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1.
Rev. calid. asist ; 25(3): 169-172, mayo-jun. 2010.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-79788

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Los ensayos controlados aleatorios son el gold standar occidental respecto a la toma de decisiones, tanto para los clínicos como para los gestores o responsables de políticas comunitarias. En este poderoso despliegue de esfuerzo investigador existen grados variables de conflictos de intereses y los clínicos, que no somos ajenos a eso, estamos entrando en un mar de dudas acerca de la seguridad, dimensión que emerge como un elemento diacrítico, irrenunciable. El objeto del estudio fue toda evaluación crítica y la selección sobre editoriales, ensayos clínicos o metaanálisis publicados en soporte físico o vía web, acreditados internacionalmente, que resultaran más relevantes y que abordaran como objetivo primario la seguridad de los pacientes. Pacientes y métodos: Investigación evaluativa que se llevó a cabo en el Complejo Hospitalario Torrecárdenas, perteneciente al Servicio Andaluz de Salud. Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía, en el contexto de una unidad formativa acreditada (Mejora_F) en 2008, denominada «transferencia del conocimiento biomédico desde la bibliografía». Resultados: Los artículos analizados fueron 170 (el 75% en inglés, con predominio de New England Journal of Medicine [>50%], seguida de Journal Of the American Medical Association, The Lancet, British Medical Journal, Journal of American Geriatrics, Medicina Clínica, Revista Clínica Española e Infectología). De los 170 artículos elegibles, seleccionamos 5 tópicos clave por su impacto como los más representativos por su frecuencia de citación. Representaron, a nuestro juicio, «una bandera roja» de seguridad los siguientes: betaestimulantes de acción larga y aumento de mortalidad en asma; neurolépticos en ancianos y prolongación del intervalo QT asociado a muerte súbita; tiazolidindiona en diabetes de tipo ii y efectos negativos cardiovasculares; potenciación de estatinas-ezetimiba y discutible asociación con mayor mortalidad por cáncer, y tratamiento intensivo en diabetes y probable aumento de mortalidad. Conclusiones: Lo que realmente importa en biomedicina es qué efectos provoca una estrategia dada en los pacientes reales, no en los puntos intermedios. Los clínicos no deberíamos apoyar resultados parciales de diseños basados en datos intermedios -indudablemente menos costosos y más rápidos- sin conocer adecuadamente la seguridad de la estrategia erigida para alcanzarlos. Sólo así nos constituimos en verdaderos garantes de la seguridad, sólo así, y en ausencia de conflictos de intereses, podremos mantener la confianza dada (AU)


Introduction: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard in the western world for decision making, as much for the clinicians as for the agencies or managers for community policies. In this powerful deployment of investigative effort there are variable degrees of conflict of interests, and the clinicians, not foreign to this, are entering a sea of doubts on safety, a dimension that emerges like a diacritical, inalienable element. The aim of the study was to select and ctically evaluate editorials, clinical trials and/or meta-analyses published on physical support, or the more important internationally credited websites, which has patient safety as their primary objective. Patients and Methods: Evaluative study performed in the Torrecardenas Hospital, of the Andalucian Public Health Service (SSPA), in the context of an accredited training unit (Mejora_F), so called "transference of the biomedical knowledge from the bibliography" from 2008 to 2009. Results: Analyzed articles: 170 (75 % in English, with predominance of N Eng J Med >50 %; followed by Journal Of the American Medical Association, The Lancet, British Medical Journal, Journal of American Geriatrics; Med Clin, Rev Clin Esp.; and Infectología). From 170 eligible articles we selected 5 key topoi due to their impact as the most representative owing to their citation frequency. They represented, in our judgment, "a red flag" of safety: long-acting beta-stimulators or LABS and increase in mortality in asthma; neuroleptics in the elderly and extension of the QT interval associated with sudden death; thiazolidinediones in type II diabetes and negative cardiovascular effects; promotion of statins-ezetimibe and the debatable association with major mortality for cancer, and intensive treatment in diabetes and probable increase in mortality. Conclusions: What really maters in biomedicine is that it leads to a given strategy in real patients, not the intermediate points. Clinicians should not support partial results of designs based on intermediate information -undoubtedly less costly and more rapid- without adequately knowing the safety of the strategy built to reach them. Only in this way we can be real guarantors of safety, and only in this way, and in absence of conflicts of interests we will be able to support the given confidence (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Biomedical Research/standards , Safety Management/standards , 34002 , Biopharmaceutics/trends , Trust , Medical Errors/trends , Drug Utilization/standards
2.
Rev Calid Asist ; 25(3): 169-72, 2010.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20304693

