of ph on the stability of red beet extract (Beta vulgaris l.) microcapsules produced by spray drying or freeze drying

Abstract Red beets is rich in phenolic acids and has high antioxidant capacity, and can be used to produce a natural dye. This study evaluated the effect of pH (3 to 6) on the stability of red beet extract microcapsules, dried by freeze drying and spray drying and stored at room temperature. The microcapsules were produced using a combination of maltodextrin and xanthan gum as encapsulating agents and stored for 7 days. For all evaluated microcapsules, a degradation of betanin was observed, however, that degradation was independent of pH, with the exception of the sample with maltodextrin and dried by spray drying. The freeze dried products showed lower degradation constants and higher half-life (t1/2) when comparing with the spray dried samples. The microcapsules containing maltodextrin and xanthan gum, dried by spray drying, showed the highest change in the content of phenolic compounds after storage for 7 days. The color parameters showed a reduction for a*, and increase in b* and L*, for all samples during the storage time. In general, the microcapsules produced using maltodextrin and xanthan gum, and dried by freeze dryer, showed higher stability in terms of betanin content, phenolic compounds and color parameters during storage at different pHs.

Determinação da qualidade físico-química e instrumental de maionese desenvolvida à base de óleo de coco / Determination of physicochemical and instrumental quality of coconut oil-based mayonnaise

A busca por alimentos industrializados com ingredientes mais saudáveis tem aumentado. O óleo de coco tem alto teor de ácidos graxos saturados e com isso pode ser utilizado em substituição a outros óleos vegetais. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou a elaboração de uma maionese com a utilização de óleo de coco. Foram elaboradas duas formulações diferentes, uma com apenas óleo de coco e outra com parte de azeite de oliva, em igual proporção, sendo as duas formulações temperadas com salsa, cebolinha e alho. Realizaram-se análises físico-químicas e instrumentais (cor e textura) a fim de verificar as características do produto final, os dados foram avaliados por Anova e Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Houve diferença significativa entre as amostras nas análises acidez, estabilidade das emulsões, textura e cor (a* e b*). Apenas o pH e a luminosidade (L) não diferiram entresi estatisticamente. Assim, pode-se concluir que os produtos obtidos apresentam qualidade físico-química e ainda que a utilização de óleo de coco para a elaboração de maioneses pode ser uma forma alternativa de ingestão deste tipo de ácido graxo e seus componentes propiciando benefícios à saúde.

The demand for healthy processed foods has increasing. The coconut oil has high content of saturated fatty acids and therefore, can be utilized to replacement for others vegetable oils. This present study aimed the formulation an oil coconut mayonnaise. Were produced two different elaborations, one with only coconut oil and other with coconut/olive oil in equal proportions, and the two formulations flavor with parsley, chive and garlic. Were analyzed the physical and chemical and instrumental (color and texture) in order to examine the characteristics of the final product, data were evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0,05). There was significant difference between the sample in acid analysis, stability of emulsions, texture and color (a* and b*). Just the pH and luminosity (L) did not differ statistically. Thus, it could be conclude that the final products presented physical and chemical quality and that the using coconut oil for the formulation an oil coconut mayonnaise could be alternative intake this fatty acid and their components providing health benefits.

Effect of Edible and Active Coating (with Rosemary and Oregano Essential Oils) on Beef Characteristics and Consumer Acceptability.

The effects of an alginate-based edible coating containing natural antioxidants (rosemary and oregano essential oils) on lipid oxidation, color preservation, water losses, texture and pH of beef steaks during 14 days of display were studied. The essential oil, edible coating and beef antioxidant activities, and beef consumer acceptability were also investigated. The edible coatings decreased lipid oxidation of the meat compared to the control. The coating with oregano was most effective (46.81% decrease in lipid oxidation) and also showed the highest antioxidant activity. The coatings significantly decreased color losses, water losses and shear force compared to the control. The coatings had a significant effect on consumer perception of odor, flavor and overall acceptance of the beef. In particular, the oregano coating showed significantly high values (approximately 7 in a 9-point scale). Active edible coatings containing natural antioxidants could improve meat product stability and therefore have potential use in the food industry.

