[Dietary changes in Mexico]. / Transición alimentaria en México.

Although the Mexican population has traditionally been malnourished, the prevalence of obesity in children and adults has increased by almost 50 % in the last 10 years. Recent studies show substantial changes in the nutritional status of Mexicans, especially in the pediatric population. Among the factors associated with the development of obesity are overeating, sedentariness, and genetics. The apparent economic development in Mexico, as well as the influence of dietary patterns from other countries, have contributed to modifying lifestyle. Despite measures taken by the health system, iron- and zinc-deficiency anemia continue to be prevalent. The present review aims to describe the changes that have taken place in Mexico in the last few decades leading to a generation of short and obese children, as well as to determine the associated factors in order to promote healthier eating patterns among the Mexican population.

Transición alimentaria en México / Dietary changes in mexico

México es un país con una población que, a pesar de ser tradicionalmente desnutrida, desde hace algunos años se ve aquejada por la obesidad. La prevalencia de obesidad en niños y adultos ha aumentado cerca del 50 por ciento en los últimos 10 años. Recientes estudios realizados en México muestran cambios importantes en el estado de nutrición de la población mexicana, especialmente la pediátrica. Entre los factores asociados al desarrollo de obesidad se encuentran: el consumo excesivo de alimentos, el sedentarismo y factores hereditarios. En México, el aparente desarrollo económico, así como la importación de patrones de alimentación, han contribuido a modificar el estilo de vida. A pesar de las medidas implementadas por nuestro sistema de salud, prevalece la anemia por deficiencia de hierro, así como la deficiencia de cinc. El presente trabajo de revisión tiene como intención describir la transición que ha experimentado México en las últimas décadas, una generación de niños obesos con talla baja, así como determinar los factores asociados, de forma que sea posible promover una adecuada orientación alimentaria que repercuta en el estado de salud de nuestra población. (AU)

Cisapride and QTc interval in children.

BACKGROUND: Recent reports about cisapride have raised some concerns about the safety and efficacy of this medication in children. The aim of this study was to identify electrocardiographic changes and a predisposition to develop arrhythmias in children. METHODS: Patients were divided in 2 groups: 1) 63 children (mean age: 29 months) who received cisapride (0.2 mg/kg/dose 3 times/day), and 2) 57 children (mean age: 27 months) who did not receive cisapride (they served as controls). Both groups did not have any associated disease. Electrocardiogram (EKG) was performed to children when they were included in the study. The QT interval was corrected using Bazett's formula. Twenty-four-hour Holter recording was performed in children with prolonged QT interval (PQTI). When PQTI was identified in group 1, cisapride was discontinued and a new EKG was performed. RESULTS: Five children from group 1 and 6 from group 2 had PQTI. In 3 children with PQTI, the QTc interval returned to normal values when cisapride was discontinued. In children under 4 months of age, a statistical difference was found, with QTc interval being longer in group 2 (without cisapride) than in group 1. Holter recordings were normal in all children with PQTI. CONCLUSION: PQTI can be found in normal children with or without cisapride. In our study PQTI was not associated with any life-threatening event.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatitis A (VHA) en una poblacion de niños mexicanos / Prevalence of hepatitis A virus antibodies in Mexican children

Se analizaron los datos con relación a la prevalencia de anticuerpos IgG e IgM contra el virus de la hepatitis A (VHA), mediante la técnica de ELISA en 450 ninos sin antecedentes de hepatitis, con edades comprendidas entre los 3 meses y 17 años de edad, que acudieron a consulta al Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la ciudad de México en el período comprendido de septiembre de 1992 a junio de 1993. La prevalencia de anticuerpos IgG en la población estudiada, fue del 83.6 por ciento. De los niños menores de un año el 50 por ciento mostraron anticuerpo, el 80 por ciento a los 3 años 80 por ciento, y el 96 por ciento a los 10 años de edad. Sólo 9 niños de los 450 tuvieron además anticuerpos IgM contra el virus de la hepatitis A. Se concluye que la prevalencia de HVA en la población que estudiamos es semejante a lo referido hace 13 años en México.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatitis A (VHA) en una poblacion de niños mexicanos / Prevalence of hepatitis A virus antibodies in Mexican children