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard in the western world for decision making, as much for the clinicians as for the agencies or managers for community policies. In this powerful deployment of investigative effort there are variable degrees of conflict of interests, and the clinicians, not foreign to this, are entering a sea of doubts on safety, a dimension that emerges like a diacritical, inalienable element. The aim of the study was to select and ctically evaluate editorials, clinical trials and/or meta-analyses published on physical support, or the more important internationally credited websites, which has patient safety as their primary objective. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Evaluative study performed in the Torrecardenas Hospital, of the Andalucian Public Health Service (SSPA), in the context of an accredited training unit (Mejora_F), so called "transference of the biomedical knowledge from the bibliography" from 2008 to 2009. RESULTS: Analyzed articles: 170 (75 % in English, with predominance of N Eng J Med >50 %; followed by Journal Of the American Medical Association, The Lancet, British Medical Journal, Journal of American Geriatrics; Med Clin, Rev Clin Esp.; and Infectología). From 170 eligible articles we selected 5 key topoi due to their impact as the most representative owing to their citation frequency. They represented, in our judgment, "a red flag" of safety: long-acting beta-stimulators or LABS and increase in mortality in asthma; neuroleptics in the elderly and extension of the QT interval associated with sudden death; thiazolidinediones in type II diabetes and negative cardiovascular effects; promotion of statins-ezetimibe and the debatable association with major mortality for cancer, and intensive treatment in diabetes and probable increase in mortality. CONCLUSIONS: What really maters in biomedicine is that it leads to a given strategy in real patients, not the intermediate points. Clinicians should not support partial results of designs based on intermediate information - undoubtedly less costly and more rapid - without adequately knowing the safety of the strategy built to reach them. Only in this way we can be real guarantors of safety, and only in this way, and in absence of conflicts of interests we will be able to support the given confidence.


Subject(s)
Biomedical Research/standards , Safety , Social Responsibility , Bibliographies as Topic , Clinical Medicine , Humans , Marketing
12.
Rev. esp. geriatr. gerontol. (Ed. impr.) ; 37(5): 244-248, sept. 2002. tab, graf
Article in ES | IBECS | ID: ibc-16226

ABSTRACT

FUNDAMENTO: La agonía, que casi siempre precede a la muerte, es un proceso que ofrece una oportunidad de mejora, y de actuación. La descripción de este problema clínico es inusual. El tratamiento explícito de la agonía permitiría una muerte más digna. OBJETIVO.: Describir la muerte "real" en una serie de pacientes de un hospital general. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio clínico observacional y prospectivo del proceso de la muerte en 56 pacientes asistidos -"en tiempo real y a la cabecera de la cama"- por diversas condiciones médicas irreversibles. Se trataba de 35 varones y 21 mujeres, con una edad media (DE) de 66,6 (17) años (mediana y moda, 70; rango, 16-91 años). Registramos el nivel de sedación/analgesia, el grado de instrumentación tecnológica, la información compartida entre médico, el paciente, la familia y la enfermería, y las órdenes documentadas de "no reanimar". RESULTADOS: Las causas de muerte eran: enfermedad crónica terminal (48,2 per cent), neoplasias diversas extendidas (42,8 per cent) y enfermedad aguda intratable (9 per cent). El 70 per cent de los pacientes agonizaban sin ayuda suficiente debido a dolor no controlado, disnea, angustia vital, vómitos, miedo o agotamiento. El 30 per cent no recibió sedación/analgesia alguna. Salvo un caso, todos tenían un catéter venoso: el 41 per cent la vejiga cateterizada y el 12,5 per cent una sonda nasogástrica. Aunque la disnea afectó a todos, sólo se suplementó oxígeno en el 76,8 per cent. En tres casos se llegó a la reanimación cardiopulmonar sin éxito. A pesar de lo inevitable de la muerte, se documentó orden de "no reanimar" en el 51,7 per cent. Sólo 4 pacientes conocían su situación. Este "pacto de silencio" no fue desvelado a la familia en el 42,9 per cent de los casos. Enfermería fue avisada de la muerte en el 51,7 per cent de los pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: La asistencia al moribundo es claramente mejorable. En la mayoría de los casos, la autonomía es usurpada por un paternalismo "bien intencionado". La información proporcionada al paciente fue casi nula e imperó el secretismo. Los pacientes deseaban alivio y se les ofreció tecnología invasiva. Detectamos una actitud "neutral", abandono o cierta indiferencia ante el último y mayor sufrimiento humano. Invocamos un cambio de actitud entre los clínicos (AU)