Aplicação de checklist para avaliação da implantação das boas práticas em uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição / Checklist application for evaluation of the implementation of good practices in a unit of food and nutrition

As unidades de alimentação e nutrição (UAN) são responsáveis pelo fornecimento de refeições balanceadas e com condições higienicossanitárias satisfatórias. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as conformidades antes e após o processo de implantação do manual de boas práticas e dos procedimentos operacionais padronizados - POPs em uma UAN na cidade de Marialva ­ PR. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de janeiro a julho de 2014 em uma unidade de alimentação coletiva, que serve em torno de 150 refeições/ dia. Para avaliação utilizou-se o checklist, instrumento de verificação dos requisitos exigidos pela RDC n° 216/2004 da ANVISA. Primeiramente foi aplicado o checklist para serem detectadas as não conformidades do local, referentes às boas práticas. Em seguida, todas as inadequações encontradas foram colocadas em um plano de ação e fez-se o planejamento para adequá-las. O manual de boas práticas e os POPs foram descritos com base no modelo adotado pela empresa. O mesmo checklist foi reaplicado após elaboração do manual de boas práticas e POPs para se avaliar quantitativamente as adequações. Os manipuladores de alimentos receberam treinamentos sobre segurança dos alimentos, segurança do trabalho e meio ambiente. Na primeira aplicação do checklist a unidade foi classificada no grupo 2, como regular, com 54% de adequações dos itens exigidos pela legislação. Após a elaboração do manual de boas práticas e a capacitação dos colaboradores o mesmo checklist foi aplicado na unidade e essa passou a atender 86% dos itens exigidos pela legislação vigente, ou seja, ocorreu um aumento das adequações e, por consequência, a alteração da classificação para o grupo 1, considerado como bom. Assim após a implantação do manual de boas práticas juntamente com os POPs nesta unidade, observou-se que mudanças significativas ocorreram. Entretanto acredita-se que muitos itens podem melhorar, porém este é um processo gradativo, até que todas as normas e regras estabelecidas no manual tornem-se procedimentos de rotina.

Avaliação das características físico-químicas e sensoriais de doce de leite com lactose, de baixa lactose e sem lactose / Evaluation of physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of fresh milk with lactose

Existem vários produtos no mercado além do doce de leite tradicional, entretanto não há opções do doce de leite sem ou com reduzido teor de lactose. Observando que várias pessoas tem alergia ou intolerância à lactose e há uma certa escassez de produtos para atender tal público, este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar as características sensorias e físico-químicas dos doces de leite tradicionais, produzidos com leite integral (padrão), leite com baixo teor de lactose e leite sem lactose. Foram realizadas análises de composição centesimal, cor instrumental e análise sensorial. Os atributos analisados foram cor, sabor, textura, aparência global por meio de escala hedônica estruturada de 9 pontos e intenção de compra (escala de 3 pontos). Os dados foram avaliados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Não foi observada diferença significativa entre as amostras (p<0,05) para todos os atributos estudados. Na avaliação físico-quimica observou-se diferença significativa somente no teor de lipídios. Referente à cor, o doce padrão se apresentou mais claro que os demais. Assim, pode-se afirmar que os doces produzidos apresentaram uma ótima aceitação sensorial, sendo o doce de leite de baixa lactose o que apresentou maior índice de aceitação (87,55%), seguido do doce sem lactose (80,00%) e em último lugar ficou o doce tradicional com 76,89%.

The Use of Thermal Analysis and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy in the Evaluation of Maltodextrin Microencapsulation of Anthocyanins from Juçara Palm Fruit (Euterpe edulis Mart.) and Their Application in Food.

Anthocyanins extracted from the pulp of the fruit of juçara palm (Euterpe edulis Mart.) were microencapsulated with maltodextrin in order to stabilise them. Photoacoustic spectroscopy was used to investigate the photostability of the microencapsulated samples. Complementary differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy measurements were also performed. Lyophilised extract had 14 340.2 mg/L of total anthocyanins, and the microencapsulation efficiency of 93.6%. Temperature analysis showed that maltodextrin conferred protection up to 70 °C for 120 min. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the microencapsulated particles had a flake-like morphology with a smooth surface, characteristic of lyophilisation processes. In addition, when added to yogurt, a red colourant was predominant in the samples at pH from 1.5 up to 5.0. Thermal analysis showed a weak interaction between the sample and the encapsulating agent, and photoacoustic data indicated the photostability of the matrix when exposed to light. Yogurts containing microencapsulated anthocyanins showed a more intense pink colour than yogurts treated with pure dye, and sensory analysis demonstrated that they can have good acceptance on the market. Microencapsulation enabled the innovative application of anthocyanins from juçara palm fruit, and complementary techniques allied to the photoacoustic spectroscopy were effective tools for its evaluation.