Se analizaron los datos con relación a la prevalencia de anticuerpos IgG e IgM contra el virus de la hepatitis A (VHA), mediante la técnica de ELISA en 450 ninos sin antecedentes de hepatitis, con edades comprendidas entre los 3 meses y 17 años de edad, que acudieron a consulta al Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la ciudad de México en el período comprendido de septiembre de 1992 a junio de 1993. La prevalencia de anticuerpos IgG en la población estudiada, fue del 83.6 por ciento. De los niños menores de un año el 50 por ciento mostraron anticuerpo, el 80 por ciento a los 3 años 80 por ciento, y el 96 por ciento a los 10 años de edad. Sólo 9 niños de los 450 tuvieron además anticuerpos IgM contra el virus de la hepatitis A. Se concluye que la prevalencia de HVA en la población que estudiamos es semejante a lo referido hace 13 años en México. (AU)

[Meckel's diverticulum. Study of 61 cases]. / Divertículo de Meckel. Estudio de 61 casos.

BACKGROUND: Meckel's diverticulum is a well known disease in children. The main clinical presentations are rectal bleeding and intestinal occlusion. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency, main clinical symptoms, signs, complications, localization, histology and diagnosis in a population of mexican children. METHOD: We studied 61 children who were seen at the Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City, during a period of 10 years. The age, sex, symptoms, complications, hematocrit, 99mTc-Pertechnetate scanning, histology, and localization of Meckel's diverticulum were analyzed in all of them. RESULTS: 15 children were female and 46 male (1:3). In infants the main clinical finding was rectal bleeding. Intestinal occlusion was the most common clinical expression in older children. Gastric mucosa was a common finding in the diverticulum of children with rectal bleeding in contrast to ileal mucosa in children with intestinal occlusion. 99mTc-pertechnetate scanning with previous administration of H2 blocking agent was the best diagnostic procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Meckel's diverticulum must be considered an emergency in children. Meckel's diverticulum, has to be ruled cut as in infants with significant bleeding, as well as in children with intestinal occlusion. The best method for diagnosis is 99mTc-pertechnetate scanning.

Esclerosis hepato-portal: 10 anos de experiencia el el Instituto Nacional de Pediatria / Hepatoportal sclerosis. 10 years of experience in the National Institute of Pediatrics

Objetive: To assess the frecuency and clinical picture of Hepatoportal Sclerosis in a population of Mexican children of the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México City. Background: Hepatoportal Sclerosis is a disease of unknown etiology. It's diagnosis is difficut. The main clinical presentation is splenomegaly with or without hematemesis (portal hypertension). Splenoportography and liver histology study are the best procedures for diagnosis and must be performed by experts. Methods: We studied 7/106 children with portal hypertension during a period of 10 years, who were seen at the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México city. Inclusion criteria were specifical findings of splenoportography and histologic changes in liver biopsy. Results: We found 7/106 children. The main clinical manifestation were splenomegaly and hematemesis. We did not find any previous history of contact with arsenisc, vinyl chloride or copper sulfate. In 6/7 children a porto-systemic shunt was performed. Only one received propranolol and sclerotheraphy. At the time of this report all children have shown a good clinical course.

Esclerosis hepato-portal: 10 anos de experiencia el el Instituto Nacional de Pediatria / Hepatoportal sclerosis. 10 years of experience in the National Institute of Pediatrics

Objetive: To assess the frecuency and clinical picture of Hepatoportal Sclerosis in a population of Mexican children of the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México City. Background: Hepatoportal Sclerosis is a disease of unknown etiology. Its diagnosis is difficut. The main clinical presentation is splenomegaly with or without hematemesis (portal hypertension). Splenoportography and liver histology study are the best procedures for diagnosis and must be performed by experts. Methods: We studied 7/106 children with portal hypertension during a period of 10 years, who were seen at the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México city. Inclusion criteria were specifical findings of splenoportography and histologic changes in liver biopsy. Results: We found 7/106 children. The main clinical manifestation were splenomegaly and hematemesis. We did not find any previous history of contact with arsenisc, vinyl chloride or copper sulfate. In 6/7 children a porto-systemic shunt was performed. Only one received propranolol and sclerotheraphy. At the time of this report all children have shown a good clinical course. (AU)

