Actualización biográfica del Licenciado Martín de Castellanos de Maudes (¿1545-1614). Nuevos datos documentales / Biographical update of Licentiate Martín de Castellanos de Maudes (1545?-1614). New documented information

Introducción: la semblanza y hechos del licenciado Martín de Castellanos de Maudes (¿1545-1614), cirujano romancista especializado en el tratamiento de afecciones urológicas, y que por sus méritos y prestigio llegó a ser nombrado por Felipe III catedrático de ‘‘Urología’’, quedaron casi definitivamente perfilados en 1994 a raíz de la publicación de su biografía en una exhaustiva obra. Material y método: revisión exhaustiva de nuevos hallazgos documentales en la Iglesia de Santa Cruz de Madrid y en el Archivo General de Simancas, a propósito de nuevos datos biográficos de Martín de Castellanos. Resultados: se demuestra la existencia de otros hijos en su matrimonio y que su primogénito, colegial en la Universidad de Salamanca, murió como consecuencia de las heridas sufridas tras una reyerta a espada entre estudiantes el 13 de noviembre de 1595. En el trabajo se da amplia noticia del proceso que tuvo lugar en la Universidad de Salamanca a raíz de la muerte del hijo de Castellanos, de la querella interpuesta por éste contra los culpables y de la intervención del propio rey Felipe II a petición del cirujano mediante un mandamiento por escrito al corregidor de la ciudad. Conclusión: si bien la trascripción de dichos documentos no modifica los hechos fundamentales de su vida, sí permite dar a conocer este suceso que actualiza su biografía y relaciona de forma directa al urólogo con el monarca (AU)

Introduction: The semblance and facts of licentiate Martín de Castellanos from Maudes (1545-1614?), a novelist surgeon specialized in treating urological diseases and who due to his merits and prestige was appointed professor of ‘Urology’ by Philip II, were almost definitively profiled in 1994 through the publication of his biography in a exhaustive piece of work. Materials and methods: Thorough review of new documentary findings at the Santa Cruz Churchin Madrid and at the Simancas General Archive regarding new biographical information on Martín de Castellanos. Results: It demonstrates the existence of other children from his marriage and that his eldest son, a collegiate at the University of Salamanca died as a result of the injuries he sustained following a sword fight among students on 13 November 1595. The work provides abundant information on the process that occurred at the University of Salamanca as a result of the death of Castellanos’ son, of the lawsuit he filed against the culprits, and of the intervention of Philip II himself at the request of the surgeon, by means of a written order to the city magistrate. Conclusion: Although the transcription of the documents does not modify the fundamental facts of his life, they do give information on this occurrence, which updates his biography and directly associates the urologist with the king (AU)

[Biographical update of Licentiate Martín de Castellanos de Maudes (1545?-1614). New documented information]. / Actualización biográfica del Licenciado Martín de Castellanos de Maudes (¿1545-1614). Nuevos datos documentales.

INTRODUCTION: The semblance and facts of licentiate Martín de Castellanos from Maudes (1545-1614?), a novelist surgeon specialized in treating urological diseases and who due to his merits and prestige was appointed professor of 'Urology' by Philip II, were almost definitively profiled in 1994 through the publication of his biography in a exhaustive piece of work. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thorough review of new documentary findings at the Santa Cruz Church in Madrid and at the Simancas General Archive regarding new biographical information on Martín de Castellanos. RESULTS: It demonstrates the existence of other children from his marriage and that his eldest son, a collegiate at the University of Salamanca died as a result of the injuries he sustained following a sword fight among students on 13 November 1595. The work provides abundant information on the process that occurred at the University of Salamanca as a result of the death of Castellanos' son, of the lawsuit he filed against the culprits, and of the intervention of Philip II himself at the request of the surgeon, by means of a written order to the city magistrate. CONCLUSION: Although the transcription of the documents does not modify the fundamental facts of his life, they do give information on this occurrence, which updates his biography and directly associates the urologist with the king.

[Infection for papillomavirus in the man. Current state]. / Infección por papillomavirus en el hombre. Estado actual.

The Virus of the Human Papiloma (HPV), classically he/she has been related with infections of sexual transmission and processes wicked oncologists of the feminine genital apparatus and with less frequency of the masculine one. The new technical diagnostics, based on molecular biology (by means of polymerase chain reaction), they help to a better epidemic approach, an improvement in the I diagnose viral, and a correct therapeutic focus. The object of this work is to revise the current state of the HPV from the points of view etiopathogenics, epidemic, clinical, diagnosis, therapeutic and preservative.