Análise sensorial de carnes bovina e de frango com tempero completo hipossódico / Sensory analysis of beef and chicken seasoned with low sodium salt formulation

A redução do sódio em alimentos processados no Brasil é, na atualidade, um dos grandes desafios da indústria alimentícia, que busca juntamente com o Ministério da Saúde minimizar o impacto da ingestão de sódio na saúde da população em geral e ou em grupos específicos. Na categoria de produtos industrializados, carne e produtos cárneos representam a segunda maior contribuição no consumo de sódio na dieta. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar sensorialmente carnes bovinas e de frango marinadas em tempero completo hipossódico utilizando sal comum, sal com reduzido teor de sódio e especiarias. Foram analisados sensorialmente, utilizando julgadores não-treinados e hipertensos, os atributos cor, aroma, sabor, textura e avaliação global de quatro amostras temperadas de carne bovina e quatro amostras temperadas de carne de frango com redução de 25 e 50% em seu teor de sódio comparado ao tempero padrão. Os índices de aceitabilidade das amostras ficaram acima de 85% e apenas duas amostras apresentaram diferença significativa no atributo cor para os demais atributos analisados. Foi possível substituir o cloreto de sódio dos temperos pelo cloreto de potássio em 25 e 50%, reduzindo, desta forma, os teores de sódio sem prejuízo à palatabilidade dos produtos analisados.

The reduction of sodium content in processed foods is a great challenge of the Brazilian food industry and Ministry of Health to minimize the impact of sodium intake on the health of the population in general or in specific groups. Concerning the processed products, meat and meat products represent the second largest contribution to dietary sodium intake. This study aimed to analyze sensorially beef and chicken marinated in spices using full-sodium salt, low sodium salt and spices. Non-trained hypertensive panelists judged the attributes color, aroma, flavor, texture and overall assessment of four samples of poultry meat and four samples of beef seasoned with a reduction of 25% and 50% in sodium content compared to the standard seasoning formulation. The acceptability index of the samples were above 85% and only two samples presented significant difference in the color attribute for the other parameters studied. It was possible to partially replace sodium chloride by potassium chloride (25- 50%) in seasoning formulations , reducing their levels of sodium without prejudice the palatability of the products analyzed.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação físico-química, sensorial e da estabilidade de ácido ascórbico de doce de leite com pimenta / Development of red pepper-containing dulce de leche and evaluation of its physico-chemical and sensorial characteristics, and ascorbic acid stability

O doce de leite é um alimento muito consumido em todo o Brasil, com sabor, cor, aroma e texturas características. A pimenta dedo-de-moça também está presente na mesa dos consumidores e é rica emácido ascórbico (vitamina C), que é excelente antioxidante. No presente trabalho, foi elaborado o docede leite adicionado de pimenta dedo-de-moça. No produto desenvolvido, foi determinada a composiçãocentesimal, e foi avaliada a aceitação do doce quanto aos atributos sensoriais de cor, aroma, sabor, texturae aceitação global. O teor de ácido ascórbico foi quantificado em diferentes períodos de armazenamento(0, 30 e 60 dias). O doce de leite com pimenta preparado apresentou composição centesimal de acordocom a legislação vigente. O teor de ácido ascórbico mostrou-se praticamente estável durante o período dearmazenamento, e o produto demonstrou boa aceitação na análise sensorial.

Influence of osmotic dehydration on ascorbic acid loss in pickled dry peppers (Capsicum chinense)

The objective of this work was (1) to develop a dehydrated pepper with 45% humidity, determining the drying curves for pepper, with and without osmotic pre-treatment and (2) to evaluate the influence of both drying and osmotic treatment on the content ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in fresh pepper and pepper with 45% humidity. The experiments were carried out using the peppers cut in half, with and without osmotic pre-treatment, followed by drying in an oven at 70 ºC. The results showed that the osmotic pretreatment did not influence the retention of ascorbic acid during the drying of pepper. The sensory analysis regarding the color, flavor, and texture attributes revealed that there was no difference in the acceptability.

Qualidade de doce de leite pastoso, adicionado de soro de queijo em pó / Quality of dulce de leche, the addition of cheese powder whey

O processamento de doce de leite, embora empregue uma tecnologia simples, apresenta alguns problemas tecnológicos, sendo um deles a desestabilização das proteínas. Outro problema é a estabilidade microbiológica, que depende principalmente do controle higiênico do processo e deve ser atingida por evitar desenvolvimento de bolores e leveduras que podem ocorrer mesmo em condições de alta pressão osmótica do produto. O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo avaliar as condições de soro de queijo em pó. Na maioria das amostras não foi detectada a presença de bolores e leveduras e de Stafilococus aureus coagulase positiva, encontrando-se valores inferiores a 1 x 10² UFC/g. Sendo assim todas as amostras encontram-se aptas para o consumo humano e dentro dos padrões da legislação.