[Hepatoportal sclerosis. 10 years of experience at the National Institute of Pediatrics]. / Esclerosis hepato-portal. 10 años de experiencia en el Instituto Nacional de Pediatría.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency and clinical picture of Hepatoportal Sclerosis in a population of Mexican children of the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México City. BACKGROUND: Hepatoportal Sclerosis is a disease of unknown etiology. It's diagnosis is difficult. The main clinical presentation is splenomegaly with or without hematemesis (portal hypertension). Splenoportography and liver histology study are the best procedures for diagnosis and must be performed by experts. METHODS: We studied 7/106 children with portal hypertension during a period of 10 years, who were seen at the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México city. Inclusion criteria were specific findings of splenoportography and histologic changes in liver biopsy. RESULTS: We found 7/106 children. The main clinical manifestation were splenomegaly and hematemesis. We did not find any previous history of contact with arsenic, vinyl chloride or copper sulfate. In 6/7 children a porto-systemic shunt was performed. Only one received propranolol and sclerotherapy. At the time of this report all children have shown a good clinical course.

[Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis A virus (HAV) in a population of Mexican children]. / Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatitis A (VHA) en una población de niños mexicanos.

We studied by ELISA test 450 healthy children looking for IgG and IgM antibodies against virus A hepatitis. 376/450 (86.3%) showed IgG antibodies. 50% of children under one year were positive. At 3 years of age 80% of children from this study were with antibodies IgG and 96% of children at 10 years of age were positive. Only 9 children showed antibodies IgM.

Erradicación del Helicobacter pylori en pacientes con dolor abdominal recidivante con un triple esquema de tratamiento / Erradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with recurrents abdominal pain using a triple drug treatment

Antecedentes. Diversos esquemas de tratamiento se han utilizado para la eliminación de Helicobacter pylori en niños con gastritis, con diferentes resultados. Objetivo. Evaluar la eliminación de Helicobacter pylori, así como la mejoría clínica en niños con gastritis asociada, cuando se les administró en forma simultánea amoxicilina, ranitidina y subsalicilato de bismuto. Método. Se estudiaron 20 pacientes que acudieron al Servicio de Gastroenterología, del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 1992 y junio de 1993. Se incluyeron todos los niños con dolor abdominal recurrene en quienes se identificó Helicobacter pylori en las biopsias de antrogástrico. El tratamiento consistió en la administración simultánea de amoxicilina durante 15 días y ranitidina y subsalicilato de bismuto durante un mes. Resultados. En 14 de 20 niños se logró mejoría clínica así como la eliminación de Helicobacter pylori. Conclusiones. La eliminación de Helicobacter pylori y la mejoría clínica se obtuvieron en el 70 por ciento de los niños, con buena tolerancia al trataiento.

[Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with recurrent abdominal pain using a triple drug treatment]. / Erradicación del Helicobacter pylori en pacientes con dolor abdominal recidivante con un triple esquema de tratamiento.

BACKGROUND: Different antibiotics, antagonist H2 and others have been used for elimination and/or eradication of Helicobacter pylori. AIMS: Evaluate elimination of Helicobacter pylori with amoxicillin, bismuth subsalicylate and ranitidine; and the improvement of recurrent abdominal pain. METHOD: 20 children with recurrent abdominal pain associated to gastritis and histologic identification of Helicobacter pylori were studied under a period of 18 months (January 1992 to June 1993), at Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México, D.F. All children were treated simultaneously with: Amoxicillin, 15 days, plus ranitidine and bismuth subsalicylate for one month. RESULTS: Helicobacter pylori was eliminated in 14 of 20 children studied. All these children had an important improvement of recurrent abdominal pain. CONCLUSION: Elimination of Helicobacter pylori and clinical improvement was present in 14 of 20 children studied (70%).

[Shwachman's syndrome]. / Síndrome de Shwachman.

BACKGROUND: Shwachman syndrome has been recognized as the second most frequent cause of pancreatic insufficiency in children and its is related to hematological and bony abnormalities. AIMS: To know the main clinical symptoms, analytical data, radiological and sonographic findings in the Shwachman syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a 1 year 4 months old girl with Shwachman syndrome. We reviewed the clinical history taking into consideration height/weight relationship according to percentiles and physical examination. Analytical data: blood counts, fetal hemoglobin, vitamin B12 and folate levels, bone marrow examination, stool cultures and examination for ova and parasites, transaminase levels, sweat electrolytes, serologic tests for viral hepatitis. Radiological studies: bone series and bone age, abdominal sonography and computed tomography. Liver and intestinal biopsies. RESULTS: In this patient we confirmed the presence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, dysfunction of the bone marrow and bony abnormalities typical in Shwachman syndrome.