Infección por Papillomavirus en el hombre. Estado actual / Infection for papillomavirus in the man. Current state

El Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH), clásicamente se ha relacionado con infecciones de transmisión sexual y procesos oncológicos malignos del aparato genital femenino y con menos frecuencia del masculino. Las nuevas técnicas diagnósticas, basadas en biología molecular (mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa), ayudan a una mejor aproximación epidemiológica, una mejora en el diagnostico viral, y un correcto enfoque terapéutico. El objeto de este trabajo es revisar el estado actual del VPH desde los puntos de vista etiopatogénico, epidemiológico, clínico, diagnóstico, terapéutico y profiláctico (AU)

The Virus of the Human Papiloma (HPV), classically he/she has been related with infections of sexual transmission and processes wicked oncologists of the feminine genital apparatus and with less frequency of the masculine one. The new technical diagnostics, based on molecular biology (by means of polymerase chain reaction), they help to a better epidemic approach, an improvement in the diagnose viral, and a correct therapeutic focus. The object of this work is to revise the current state of the VPH from the points of view etiopatogenics, epidemic, clinical, diagnosis, therapeutic and preservative (AU)

El conocimiento de la historia de la urología: un compromiso docente / Knowledge of the history of Urology: a teaching commitment

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Algunas puntualizaciones sobre "los primeros veinte años de historia en Actas Urológicas Españolas (1977-1996) / Some detailings on "The first twenty years old History in Actas Urológicas Españolas (1977-1996)

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[Metachronous solitary contralateral adrenal metastasis of primary renal carcinoma: report of a new case]. / Metástasis adrenal metacrónica solitaria contralateral de un carcinoma renal primario: aportación de un nuevo caso.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of solitary metachronous contralateral metastasis of a renal carcinoma that had been previously resected. METHODS: A 63-year-old male that had previously undergone a right radical nephrectomy due to renal carcinoma is presented. The patient's left breast was found to be slightly larger at the control evaluation 24-months postoperatively. Analytical and hormonal studies showed no significant findings except for a serum creatinine value of 1.75 mg/dl. However, a CT scan showed a left adrenal nodule of 3 cm. After 6 months of watchful waiting, the nodule had increased to 4.3 cm. A CT-guided fine needle punction aspiration biopsy demonstrated a malignant lesion and a left adrenalectomy was performed. RESULTS: Histopathological analysis of the surgical specimen showed adrenal metastasis of clear cell renal carcinoma. At 21 months' follow-up after adrenalectomy, there is no evidence of recurrence of the metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: This type of lesion is uncommon. We emphasize the importance of the analytical and hormonal studies, as well as CT and FNPA, in the diagnosis of this adrenal pathology. Like other authors, we advocate performing adrenalectomy in these cases.

[The double-J ureteral catheter: its historical development and current status]. / El catéter ureteral doble-J: desarrollo histórico y situación actual.

OBJECTIVE: To review the history of the development of the double-J ureteral catheter, a device that is necessary in current urological practice. METHODS/RESULTS: A review of the literature shows that although there are references on the use of the ureteral catheter before 1967, the history of its development began in that year, when Zimskind and co-workers designed and used the first self-retaining catheter that was inserted cystoscopically. However, it was not until 1978 when the double-J shape was adopted following the design of Finney. CONCLUSIONS: A review of the history of bioimplants development in the field of Urology shows that catheter design and its biomaterials have developed in parallel, in an attempt to create a device that functions well and one that is also well-tolerated by the body in order to reduce the catheter-related complications.

[Hybrid tumor of the penis: is this denomination correct?]. / Tumor híbrido de pene: es correcta dicha denominación?

OBJECTIVE: Few cases of verrucous carcinoma of the penis with foci of invasive squamous cell carcinoma have been reported and denominated "hybrid tumors". The accuracy of this term is discussed in this paper. METHODS/RESULTS: A huge penile mass in a patient that had undergone three previous operations for lesions diagnosed as verrucous carcinoma is reported. Partial penectomy was performed. Histological examination showed a very well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) did not detect any type of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Verrucous carcinoma is a strictly-defined lesion with a different biological behaviour from that of squamous carcinoma. Preoperative deep biopsy may miss the squamous cell carcinoma. Definitive diagnosis can only be achieved by histological examination of the surgical specimen. In future, DNA studies could possibly support preoperative diagnosis of this lesion.

[The Urinary Tract Diseases Dispensary and Clinic of the Instituto Rubio (1885). 1st hospital service specializing in urologic pathology in the history of Spanish medicine. 1st period. The Instituto Rubio in Hospital de la Princesa (1880-1896).(I)]. / El Dispensario y Clínica de Enfermedades de las Vías Urinarias del Instituto Rubio (1885). Primer servicio hospitalario especializado en patología urológica en la historia de la medicina española. 1. Etapa. El Instituto Rubio en el Hospital de la Princesa (1880-1896) (I).