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Male , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Death , Terminally Ill , Terminal Care/standards , Prospective Studies , Cause of Death , Right to Die , Spain , Analgesia , Anesthesia , Physician's Role
14.
An Med Interna ; 16(10): 515-8, 1999 Oct.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10603669

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The clinical view is essential in the application of a new paradigm on "evidence based medicine". Also, we hardly haven't studies that had been made with patients in real time and place. We analyzed the rate of evidence that found our clinical praxis. METHODS: A randomized observational epidemiological study was made over 689 clinical decisions in relation with 167 pathological processes, considered in 36 patients. Age (65.9, SD 2.1), sex (23 F, 13 M), comorbidity (4.6, SD 2.1), poly-pharmacy (8.8, SD 3.3). Case-mix of GRDs (infections--even HIV-, chronic respiratory affections, neurologic, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and its complications ..., in decreased order. We used the D.L. Sackett's criterium (evidence level one "experimental", level two "no experimental but convincing-rational", level three "without any scientific base". A progressive internal control was used in order to adjust the "arbitrariness in the assignation". RESULTS: 60% of the decisions provided elevated care evidence level; 24.5% in level number two, and 15.5% without any foundation. The proceedings reasonably founded were 84.5%. The pharmacological treatment had more evidence. The diagnosticum was more empiric. The primary illness and its treatment concentrated more evidence that the enclosed conditions (65% level one and 50% respectively). The prediction is still unknown (null evidence). CONCLUSIONS: More than a half of the patients were benefited of a clinical praxis, tested in effectiveness and safety. 15.5% of the decisions had an uncertain effect (favourable, newer or damaging). Nowadays, the complex clinical praxis, despite of exceeding the paradigm of "evidence based medicine", should tend toward scientific foundation as much as possible.


Subject(s)
Clinical Medicine , Evidence-Based Medicine , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Diagnosis , Diagnosis-Related Groups , Drug Therapy , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Female , Humans , Male , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Middle Aged , Random Allocation , Research
15.
An. med. interna (Madr., 1983) ; 16(10): 515-518, oct. 1999. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-102