[Lactose deficient intestinal absorption (LDIA) in a population of healthy Mexican children studied with the hydrogen ion test in air breathing]. / Absorcíon intestinal deficiente de lactosa (AIDL) en una población de niños mexicanos sanos por medio de la prueba de iones hidrogeno en aire espirado.

We studied 100 healthy children looking for lactose malabsortion. We performed in all of them the lactose breath test. We found a 10% with lactose malabsortion. There was no correlation between lactose breath test and fecal reducing substances.

[Elimination of Helicobacter pylori in patients with recurrent abdominal pain with simultaneous administration of ranitidine, bismuth subsalicylate and clarithromycin]. / Eliminación de helicobacter pylori en pacientes con dolor abdominal recurrente con la administración simultanea de ranitidina, subsalicilato de bismuto y claritromicina.

OBJECTIVE: Elimination of Helicobacter pylori with Chlaritromicin, Bismuth subsalicylate and Ranitidine; and improvement of recurrent abdominal pain. ANTECEDENT: Different antibiotics, antagonist H2 and others has been used for elimination and, or eradication of Helicobacter pylori. METHOD: 22 children with recurrent abdominal pain associated to gastritis and histologic identification of Helicobacter pylori were studied under a period of 18 months (january 1992 to june 1993), at Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México, D:F: All children were treated simultaneously with: Chlaritromicin, 15 days, Plus ranitidine and bismuth subsalicylate for one month. RESULTS: Helicobacter pylori was eliminate in 14 of 22 children studied. All these children had an important improvement of recurrent abdominal pain. CONCLUSION: Elimination of Helicobacter pylori and clinical improvement was present in 14 of 22 children studied (63.7%).

[Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a population of Mexican children]. / Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) en una población de niños Mexicanos.

We studied 450 healthy children between 3 months old and 17 years old who were seen at the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría during a period of one year (September 1992 June 1993). The EUSA test was positive in 4/450, 0.9%. The RIBA test was positive in these four children.

Eliminacion de Helicobater Pylory en pacientes con dolor abdominal recurrente con la administracion simultanea de ranitina, subsalicilato de bismuto y claritromicina / Elimination of Helicobacter pylori in patients with recurrent abdominal pain simultaneous administration of ranitidine, bismuth subsalicylate and claritromycin

Objetivo: Evaluar la eliminación de Helicobacter pylori, así como la mejoría clínica en niños con gastritis asociada; cuando se les administró en forma simult nea claritromicina, ranitidina y subsalicilato de bismuto. Antecedentes: Diversos esquemas de tratamiento se han utilizado para la eliminación de Helicobacter pylori en niños con gastritis, con diferentes resultados. Método: Se estudiaron 22 pacientes que acudieron al servicio de Gastroenterología, del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, durante el período comprendido entre enero de 1992 y junio de 1993. Se incluyeron todos los niños con dolor abdominal recurrente en quienes se identificó Helicobacter pylori en las biopsias de antro g strico. El tratamiento consistió en la administración simult nea de claritromicina durante 15 días y ranitidina y subsalicilato de bismuto durante un mes. Resultados: en 14 de 22 niños se logró mejoría clínica, así como la eliminación de Helicobacter pylori. Conclusiones: La eliminación de Helicobacter pylori y la mejoría clínica se obtuvieron en el 63.7 por ciento de los niños, con buena tolerancia al tratamiento.

Absorcion intestinal deficiente de lactosa (AIDL) en una poblacion de ninos mexicanos sanos por medio de la prueba de iones hidrogeno en aire espirado / Lactase defficient intestinal absortion (LDIA) in a population of healthy mexican children through the test of hydorgenion in air breathing

Se estudiaron 100 niños sanos, para determinar si presentaban o no absorción intestinal deficiente de lactosa (AIDL), por medio de la prueba de iones hidrógeno en el aire espirado, que asistieron a la consulta externa del servicio de Gastroenterología del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la ciudad de México durante el lapso comprendido entre noviembre de 1993 y febrero de 1994. La prevalencia de AIDL encontrada en este estudio fue del 10 por ciento. No existió una asociación estadisticamente significativa entre la prueba de iones hidrógenos y la determinación de pH y azúcares reductores en heces para el diagnóstico de AIDL.