In May 1880, a royal decree signed by the Minister of the Interior, F. Romero Robledo, created the Institute of Operative Therapy under the gratuitous direction of Dr. Federico Rubio y Gali. Although it was located at the Hospital de la Princesa of Madrid, it was not dependent on the Institutions of Charity. According to the royal decree, major surgical procedures and specialized operative techniques would be performed at this Institute. Thus, the first teaching hospital was created in Spain, with operating rooms, dispensaries and polyclinics dedicated primarily to surgical specialties which were established at the Institute after 1880. The Institute's section for Diseases of the Urinary Tract, created in October 1885, was entrusted to the Madrid citizen Enrique Suender Rodríguez (1829-1897), the leading specialist in urology in our country at that time (his 100th death anniversary was commemorated last year) and whose assistant was Luis González Bravo y Serrano.

[The Urinary Tract Diseases Dispensary and Clinic of the Instituto Rubio (1885). !st hospital service specializing in urologic pathology in the history of Spanish medicine. 2nd period. The Instituto Rubio in Moncloa (1896-1936).(II)]. / El Dispensario y Clínica de Enfermedades de las Vías Urinarias del Instituto Rubio (1885). Primer servicio hospitalario especializado en patología urológica en la historia de la medicina española. 2a Etapa. El Instituto Rubio en la Moncloa (1896-1936) (II).

In 1896, for different reasons and requirements, the Institute of Operative Therapy of the Hospital de la Princesa was transferred to a new and ample site in the Moncloa district in Madrid, with building complexes and pavillions for the dispensaries and policlinics for practically all surgical specialties, with all the necessary equipment. This came to be known as the "Rubio Institute". Luis González Bravo y Serrano, Suender's assistant, was in charge of the new Dispensary and Clinic for Diseases of the Urinary Tract of the Institute until 1929; Carlos Negrete de los Reyes was his assistant. Both specialists' initiative and drive led to the creation of the Spanish Urological Society in 1911. They were elected President and Secretary, respectively, to the first Board of the Society. This article reviews the activities of the specialists in Diseases of the Urinary Tract of the new Institute in the provision of care, in the field of teaching and research, from their brilliant beginnings to their decline in 1936, when the Spanish Civil War broke out. In my view, for all the contributions of those who worked in this Section and its significant influence on the Spanish specialists during its existence of more than 50 years, the Dispensary and Clinic of Diseases of the Urinary Tract of the Rubio Institute should be considered the catalyst and essence of Spanish urology and the Spanish Urological Society.

[Partial cystectomy as treatment of infiltrating transitional carcinoma of the bladder]. / La cistectomía parcial como tratamiento del ca. transicional infiltrante de vejiga.

UNLABELLED: The most widespread opinion, and until recently the only option, is that every vesical transitional cancer invading the muscle is, regardless its extent, candidate for radical cystectomy and that in spite of nobody questioning the advantages of partial cystectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 45 patients with vesical infiltrant cancer T2 or higher, followed between 9 and 258 months and managed with partial cystectomy, were analyzed. Only patients with no radiotherapy were included and only in one patient pre-operative chemotherapy was used. RESULTS: In 8 patients no tumour was found in the specimen (pTO). Tumour grade was pTa in 2; pT1 in 11; pT2 in 5; pT3a in 4; pT3b in 11; and pX in 4 patients. Eight (8) patients had nodal involvement. Twenty-one (21) cases showed bladder relapse. In six (6), vesical infiltrant relapse was associated to metastasis. One case showed vesical relapse, pelvic mass and metastasis, and 4 only metastasis. Extravesical disease-free time and survival are better than in the group treated with radical cystectomy. But this is a highly selected group. CONCLUSIONS: With the same prospects of extravesical disease-free time and survival we offer: shorter, less risky surgery with low post-surgical morbidity and mortality and less hospitalization and proportion of late sequela. Better quality of life, with no skin stoma, incontinence or impotence Although the risk of vesical relapse persists, the procedures required to resolve vesical shunt or replacement complications are more aggressive than TUR sufficient to treat most relapses, and when recurrence is infiltrant radical cystectomy may be used as a rescue measure. This is so even now with the profusion of the so-called "mini-invasive" procedures. We believe that neither radio- and/or chemotherapy combinations contribute nothing to partial cystectomy alone. They may even be harmful and have significant side-effects. It is plain that POs are the result of total removal by TUR. Due to the little reliability when defining T, it is very hard to evaluate the contribution of adjuvant measures. Patients with no vesical tumour (pTOs) or pT1-pT2 tumours, and even up to pT3a, should not be included in protocols to evaluate the efficacy of combined cytostatic agents since their use is superfluous. Radiotherapy makes no contribution to this type of tumour in terms of local relapse and apparently has no effect on the metastasis.