ABSTRACT

Fundamentos. La perspectiva clínica es esencial en la aplicación del nuevo paradigma de "medicina basada en evidencia". Sin embargo, apenas disponemos de estudios realizados con pacientes en escenario real y en tiempo real. Analizamos qué grado de evidencia fundamenta nuestra práctica clínica. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio epidemiológico observacional aleatorio sobre 689 decisiones clínicas relacionadas con 167 procesos patológicos, tomadas en 36 pacientes. Edad (65,9, DS 2,1), sexo (23 M, 13 H); comorbididad (4,6, DS 2,1); polifarmacia (8,8, DS 3,3). Case-Mix según GRDs (infecciones-incluido HIV-, afecciones respiratorias crónicas; neurología; afecciones cardiovasculares; diabetes y sus complicaciones..., por orden decreciente). Empleamos el criterio de D.L. Sackett (nivel evidencia 1 o "experimental"; nivel 2 "no experimental pero convincente-racional"; nivel 3 o "insustancial". Se empleó un control interno progresivo para el ajuste de "arbitrariedad en la asignación". Resultados. El 60% de las decisiones aportaron cuidados de alto nivel de evidencia. El 24,5 porciento de nivel 2. El 15,5 porciento sin fundamento. Las intervenciones razonablemente fundadas lo fueron en el 84,5 porciento. El tratamiento farmacológico fue "más evidente". El diagnóstico "más empírico". La enfermedad primaria y su tratamiento concentraron más evidencias que las condicciones concurrentes (65% nivel 1 respecto a 50% respectivamente). El pronóstico continúa siendo una incógnita (evidencia nula o marginal). Conclusión. Más de la mitad de los enfermos se beneficiaron de una práctica clínica probada en eficacia y seguridad. Un 15,5% de las decisiones tuvieron un efecto incierto (favorable, neutro o perjudicial). La complejidad clínica diaria, si bien excede actualmente a la simplificación del paradigma "basado en evidencia", debe tender hacia la fundamentación científica tanto como sea posible (AU)


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Male , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Diagnosis , Diagnosis-Related Groups , Drug Therapy , Research , Random Allocation , Clinical Medicine , Evidence-Based Medicine
17.
An Med Interna ; 15(7): 349-52, 1998 Jul.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9710983

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Status is a powerful determinant of health, and it may influence on the demand of Hospital emergency services. The aim of our investigation is to assess whether elderly patients usually wandering emergency services gather more negative socioeconomic conditions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study on 800 randomised patients cared in emergency services was carried out. A questionnaire about economic, educational and professional levels, domestic violence, loneliness and life style was applied. A crude analysis was used to assess the age-factor (>/= 65 y.o.) by BMDP (PC 90). The trial was approved by the local Bioethics board. RESULTS: Low incomes, low educational level and loneliness were clinic and statistically related with age (65 and more). Data is offered as n (%), X2 and p < 0.0001 (Fisher exact Test two sided p value). CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients frequently demanding hospital emergency services gather more vulnerability conditions, not merely medical. Low incomes, low educational level and loneliness are probably working as key factors on the geriatric demand of emergency services.


Subject(s)
Aged , Emergency Service, Hospital , Analysis of Variance , Cross-Sectional Studies , Domestic Violence , Female , Humans , Life Style , Loneliness , Male , Poverty , Socioeconomic Factors , Spain , Surveys and Questionnaires
20.
Med Clin (Barc) ; 93(7): 252-5, 1989 Sep 16.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2554075

ABSTRACT

Experimental studies in animal models suggest that the endorphin system may be implicated in the pathogenetic mechanism of cerebral ischemic lesions. Naloxone has been shown to possess a beneficial effect on the neurologic deficit associated with cerebral ischemia in animal experiments, probably because of its endorphin antagonist properties. By contrast, the results of clinical trials are contradictory. Moreover, the true significance of high plasma levels of beta-endorphin in patients with acute focal cerebral infarct (AFCI) has not yet been elucidated. We have evaluated 23 patients with established AFCI, in whom plasma levels of beta-endorphin and corticotropin (ACTH) were simultaneously measured during the first 48 hours after the onset of the disease. The results were compared with those from a control group. In a subgroup of 9 cases new measurements were made after 7 days. In the patients with AFCI, significantly lower levels of beta-endorphin and ACTH than in the control group were found. One week later, a moderate nonsignificant increase in the plasma level of beta-endorphin was found. The localization and estimated size of the infarct area were not relevant. Probably, the plasma levels of beta-endorphin will need to be considered before naloxone therapy is indicated, and only if it is confirmed that the plasma levels of beta-endorphin reflect changes at the cerebral level, as the pathophysiological role of these opioids in AFCI has not yet been established.


Subject(s)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood , Cerebral Infarction/etiology , beta-Endorphin/blood , Acute Disease , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cerebral Infarction/blood , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged
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