[1910-1911, a crucial biennium in the history of the Asociación Española de Urología (I). How our association was born]. / (1910-1911) un bienio crucial en la historia de la Asociación Española de Urología (I). (Sobre cómo nació nuestra Asociación).

Although the background and major details concerning the events that in 1911 culminated with the creation of the Spanish Association of Urology are well known as they have been published earlier in several papers, until now and as far as we know, no paper had presented the dates and particulars of the preparatory and constituent meetings of the Society, the first Regulations, and the semblance and biographies of the project's main inspirators and initiators. This article, prepared with abundant material from newspapers and literature of the period, extricated from the resources of the National Library and the archives of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Madrid, uncovers some unpublished data on the foundation and its advocates, and rediscovers other that although published in journals at the beginning of the century, remained forgotten or were unknown for most urologists. In this way, we complete the history of a part of our past, perhaps the most interesting one, and that of its main players.

[1910-1911, a crucial biennium in the history of the Asociación Española de Urología (II). Its founding members, the I National Congress and the first Record of the Minutes]. / (1910-1911) un bienio crucial en la historia de la Asociación Española de Urología (II). (Sobre sus socios fundadores, I Congreso Nacional y primer Libro de Actas).

In May 1911, four months after the founding of the Spanish Association of Urology, the new medical association already had 53 founding and numerary members and held with dignity its first National Congress in Madrid. The success of this first meeting and its sessions was described not only by all the specialized journals of the time but also by the non-medical press, the chronicles and gossip news of which we broadly review in this paper. The reading of the Book of Proceedings of the I Congress of the S.A.U., considered today a bibliographic rarity, allows us to discover a large part of the historical background of the foundation; to know the name of the pioneers and inspirators of the Society; and to glimpse the splendid future of an entity that in less than a year and through the vigour of its promoters, would reach enormous notoriety within the country's health-care environment.

[Verrucous carcinoma of the penis. A report of 6 new cases and a review of the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects]. / Carcinoma verrucoso de pene. Aportación de seis nuevos casos y revisión de aspectos diagnósticos y terapéuticos.

Verrucous carcinoma of the penis accounts for 5-17.8% of total carcinomas in the referred location that are diagnosed in our environment. Six cases of this rare neoplasia have been treated in our service and revised retrospectively. The epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of our series are analyzed and the issues around them discussed. Eventually, the benign biological behaviour of this tumour warranting conservative surgical treatment is ratified. In selected cases where the therapeutic modalities used do not yield material for histopathological analysis (laser, cryotherapy, etc.) prior obtention of a deep biopsy of the lesion to identify the likely presence of a well differentiated epidermoid carcinoma is imperative. Also, every effort should be made to monitor the cases of associated premalignant conditions.

[The double-J ureteral catheter. Clinical indications]. / El catéter ureteral Doble-J. Indicaciones clínicas.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical indications of double-J ureteral catheters. METHODS: The most relevant studies published in the literature since the self-retained indwelling catheter was first described in 1967 are reviewed. RESULTS: The experience and results reported in the most relevant studies are presented. CONCLUSIONS: The double J ureteral catheter is essential in urological practice. Although its clinical indications are well-established, its use depends on the urologist's experience in most of the cases.

[The history of journalism in Spain (I). Brief history of scientific-medical journalism in Spain and the impact of urologists on its establishment and development]. / Historia del periodismo urológico en España (I). Breve historia del periodismo científico-médico español y de la influencia de los urólogos en su afianzamiento y desarrollo.

The history of Spanish medical publications runs parallel with the history of Spanish Medicine. The 18th century witnessed the development of the scientific press in Europe. During this period, leading Spanish physicians established 11 periodicals, some of which continue to be published and are ranked among the oldest in the continent. However, the social, political and military turmoil in Spain during the period spanning 1800-1834, led to the decline of Spanish Medicine and consequently, of Spanish medical literature. With the liberal changes of the mid-19th century, and as a consequence of doctors' returning from exile, the Spanish scientific press resumed its activity with renewed vigour and more than 700 new journals were established up to 1905. During this period of unequalled expansion, which reached its apex in the 20th century, the specialized medical journals that developed in the late 19th century had a notable influence that grew as the medical and surgical specialties became more defined. Those dedicated to the diseases of the genitourinary system appeared during this period. There were 6 journals by 1903 and 7 more were established until the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936. The specific contribution of the Spanish urologists in the past and present centuries to the promotion and permanence of the medical publications in general and the urological in particular has yet to be elucidated.